Deck 1: Introduction and Mathematical Preliminaries

Question 1

The process of translating empirical relationships between objects into numerical relationships is referred to as _____.

A)probability
B)randomization
C)measurement
D)inferential statistics

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The determination of whether a variable is measured on a(n)_____ level is usually a straightforward matter in the behavioral sciences.

A)nominal
B)ordinal
C)interval
D)ratio

Answer 2

A

Question 3

A statement proposing that something is true about a given phenomenon is called a _____.

A)truism
B)study
C)hypothesis
D)systematic observation

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Studies concerned with the effectiveness of subliminal perception have looked at changes in product desirability as a function of messages presented at sub-threshold levels of stimulation.In those studies,the measure of desirability is called the _____ variable.

A)control
B)independent
C)dependent
D)qualitative

Question 5

Variables that can assume only a finite number of values or that have a finite number of values that can occur between any two points are called _____ variables.

A)ordinal
B)discrete
C)continuous
D)none of these

Question 6

If one is studying intelligence as a consequence of differing child-rearing practices,then the measure of intelligence is called _____.

A)an independent variable
B)a dependent variable
C)a constant
D)none of the above

Question 7

If you were interested in studying the effects of varying preparatory instructions on the perception of pain during an injection,the instructions would be a(n)_____ variable and the amount of perceived pain would be a(n)____ variable.

A)independent;dependent
B)dependent;dependent
C)secondary;independent
D)independent;independent

Question 8

A measure has as its referent:

A)an individual on whom the measure is taken
B)a time at which the measure is taken
C)a setting in which the measure is taken
D)all of these

Question 9

When the categories of a variable can be ordered on some continuum or dimension,that variable is said to be measured on at least a(n)_____ level.

A)nominal
B)ordinal
C)interval
D)ratio

Question 10

Variables measured on ordinal,interval,or ratio levels are known as _____ variables,while variables measured on a nominal level are called _____ variables.

A)quantitative;qualitative
B)qualitative;quantitative
C)independent;dependent
D)random;systematic

Question 11

A _____ variable can theoretically include an infinite number of values between any two points.

A)nominal
B)discrete
C)continuous
D)none of these

Question 12

A clinical psychologist studying the effects of different therapies categorizes patients according to whether they are or are not in therapy.In this case,therapy is a:

A)quantitative variable
B)measurement variable
C)qualitative variable
D)random variable

Question 13

If three people are described to you as short,average,or tall,then the level of measurement would be ____.

A)nominal
B)ordinal
C)interval
D)ratio

Question 14

In a study of the effects of exercise on health,the independent variable is _____ and the dependent variable is _____.

A)constant;variable
B)variable;constant
C)health;exercise
D)exercise;health

Question 15

An example of a continuous variable is:

A)intelligence
B)reaction time
C)both intelligence and reaction time
D)neither intelligence nor reaction time

Question 16

Which of the following levels of measurement involves variables that are not qualitative?

A)ratio
B)interval
C)nominal
D)ordinal

Question 17

A phenomenon that takes on different values is termed _____.

A)an error
B)a constant
C)a variable
D)none of the above

Question 18

An investigator studying race classified people into three racial categories--black,white,and Hispanic.This is an example of a(n)_____variable.

A)nominal
B)ordinal
C)interval
D)ratio

Question 19

The number of hours per week that someone watches violent television programs is an example of a(n):

A)variable
B)constant
C)level
D)hypothesis

Question 20

_____ measures have the property that numerically equal distances on the scale represent equal distances on the dimension being measured.

A)nominal
B)ordinal
C)interval
D)none of the above

Question 21

Parameters are statistical indices based on data from:

A)a sample
B)a random sample
C)a population
D)populations or samples

Question 22

Numerical indices derived from population data are ___;numerical indices derived from sample data are ____.

A)parameters;parameters
B)statistics;statistics
C)statistics;parameters
D)parameters;statistics

Question 23

The probability of observing a head on the sixth toss after flipping a coin 5 times and observing five tails is ____.

A)1/6
B)0.50
C)1.00
D)6 x 0.5

Question 24

The probability of observing both an even and an odd number when rolling a 6-sided die is ____.

A)1.00
B).50
C)0
D)approximately .25

Question 25

The use of random sampling procedures:

A)guarantees that a sample will be representative of the population
B)does not guarantee that a sample will be representative of the population
C)will sometimes yield nonrepresentative samples
D)both b and c are correct

Question 26

Taking measurements on a sample and then,from the observations,inferring something about a population is known as _____:

A)random sampling
B)inferential statistics
C)descriptive statistics
D)inferential parametrics

Question 27

6.39489 rounded to three decimal places is equal to ___.

A)6.390
B)6.394
C)6.395
D)6.400

Question 28

The number of grains of sand in a sand box has ____ properties.

A)continuous
B)discrete
C)ordinal
D)nominal

Question 29

On the basis of observing the _____,the researcher makes generalizations to the _____.

A)population;sample
B)sample;population
C)subjects;variables
D)statistics;sample

Question 30

One procedure for approximating representative samples is through:

A)random sampling
B)nonrandom sampling
C)systematic studies
D)convenience sampling

Question 31

____variables can assume only a finite number of values between any two points;____ variables theoretically can assume an infinite number of values between any two points.

A)Discrete;continuous
B)Continuous;discrete
C)Discrete;qualitative
D)Quantitative;continuous

Question 32

Numerical indices based on data from entire populations are called ____.

A)statistics
B)parameters
C)inferences
D)qualitative values

Question 33

A _____ is the aggregate of all cases to which one wishes to generalize statements.

A)sample
B)total sample
C)parameter
D)population

Question 34

The real limits of the number 20 are:

A)19.5 to 20.5
B)19 to 21
C)19.05 to 20.05
D)19.025 to 20.075

Question 35

A given probability must always range from:

A)0 to 1.00
B)0 to 100.00
C)-1.0 to +1.0
D)none of the above

Question 36

Calculate SX and SX² for the following data set: 1,3,3,5.

A)12;144
B)4;62
C)12;44
D)62;144

Question 37

A sample is simply a(n):

A)aggregate of all cases
B)random population
C)subset of the population
D)statistic

Question 38

The real limits of 1.672 are ____.

A)1.672 and 1.6725
B)1.6715 and 1.6725
C)1.67 and 1.68
D)1.671 and 1.673

Question 39

_____ involves the use of numerical indices to describe either a population or a sample.

A)descriptive statistics
B)inferential statistics
C)parametric statistics
D)all of these

Question 40

The essential characteristic of random sampling is that every member of the population:

A)is selected for the study
B)is systematically selected
C)has an equal chance of being selected
D)is excluded on random criteria

Question 41

Use the following data to answer (SX)² =_____

A)17
B)71
C)200
D)289

Question 42

Given the following data for X and Y variables,calculate ÓXY

A)13
B)17
C)22
D)39

Question 43

Use the following data to answer SY² =_____

A)23
B)135
C)529
D)720

Question 44

A researcher studies the relationship between the amount of time spent studying for an exam and the number of errors made.A sample of twenty students who have the same GPA are randomly assigned to one of four groups: 1,2,3,or 4 hours of study time.After studying the specified time,all students took an identical exam and the number of errors each student made was counted.
The dependent variable in the above study is:

A)number of errors made
B)GPA of the students
C)number of hours studied
D)number of students in each group

Question 45

A researcher studies the relationship between the amount of time spent studying for an exam and the number of errors made.A sample of twenty students who have the same GPA are randomly assigned to one of four groups: 1,2,3,or 4 hours of study time.After studying the specified time,all students took an identical exam and the number of errors each student made was counted.
Which of the following variables was held constant in the study?

A)number of errors made
B)GPA of the students
C)number of hours studied
D)none of the variables was held constant in the study

Question 46

The upper real limit of the number 17.5 is

A)18
B)17.75
C)17.55
D)17.45

Question 47

What are the four levels of measurement,in order from the lowest to the highest level in the measurement hierarchy?

A)nominal,ordinal,ratio,interval
B)ordinal,nominal,interval,ratio
C)interval,ordinal,ratio,nominal
D)nominal,ordinal,interval,ratio

Question 48

Which of the following is a discrete variable?

A)money
B)time
C)age
D)number of children

Question 49

An experiment tested whether the context of the learning environment was important in memory recall.Sixteen people learned a list of 40 unrelated words either inside a room or outside of a house on a patio.Later they were asked to recall the words in either the same environment they learned the list of words in or the alternative environment.The number of correctly recalled words was measured.
What level of measurement is the independent variable?

A)interval
B)nominal
C)ordinal

Question 50

Statistic is to parameter as _____ is to _____.

A)sample;population
B)population;sample
C)random;biased
D)biased;random

Question 51

Given the scores 1,1,2,2,3,3,4,what is the value of the following summation notation?
4
S X
I = 2

A)15
B)9
C)10
D)5

Question 52

_____ is the procedure in which every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample.

A)Biased sampling
B)Representative sampling
C)Simple random sampling
D)Population sampling

Question 53

Given the following data for X and Y variables,calculate ÓX + ÓY

A)-11
B)13
C)16
D)14

Question 54

If c is a constant having a value of five,then S(X - c)² for the scores 4,6,and 10 would be ____.

A)27
B)14
C)(20 - 2)²
D)(14 - 2)

Question 55

What is the probability of drawing a card with a number from a standard deck of 52 cards? (Do not consider an ace a number card).

A)4/52
B)9/52
C)13/52
D)36/52

Question 56

Suppose a researcher is interested in how fast a person can identify the names on a list of objects.In this situation,the variable of speed is

A)quantitative,discrete,and interval
B)qualitative,continuous,and nominal
C)quantitative,continuous,and ratio
D)quantitative,discrete,and ordinal

Question 57

A researcher studies the relationship between the amount of time spent studying for an exam and the number of errors made.A sample of twenty students who have the same GPA are randomly assigned to one of four groups: 1,2,3,or 4 hours of study time.After studying the specified time,all students took an identical exam and the number of errors each student made was counted.
The independent variable in the above study is:

A)number of errors made
B)GPA of the students
C)number of hours studied
D)number of students in each group

Question 58

_____ statistics are used to summarize a group of scores from a sample or a population,while _____ statistics are used to make statements about a population based on sample data.

A)Summation;representative
B)Representative;summation
C)Descriptive;inferential
D)Inferential;descriptive

Question 59

Given the following data for X and Y variables,calculate Ó(X +Y)

A)49
B)9
C)14
D)29

Question 60

An experiment tested whether the context of the learning environment was important in memory recall.Sixteen people learned a list of 40 unrelated words either inside a room or outside of a house on a patio.Later they were asked to recall the words in either the same environment they learned the list of words in or the alternative environment.The number of correctly recalled words was measured.
In this experiment,the number of correctly recalled words was

A)the independent variable
B)the dependent variable
C)a constant
D)none of the above

Question 61

A Psychologist's who is studying the effects of home environment on aggression needs to _____before conducting his/her experiment.

A)have a control group
B)operationally define terms (aggression)
C)state his/her hypothesis
D)None of these
E)All of these

Question 62

If a researcher is studying how many hours a week a student devotes to playing video games.Playing video games is an example of a _______.

A)variable
B)hypothesis
C)prose
D)none of these

Question 63

The entire population is considered a _____ but a sample of the population is a _____.

A)parameter: statistic
B)statistic;parameter
C)sample: random
D)both a & c

Question 64

You are taking a survey where they ask you to rank questions as follows:
1=Strongly agree
2=agree
3=neutral
4=disagree
5=strong disagree.
This is what type of scale of measurement?

A)Nominal
B)Interval
C)Ordinal
D)molecular
E)All of these are correct

Question 65

When the Professor tells the class the mean on the exam.She/he is using _____.

A)descriptive statistics
B)inferential statistics
C)probabilities of test scores
D)none of these

Question 66

Calculate the
In which x is the number of words recalled 2,3,4.

A)29
B)9
C)18
D)81

Question 67

A(n)_____is an educated guess about what the results will be.

A)study
B)independent variable
C)hypothesis
D)prose

Question 68

In a truly random sample from the population

A)all subjects are matched on important characteristics
B)all members of the population have an equal chance of being selected
C)gender distribution should be 50% male 50% female
D)All of these
E)None of these

Question 69

Melissa just read the back of her hand sanitizer which says it kills 99.99% of all germs.What is the probability that it will not kill a particular germ?

A)1.00
B).10
C).01
D)0

Question 70

The concept of probabilities is important to statistics especially_____.

A)descriptive statistics
B)inferential statistics
C)probabilities of test scores
D)none of these

Question 71

Dr.Johns is studying the effects of caffeine on memory.After comparing the subjects taking a placebo with those taking caffeine pills he concludes that caffeine enhances memory.He most likely used _____ to determine the difference between groups.

A)descriptive statistics
B)inferential statistics
C)probabilities of test scores
D)none of these

Question 72

Jack puts 4 cards in front of you,an Ace,Queen,King and Jack of hearts.What is the probability that you will pick the Ace of hearts?

A)1/4
B).25
C)1/52
D)Both a & b
E)All of these are possible

Question 73

The students in class vary considerable in weight and height.Both weight and height are considered _______ variables.

A)qualitative
B)quantitative
C)independent
D)dependent
E)none of these

Question 74

The number of people in your family is considered a _____ variable.

A)continuous
B)discrete
C)variable
D)fragmented

Question 75

The true population that may be infinite is considered a _____ variable.

A)continuous
B)discrete
C)theoretical
D)both continuous and theoretical
E)both discrete and theoretical

Question 76

Scales of measurements used in Behavioral research includes all of the following except_____.

A)nominal
B)interval
C)ordinal
D)molecular
E)All of these are correct

Question 77

Dr.Johnson hypothesizes that NutraSweet reduces short-term memory.In order to test her hypothesis she gives 10 subjects a beverage containing NutraSweet (treatment group)and 10 subjects a beverage without NutraSweet (control group).She then measures the subject's ability to recall a list of numbers.Dr.Johnson's dependent variable is measured using _____scale of measurement.

A)nominal
B)interval
C)ordinal
D)ratio
E)None of these

Question 78

Dr.Jones wrote a book on Women's Satisfaction with their Marriage and reported 90% of American women are unhappy.However,she failed to report only 10% of the women surveyed actually replied.Dr.Jones has _____.

A)a bias sample
B)a sample of unhappy women
C)a random sample
D)both a bias sample and a sample of unhappy women

Question 79

Dr.Johnson hypothesizes that NutraSweet reduces short-term memory.In order to test her hypothesis she gives 10 subjects a beverage containing NutraSweet (treatment group)and 10 subjects a beverage without NutraSweet (control group).She then measures the subject's ability to recall a list of numbers.In this study the independent variable is _______and the dependent variable is______.

A)whether the subjects received NutraSweet or placebo: recall for a list of numbers
B)recall for a list of numbers: whether the subjects received NutraSweet
C)the subjects ability to recall: the drink with NutraSweet
D)Both b & c
E)None of these

Question 80

Sally's dog just received second place for in it obedience class.This is considered a _____scale of measurement.

A)Nominal
B)Interval
C)Ordinal
D)molecular
E)All of the above are correct