Deck 17: Bacteria and Archaea

Question 1

A type of horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotes,in which a cell receives DNA from another cell through a sex pilus,is

A) transformation.
B) fixation.
C) replication.
D) conjugation.
E) transduction.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Biofilms are organized aggregates of bacteria that may

A) form differentiated structures with specialized functions.
B) All of the answer choices are correct.
C) form when bacteria settle and reproduce on a solid surface.
D) communicate with one another.
E) protect one another.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The value of the dormant,thick-walled cell structures called endospores to species of at least two genera of bacteria is that they

A) enable the rotational whiplike action to propel the cell through its environment.
B) are the sites of DNA for specific cell functions or transfers among cells.
C) work to produce proteins from the genes of the bacterial DNA.
D) allow for either attachment to surfaces, or transfer DNA to other cells.
E) allow the organism to become dormant and survive harsh conditions for some period of time.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

A prokaryote that occupies a habitat consisting of a low pH is a(n)

A) halophile.
B) acidophile.
C) basophile.
D) thermophile.
E) hydrophile.

Question 5

A type of horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotes,in which a cell takes up naked DNA without cell to cell contact,is

A) transformation.
B) transduction.
C) replication.
D) conjugation.
E) both transformation and transduction.

Question 6

The structure that assembles proteins in the prokaryote is the

A) plasmid.
B) ribosome.
C) cell membrane.
D) endospore.
E) lysosome.

Question 7

DNA that is separate and apart from the chromosome DNA in a prokaryote is the

A) nucleus, providing a site for DNA regulation of cell functions.
B) nucleoid, often containing a chromosome and regulatory proteins.
C) ribosome, used to make proteins.
D) plasmid, coding for specific proteins used by the cell, or transferred to other cells.
E) endospore, allowing domant survival through long time periods.

Question 8

An asexual process used by prokaryotes,in which replicated DNA and other cell parts are distributed into two daughter cells,is called

A) conjugation.
B) daughter cell duplication.
C) mitosis.
D) binary fusion.
E) None of the answer choices are correct.

Question 9

The rigid barrier that surrounds most prokaryotes is the

A) cell membrane.
B) flagellum.
C) cytoplasm.
D) cell wall.
E) glycocalyx.

Question 10

Bacterial biofilms are important medically because they

A) All of the answer choices are correct.
B) are resistant to immune defenses.
C) may form on catheters.
D) are resistant to treatment with antibiotics.
E) can form dental plaque.

Question 11

Prokaryotes,such as Bacteria and Archaea,are biologically distinct from eukaryotes for all but which of the following traits?

A) Prokaryotes do not have membrane-bounded organelles.
B) Prokaryotes are single-celled.
C) Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus.
D) Prokaryotes do not have ribosomes.
E) Prokaryotes do not have a chromosome.

Question 12

A prokaryote that occupies a habitat that is characterized by extreme heat (above 50 degrees Celsius)is a(n)

A) thermophile.
B) basophile.
C) hydrophile.
D) acidophile.
E) halophile.

Question 13

A function that the glycocalyx does not have for a prokaryote is

A) attachment.
B) protection from immune system cells.
C) production of biofilms.
D) protein synthesis.
E) resistance to drying.

Question 14

A prokaryote that occupies a habitat that is extremely salty is a/n

A) hydrophile.
B) acidophile.
C) halophile.
D) thermophile.
E) basophile.

Question 15

A type of horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotes,in which a cell receives bacterial DNA from a bacteriophage,is

A) transduction.
B) transformation.
C) replication.
D) conjugation.
E) fixation.

Question 16

The domain(s)that contain(s)prokaryotes is(are)

A) Both Bacteria and Eukarya are correct.
B) Archaea.
C) Bacteria.
D) Both Archaea and Bacteria are correct.
E) Eukarya.

Question 17

You have the opportunity to stain a sample of prokaryote cells to verify the chemical composition of their cell walls.The primary component you should stain for in the cell walls of bacteria,even if gram-negative or gram-positive categories,is

A) chitin.
B) cellulose.
C) a complex lipid.
D) peptidoglycan.
E) glucose.

Question 18

The structure that aids in locomotion of some prokaryotes is a

A) pilus.
B) flagellum and cilium.
C) cilium.
D) flagellum and pilus.
E) flagellum.

Question 19

In an opportunity to collect an electron microscope image of cells you found on a class field trip,you observe that there is a portion,or region of the bacterial cells that contains the chromosome,without a phospholipid membrane surrounding it.You would correctly identify and label the region as the

A) cell wall.
B) ribosome.
C) cell membrane.
D) nucleoid.
E) nucleus.

Question 20

The structures of prokaryotes that are used to transfer DNA from one cell to another are

A) cilia.
B) flagella.
C) sex pili.
D) endospores.
E) attachment pili.

Question 21

A microbiologist Gram stains a bacterium and finds the bacterium to be pink to red in color,this identifies the

A) species of bacterium.
B) bacterium as a bacterium that causes human disease.
C) bacterium as gram-negative.
D) bacterium as gram-positive.

Question 22

Chloroplasts and mitochondria have relatively small,circular chromosomes.This observation is evidence which supports the endosymbiotic theory,proposing that chloroplasts and mitochondria arose from which of the following?

A) protists
B) viruses
C) naked DNA
D) bacteria
E) other eukaryotic cells

Question 23

Escherichia coli and Salmonella can live in our intestines in the presence or absence of oxygen.They are considered which of the following?

A) facultative anaerobes
B) autotrophs
C) aerobic
D) obligate anaerobes
E) phototrophs

Question 24

Which of the following is true of gram-positive bacteria,and not of gram-negative bacteria?

A) Its cell wall is made of a thick layer of peptidoglycan.
B) It has a thick cell membrane.
C) It is more likely to trigger an immune response and cause inflammation and fever.
D) It is larger, and thus weighs more grams.
E) It has a nucleus.

Question 25

Cyanobacteria can derive nutritional carbon molecules by consuming those from other organisms,or by producing them from inorganic carbon (atmospheric CO₂)through photosynthesis.In which of the following ecological groups would they also be considered?

A) chemotrophic
B) obligate anaerobes
C) both heterotrophic and autotrophic
D) autotrophic
E) heterotrophic

Question 26

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an obligate aerobe.In which organ would you expect to find these bacteria?

A) kidney
B) lung
C) liver
D) brain
E) intestines

Question 27

Botox is a toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum.When ingested with tainted food,botox can cause distress by paralyzing the intestines,and,in high doses,can kill by paralyzing muscles needed for breathing and heartbeat.Why would botox be an adaptation for Clostridium botulinum?

A) Botox allows the bacteria to gain more food.
B) Botox allows the bacteria to gain more oxygen.
C) Botox prevents antibiotics from entering the gut.
D) Botox prevents the intestines from removing the bacteria.
E) Botox prevents other bacteria from entering the gut.

Question 28

Methicillin is a medicine that inhibits cell wall production.Why does this make it a suitable antibiotic for eliminating bacterial infections in humans?

A) Human cells and bacterial cells are completely different, so methicillin does not affect human cells.
B) The cell wall of human cells is not sensitive to methicillin.
C) All humans have a gene giving methicillin resistance.
D) Human cells do not have cell walls.
E) Human cells have a plasma membrane in addition to the cell wall that allows them to survive in the presence of methicillin.

Question 29

Escherichia coli and Salmonella can remain in one location in our intestines.They would most likely contain which of the following?

A) cilia
B) pili
C) glycocalyx
D) flagella
E) spirochetes

Question 30

Many drugs are produced by placing human genes into bacteria.The bacteria then transcribe and translate these genes into functional human proteins that can then be purified and given as drugs.The fact that this process works is consistent with which statement?

A) Bacteria have evolved to mimic human cells.
B) Humans and bacteria share a common ancestor.
C) Bacteria need to make human proteins to live inside the human body.
D) Bacteria cannot divide unless they are inside a host cell.
E) Human and bacteria use different genetic material.

Question 31

Vibrio cholera is the cause of cholera,and has a single flagellum stretching off from one end,looking very much like a tail.A characteristic of this organism should be an ability to

A) induce a large antibody response.
B) move within its liquid habitat medium.
C) avoid ingestion by cells in the immune system.
D) transmit DNA to other bacteria.
E) attach to cells in the host organisms intestines.

Question 32

Streptomyces are aerobic soil bacteria that produce over two-thirds of our antibiotics of natural origin.Why might a bacterium produce antibiotics?

A) to allow it to break down the cell walls of plants
B) to protect itself from a host immune system
C) to kill competing bacteria of the same species
D) to kill viruses that may try to infect it
E) to kill competing bacteria of different species

Question 33

Clostridium tetani,the bacterium that causes tetanus,can only survive in soil away from oxygen.It is considered which of the following?

A) a facultative anaerobe
B) an autotroph
C) an obligate anaerobe
D) a phototroph
E) aerobic

Question 34

The three most common shapes of prokaryotes are

A) star-shaped, cubical, and spherical.
B) rod-shaped, star-shaped, and cubical.
C) spherical, rod-shaped, and spiral.
D) cubical, spiral, and thread-like.
E) cubical, spherical, and rod-shaped.

Question 35

Prokaryotes lack which of the following?

A) RNA
B) a cell wall
C) a cell membrane
D) DNA
E) a nucleus

Question 36

Figuer:
Based on the figure,which of the following is the most likely explanation for the observed pattern of MRSA strains?

A) The distribution of methicillin resistance is random, and is not likely caused by a single mutation.
B) Toxic shock syndrome is caused by methicillin resistance.
C) The methicillin resistance mutation has evolved many times through processes like conjugation.
D) Methicillin resistance is a recessive mutation, and only appears when two carrier bacteria mate.
E) The methicillin resistance mutation arose once and was passed through processes like binary fission.

Question 37

In a tetanus shot,patients are injected with small amounts of tetanospasmin,a toxin produced by the Clostridium tetani,the bacterium that causes tetanus.The gene for this protein is carried on a plasmid in the bacterium.Which of the following is true of this gene?

A) It can enter another bacterium by transformation.
B) It cannot go through vertical gene transfer.
C) It is found in the nucleus of the Clostridium tetani.
D) It cannot go through horizontal gene transfer.
E) It is part of the Clostridium tetani chromosome.

Question 38

Infections by Helicobacter pylori cause 90% of peptic ulcers in the United States.These bacteria have pili that are only expressed in acidic conditions.A characteristic of this organism should be an ability to

A) enter the bloodstream.
B) move in the direction opposite the pili.
C) avoid ingestion by cells in the immune system.
D) attach to cells in the host organism's stomach.
E) induce a large antibody response.

Question 39

Clostridium tetani,the bacterium that causes tetanus,can survive in soil for up to 40 years.Their longevity suggests that Clostridium tetani bacteria are capable of forming which of the following structures?

A) a cell wall
B) a pilus
C) a cell membrane
D) a glycocalyx
E) an endospore

Question 40

A microbiologist Gram stains a bacterium and finds the bacterium to be blue to purple in color,this identifies the

A) bacterium as gram-positive.
B) bacterium as gram-negative.
C) bacterium as a bacterium that causes human disease.
D) species of bacterium.

Question 41

Bacteria and archaea use the same four bases in their DNA as eukaryotes.This supports which of the following statements?

A) DNA evolved independently at least three times.
B) DNA was the original genetic material.
C) All three domains arose from a common ancestor.
D) Bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes could interbreed.
E) Bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes contain the same set of genes.

Question 42

One way that antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria arise is that patients do not follow the instructions for taking the drug.In a typical scenario,a drug may be prescribed for a week,but the patient may stop taking it after 2 to 3 days if they start to feel better.Then when the infection flares up again,they take the rest of their dose.Why would this scenario lead to drug resistance?

A) The first round of treatment gives the bacteria a chance to learn how to metabolize the drug.
B) The first round of treatment does not kill the most resistant bacteria, which then increase in number.
C) The first round of treatment suppresses the immune system, making the patient more susceptible to other infections.
D) A patient begins to develop resistance to the drug.
E) The body clears the drug faster, once it is exposed a second time.

Question 43

Heterotrophs must acquire carbon from organic molecules produced from other organisms.

Question 44

The main difference between gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria is in the structure of their cell membranes.

Question 45

Many prokaryotes play vital roles in global nutrient cycles.

Question 46

According to these data,tracking toxic shock syndrome

A) All of these answer choices are correct.
B) the shape of the data curves indicate that the S. aureus infecting menstrual women had to be a different strain from that infecting nonmenstrual women.
C) the instances of nonmenstrual toxic shock syndrome spiked dramatically after S.aureus bacteria were removed from high-absorbency tampons.
D) cases of toxic shock syndrome in menstrual and nonmenstrual women were almost equal by the mid-1990s.
E) lowered tampon absorbency and FDA labeling led to the highest numbers of cases of toxic shock syndrome.

Question 47

Antibiotics usually are not dangerous to use in treating bacterial infections because most antibiotics exploit structures and functions in bacteria that are not present in host cells.

Question 48

Pili are bacterial structures used primarily for motility.

Question 49

Most bacteria inside and on the human body cause disease.

Question 50

Figuer:
Based on this figure,which of the following best explains why toxic shock syndrome peaked in the early 1980s?

A) Some strains of S. aureus developed resistance to methicillin.
B) The drug methicillin was invented in the 1980s.
C) Some strains of S. aureus were able to adapt to the new environment produced by ultra-high-absorbency tampons.
D) A single strain of S. aureus was responsible for the toxic shock syndrome, and women could not develop immunity to this strain.

Question 51

An organism to which oxygen is toxic is an obligate anaerobe.

Question 52

The phylogeny of MRSA and toxic shock syndrome strains of Staphylococcus aureus indicates that an effort to develop a medicine that is effective against one DNA strain of the MRSA would

A) likely be very effective against many of the strains, because of a specific MRSA gene indicated to by the data.
B) not likely be effective against varied genetic strains in which the MRSA have developed.
C) work in different ways, but be just as effective against the varied strains of MRSA.
D) change the rates of mutations among MRSA strains, impacting the epidemic rates of spread of the bacteria.
E) None of the answer options are indicated by the data in this phylogeny.

Question 53

Autotrophs must acquire carbon from organic molecules produced from other organisms.

Question 54

Because Archaea were first found in environments that lacked oxygen or were very hot,acidic,or salty,they were nicknamed "extremophiles."

Question 55

Streptomyces are aerobic soil bacteria that produce over two-thirds of our antibiotics of natural origin.These antibiotics should also be effective in killing Streptomyces.

Question 56

Streptomyces are obligate aerobic soil bacteria that infect many root plants,causing scabs on their surfaces.You would expect to find more Streptomyces near the surface of the soil.