Deck 14: An Introduction to Host Defenses and Innate Immunities

Question 1

Which of the following lymphoid organs has the immunological function of filtering pathogens from the blood?

A)Lymph nodes
B)Thymus
C)spleen
D)GALT
E)Tonsils

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Components of the first line of defense include all the following, except

A)the tough cell sheet of the upper epidermis of the skin.
B)nasal hairs.
C)flushing action of tears and blinking.
D)flushing action of urine.
E)phagocytic white blood cells.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Hemopoiesis is the

A)loss of blood due to hemorrhaging.
B)production of only red blood cells.
C)production of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets.
D)plugging of broken vessels to stop bleeding.
E)migration of white blood cells from the blood out to the tissues.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which structures are found along lymphatic vessels but are heavily clustered in the armpit, groin, and neck?

A)Lymph nodes
B)Thymus
C)spleen
D)GALT
E)Tonsils

Question 5

The clearance of pus, cellular debris, dead neutrophils, and damaged tissue after inflammation is performed by

A)basophils.
B)eosinophils.
C)neutrophils.
D)macrophages.
E)complement.

Question 6

Diapedesis is the

A)loss of blood due to hemorrhaging.
B)production of only red blood cells.
C)production of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets.
D)plugging of broken vessels to stop bleeding.
E)migration of white blood cells from the blood out to the tissues.

Question 7

This body region is protected by fatty acids, acidic pH, lactic acid, and a tough cell barrier with its own normal flora

A)skin.
B)respiratory tract.
C)digestive tract.
D)urinary tract.
E)eyes.

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of GALT?

A)Appendix
B)Lymph nodes
C)Spleen
D)Tonsils
E)Thymus gland

Question 9

Which gland shrinks in size during adulthood, and has hormones that function in maturation of T-lymphocytes?

A)Lymph nodes
B)Thymus
C)spleen
D)GALT
E)Tonsils

Question 10

Nonspecific chemical defenses include

A)lysozyme.
B)lactic acid and electrolytes of sweat.
C)skin's acidic pH and fatty acids.
D)stomach hydrochloric acid.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 11

The body region where a ciliary escalator helps to sweep microbes trapped in mucus away from that body site is the

A)skin.
B)respiratory tract.
C)digestive tract.
D)urinary tract.
E)eyes.

Question 12

Which cell type is phagocytic and can migrate out into body tissues to differentiate into macrophages?

A)Basophils
B)Eosinophils
C)Neutrophils
D)Monocytes
E)Lymphocytes

Question 13

The reticuloendothelial system

A)is a support network of connective tissue fibers.
B)originates in the cellular basal lamina.
C)provides a passageway within and between tissues and organs.
D)is heavily populated with macrophages.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 14

The blood cells that particularly target parasitic worms and fungi are

A)basophils.
B)eosinophils.
C)neutrophils.
D)monocytes.
E)lymphocytes.

Question 15

The chemical found in tears and saliva that hydrolyzes the peptidoglycan in certain bacterial cell walls is

A)lactic acid.
B)hydrochloric acid.
C)lysozyme.
D)histamine.
E)bile.

Question 16

Plasma cells

A)function in cell-mediated immunity.
B)are derived from T-lymphocytes.
C)function in blood clotting.
D)produce and secrete antibodies.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 17

The most numerous WBCs, that have multilobed nuclei and are very phagocytic are

A)basophils.
B)eosinophils.
C)neutrophils.
D)monocytes.
E)lymphocytes.

Question 18

All of the following pertain to platelets, except

A)they contain hemoglobin to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.
B)they are also called thrombocytes.
C)they originate from giant multinucleate cells called megakaryocytes.
D)they function in blood clotting and inflammation.
E)they are not whole cells but are pieces of cells.

Question 19

Plasma

A)is the liquid portion of blood in which blood cells are suspended.
B)is mostly water.
C)contains albumin and globulins.
D)contains fibrinogen.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 20

Which is incorrect regarding fever?

A)It is present in all vertebrates.
B)It increases the rate of antibody synthesis.
C)It is a symptom of a few diseases.
D)When rising, a person feels cold.
E)It inhibits the multiplication of temperature-sensitive microorganisms.

Question 21

Juan has influenza and has aches, pains, and a fever.His mother, a physician, tells him to take an antipyretic.What is she telling him to take?

A)An antibiotic, like erythromycin
B)An antiviral drug, like Tamiflu
C)An antihistamine
D)Acetaminophen, like Tylenol
E)Herbal tea with honey

Question 22

All the following are events of early inflammation, except

A)macrophages appear first and begin phagocytosis.
B)chemical mediators and cytokines are released.
C)brief vasoconstriction is followed by vasodilation.
D)exudate and pus can accumulate.
E)capillaries become more permeable resulting in edema.

Question 23

The membrane attack stage of the complement cascade involves

A)initiation of the cascade.
B)production of inflammatory cytokines.
C)a ring-shaped protein digests holes in bacterial cell membranes and virus envelopes.
D)cleaving of C3 to yield C3a and C3b.
E)C1q binds to surface receptors on a membrane.

Question 24

Maria was scratched on her arm by her cat and the site is experiencing rubor.This means

A)redness.
B)pain.
C)loss of function.
D)warmth.
E)swelling.

Question 25

Elimination and destruction systems present in the phagolysosome include all the following, except

A)bromine.
B)hydroxyl free radical.
C)nitric oxide.
D)lactic acid.
E)lysozyme.

Question 26

The key phagocytic cells of the body are the

A)neutrophils and macrophages.
B)basophils and neutrophils.
C)eosinophils and macrophages.
D)macrophages and monocytes.
E)natural killer cells.

Question 27

The lymphoid tissues of the intestinal tract are collectively referred to as

A)lymph nodes.
B)thymus.
C)spleen.
D)GALT.
E)tonsils.

Question 28

Specificity and memory are associated with which body defense mechanism?

A)Inflammatory response
B)Phagocytosis by macrophages and neutrophils
C)Interferon
D)T cell and B cell responses
E)Anatomical barriers in the body

Question 29

All of the following can be recognized by toll-like receptors, except

A)single-stranded viral RNA.
B)flagellin.
C)host cell membrane proteins.
D)lipoteichoic acid.
E)lipopolysaccharide.

Question 30

Due to the way the lymph drains from lymph nodes, cell and products of immunity continually

A)enter the regular circulatory system.
B)enter the liver.
C)enter the gastrointestinal tract.
D)enter the gall bladder.
E)enter the thymus gland.

Question 31

Which is incorrect about complement?

A)Composed of at least 26 blood proteins
B)Only appear in the blood during a response to a pathogen
C)Act in a cascade reaction
D)Involves a classical pathway
E)Involves an alternate pathway

Question 32

Which is incorrect about inflammation?

A)It can last hours to years.
B)Pyrogens cause vasodilation and increased capillary permeability.
C)Serotonin causes smooth muscle contraction.
D)Fever could be beneficial to inhibiting the pathogen.
E)Basophils and mast cells release histamine.

Question 33

Which is mismatched?

A)interferon alpha and beta - inhibits viral replication
B)interleukin-2 - stimulate T cell mitosis and B cell antibody production
C)serotonin - causes smooth muscle contraction
D)prostaglandins - activate eosinophils and B cells
E)tumor necrosis factor - increases chemotaxis and phagocytosis

Question 34

Joe cut his finger on a sharp twig and now is experiencing dolor.This means

A)redness.
B)pain.
C)loss of function.
D)warmth.
E)swelling.

Question 35

These white blood cells are particularly attracted to sites of parasitic infections.They are known as

A)monocytes.
B)eosinphils.
C)basophils.
D)neutrophils.
E)lymphocytes.

Question 36

The circulating substances that affect the hypothalamus and initiate fever are

A)complement.
B)interferons.
C)leukotrienes.
D)pyrogens.
E)lysozymes.

Question 37

All of the following are types of granulocytes because they have prominent cytoplasmic granules when stained, except

A)eosinophils.
B)monocytes.
C)neutrophils.
D)basophils.
E)They are all granulocytes.

Question 38

Histamine, serotonin, and bradykinin are all

A)vasoactive mediators.
B)mediators of B cell activity.
C)mediators of T cell activity.
D)mediators that increase chemotaxis.
E)fever inducers.

Question 39

The four classic signs and symptoms of inflammation include all the following, except

A)redness.
B)warmth.
C)swelling.
D)pain.
E)chills.

Question 40

All of the following are types of agranulocytes because they do not have prominent granules in their cytoplasm when stained, except

A)T cells.
B)B cells.
C)monocytes.
D)lymphocytes.
E)basophils.

Question 41

When macrophages migrate to the skin and remain there, they are called _____ cells.

A)alveolar
B)Langerhans
C)GALT
D)Kupffer

Question 42

Endotoxin is an exogenous pyrogen.

Question 43

Joan's inflamed and painful joints are likely due to which of the following chemicals?

A)Gamma interferon
B)Interleukin 5
C)Prostaglandins
D)Histamine
E)Platelet-activating factor

Question 44

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are called _____ because they have prominent cytoplasmic granules that, in a stained blood smear, appear with identifying, characteristic colors.

Question 45

Certain complement components stimulate inflammation and phagocytosis.

Question 46

B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes mature in the thymus gland.

Question 47

During phagocytosis, intracellular digestion begins as soon as the phagosome is formed.

Question 48

When monocytes migrate from the blood out to the tissues, they are transformed by inflammatory mediators to develop into _____.

Question 49

Plasma is also called lymph.

Question 50

PAMPs are molecules shared by many microorganisms but not present in mammals.

Question 51

Inflammatory responses are orchestrated by the immune system and are part of the body's third line of defense.

Question 52

All of the following are correct about lymph, except

A)its composition is similar to plasma.
B)it travels in vessels similar to blood vessels.
C)it is made mostly of water.
D)it transports numerous white blood cells.
E)it is transported through the body by the same pump as blood, i.e., the heart.

Question 53

The _____ region of a lymph node has germinal centers packed with T and B lymphocytes.

Question 54

Complement proteins are produced by the spleen.

Question 55

_____ lymphocytes function in humoral immunity, while _____ lymphocytes function in cell-mediated immunity.

Question 56

During what process is hypochlorite & hydrogen peroxide produced to destroy bacteria and inhibit viral replication?

A)Inflammation
B)Phagocytosis
C)Interferon production
D)Complement production

Question 57

The contribution of B cells is mainly in

A)inflammation.
B)humoral immunity.
C)complement activity.
D)cell mediated immunity.
E)phagocytosis.

Question 58

Genetic differences among species, and within a species, can convey genetic immunity to certain diseases.

Question 59

Which of the following nonspecific mediators inhibits virus replication and cellular division while increasing some lymphocyte action?

A)TNF
B)IL-1
C)IL-6
D)IFN
E)Chemokines

Question 60

Dermacidin is an antimicrobic peptide secreted by skin cells, which breaks down bacterial membranes and causes them to lyse.

Question 61

If a splinter of wood were to enter the skin and introduce microorganisms to that site, what specific early and late events of inflammation would respond to that newly infected tissue? Describe the sequence of signs and symptoms, vascular and tissue events, and cells and mediators involved.

Question 62

The term _____ is given to any foreign substance that stimulates a specific immune system response.

Question 63

A person will typically experience the sensation of _____ when fever is starting to occur in the body.

Question 64

Describe the cell morphology, colors, and percentage of the total white blood cell count for each type of white blood cell that would be distinguished by a hematologist analyzing a stained blood smear.

Question 65

Describe the physical or anatomical barriers at the following body sites, and explain how they accomplish body defense: a) eyes, b) skin, c) gastrointestinal tract, d) respiratory tract, and e) urinary tract.

Question 66

The _____ system of blood proteins act to lyse foreign cells.

Question 67

Children with DiGeorge Syndrome are born without a thymus.Discuss, in detail, the repercussions to body defense mechanisms caused by this disease.