Deck 14: Speciation and Extinction

Question 1

The scientist given credit for devising the two-word naming system is

A) Charles Darwin.
B) Louis Pasteur.
C) Aristotle.
D) Gregor Mendel.
E) Carolus Linnaeus.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

The process by which new species originate

A) occurred for millions of years but is no longer occurring.
B) is extinction.
C) is germination.
D) occurred only once in Earth's history.
E) is speciation.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

The type of reproductive isolation in which two populations are separated due to the sperm cells of one not being able to fertilize the egg cells of the other is

A) gametic isolation.
B) ecological isolation.
C) temporal isolation.
D) hybrid infertility.
E) hybrid inviability.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

A vine plant in Georgia,U.S.A,is known as Gelsemium spp.,and has been used as an herbal medicine.Only three species are known.Two of them,in Georgia,are found in the same overlapping areas of habitat.Two species of Gelsemium have similar insect pollinators,but pollination occurs for Gelsemium sempervirens from mid January to late March,and for Gelsemium rankinii from late March to mid April.This represents

A) ecological isolation.
B) mechanical isolation.
C) temporal isolation.
D) a process analagous to behavioral isolation in animals.
E) gametic isolation.

Question 5

The type of reproductive isolation in which offspring are infertile because their chromosomes cannot align correctly during meiosis due to a different number of chromosomes being inherited from each parent is

A) mechanical isolation.
B) temporal isolation.
C) hybrid inviability.
D) hybrid infertility.
E) gametic isolation.

Question 6

Island species are especially vulnerable to extinction because _____ may destroy a small island population.

A) the extinction of a prey species
B) the introduction of a new predator
C) a single event like a hurricane
D) random fluctuations in birth and death rates
E) All of the answer choices are correct.

Question 7

The types of living organisms on Earth have changed over time,new species have originated,and existing species have disappeared.These are examples of

A) macroevolution.
B) hybridization.
C) speciation.
D) alternation of generations.
E) extinction.

Question 8

A flowering vine plant,Gelsemium spp.,includes two separate species that formerly occupied a large,common habitat area,and currently occupy overlapping areas in the southeastern United States.Gelsemium sempervirens and Gelsemium rankinii have reproductive isolation,which has allowed them to exist as separate species due to

A) allopatric speciation.
B) sympatric speciation.
C) prezygotic speciation.
D) postzygotic speciation.
E) parapatric speciation.

Question 9

The type of reproductive isolation in which the two populations are separated due to their habitat is

A) ecological isolation.
B) behavioral isolation.
C) mechanical isolation.
D) temporal isolation.
E) hybrid inviability.

Question 10

Ernst Mayr defined a biological species as a

A) group of closely related organisms.
B) All of the answer choices are correct.
C) population or group of populations that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
D) population, whose members can interbreed.
E) group of organisms that live in the same ecosystem, that can interbreed and produce offspring.

Question 11

Which of the following is not a type of prezygotic reproductive isolation?

A) mechanical isolation
B) hybrid infertility
C) gametic isolation
D) temporal isolation
E) ecological isolation

Question 12

Polyploidy means having

A) only one set of chromosomes.
B) an abnormal number of two or more individual chromosomes.
C) three or more sets of chromosomes.
D) an abnormal number of one particular chromosome.
E) three or more chromosomes.

Question 13

The spatial arrangements that may help cause speciation are

A) allopatric, allopathic, and allelopathy.
B) sympatric, parapatric, and allopatric.
C) sympathetic, symphonic, and sympatric.
D) paraplegic, parapatric, and paralegal.
E) allopathic, paraplegic, and sympathetic.

Question 14

Islands provide ideal opportunities to study speciation because

A) natural selection occurs more rapidly.
B) they are very large with diverse populations.
C) All of the answer choices are correct.
D) organisms cannot easily immigrate and emigrate.
E) the organisms have little competition and do not change.

Question 15

The process by which species cease to exist

A) All of the answer choices are correct.
B) is extinction.
C) has never occurred.
D) is speciation.
E) is occurring today at a faster rate than ever before.

Question 16

Postzygotic reproductive isolation prevents

A) formation of gametes by one of the parents.
B) male gametes from joining with female gametes.
C) fertilization.
D) genetic exchange between populations by selecting against hybrid offspring.
E) All of the answer choices are correct.

Question 17

In the Grand Canyon,in the southwestern U.S.,there are many species of squirrels,including the Albert Squirrel and a "subspecies," the Kaibab Squirrel (isolation is not complete,according to the biological species definition by Ernst Mayr).The two populations of squirrels can interbreed to produce fertile offspring,but the populations exist on different portions of the rim of the Grand Canyon,separated by the canyon and the Colorado River.This is an example of

A) sympatric speciation.
B) postzygotic speciation.
C) prezygotic specation.
D) parapatric speciation.
E) allopatric speciation.

Question 18

Key reproductive isolating mechanisms are distinguished in that

A) sexual isolation happens as a result of mating selection, and postzygotic isolation happens when offspring cannot interbreed.
B) speciation isolates two or more species in the same area, while extinction isolates species that leave the area.
C) geographic isolation prevents two species from breeding, while prezygotic isolation is from biological differences in the species.
D) prezygotic isolation acts upon parents of two species, and postzygotic isolation acts on the offspring from two species.
E) postzygotic isolation acts upon parents of two species, and prezygotic isolation acts on the offspring from two species.

Question 19

The type of reproductive isolation in which two populations live in the same habitat but remain isolated from one another due to one being active during the daytime only and the other being active only during the night is

A) mechanical isolation.
B) temporal isolation.
C) behavioral isolation.
D) sexual selection.
E) gametic isolation.

Question 20

Polyploidy is common in _____ species.

A) fungal
B) All of the answer choices are correct.
C) plant
D) bacterial
E) animal

Question 21

The outgroup in this cladogram of vertebrate animals is the amphibians.

Question 22

A group of species at any taxonomic rank in a phylogeny is a

A) taxon.
B) genome.
C) clade.
D) hierarchy.
E) outgroup.

Question 23

A sterile mule is produced by mating a horse and a donkey.From this observation you could conclude

A) increasing the number of mules in a population will affect the allele frequency in the next generation.
B) that horses and donkeys are different species.
C) that horses and donkeys are the same species.
D) that mules are a result of macroevolution.
E) the DNA sequences of horses and donkeys are more than 97% identical.

Question 24

The idea that evolution proceeds with long periods of stasis with relatively brief bursts of fast evolutionary change is

A) gradualism.
B) punctuated equilibrium.
C) temporal equilibrium.
D) catastrophism.
E) temporal isolation.

Question 25

Species such as mice have a better chance of surviving sudden environmental change than elephants because elephants

A) live longer than mice.
B) have a more selective diet than mice.
C) reproduce much more slowly than mice.
D) require larger habitats than mice.
E) eat more than mice.

Question 26

Figuer:
Starting from the root of a phylogenetic tree,any node that is shown further from the root,than other nodes,means

A) the species (or groups represented) diverged most recently from a common ancestor.
B) the two species (or groups of species represented) at the furthest node diverged by sympatric speciation.
C) convergent evolution has selected for the species (or groups of species represented) to be similar.
D) the species (or groups of species represented) are in the outgroup.
E) that only those species at the furthest node, from the root, are in a clade.

Question 27

The impact of a large meteorite with Earth would have most likely caused mass extinctions by

A) creating large clouds of dust that blocked out sunlight.
B) creating large clouds of dust that blocked out sunlight and destroying plant life.
C) causing a great prolonged rise in the earth's temperature and destroying plant life.
D) causing a great prolonged rise in the earth's temperature.
E) destroying plant life on earth.

Question 28

A tetraploid (i.e.,four sets of chromosomes)plant species is typically ______________,whereas a plant species with three sets of chromosomes is typically ______________.This difference is due to whether or not meiosis can be completed.

A) small; large
B) large; small
C) fertile; infertile
D) rare; common
E) infertile; fertile

Question 29

Identify the rule (rules)that was (were)correctly applied in producing this cladogram

A) Species (groups) pairs that shared most derived characters were shown to branch from a common ancestors at nodes.
B) Derived characters, proposed to have developed after common ancestry, were tallied for each species (group).
C) Nodes and branches interpreted as more recently derived from common ancestors were shown further from the root.
D) All of these rules were correctly used.
E) Coelophysis (at top) was selected as an outgroup representative, sharing all features assumed to be ancestral.

Question 30

Lizards and mammals are proposed in this cladogram to be more closely related than lizards and birds.

Question 31

The topics of focus,within systematics,address the

A) processes of reproductive isolation that can isolate species populations.
B) science of describing, naming, and classifying organisms.
C) biogeography and distributions of species that have diverged.
D) two main areas of describing and classifying organisms, and studying their evolutionary relationships.
E) studies of similarities and evolutionary relationships among species.

Question 32

In context of the information they present,phylogenies are

A) evolutionary trees that depict species' relationships based on descent from shared ancestors.
B) family trees that follow parents and offspring of a species.
C) charts that show the presence or absence of disease in families.
D) visual hypotheses, or proposals, based on scientific examination of species traits or genetics.
E) both evolutionary trees, depicting species' relationships, and visual proposals based on examination of traits.

Question 33

The idea that evolution proceeds in small,incremental changes over many generations is

A) temporal equilibrium.
B) gradualism.
C) catastrophism.
D) temporal isolation.
E) punctuated equilibrium.

Question 34

Spiny,succulent plants in the Americas are usually in the Cactaceae family,while nearly identical plants in the Mediterranean and northern Africa are in the Euphorbiaceae family.A phylogeny based solely on morphology

A) is the basic definition of the systematics approach called cladistics.
B) requires full identification of all the living and fossil species, before relationships can be assessed.
C) places both the Cactaceae and Euphorbiaceae in the same family clade.
D) establishes an accurate evolutionary link, through ancestry of the cactus and euphorb plants.
E) can lead to proposals of inaccurate relationships, because of convergent evolution.

Question 35

The rate of background extinctions is calculated to be _____ species per year per million species.

A) None of the answer choices are correct.
B) 0.001 to 0.01
C) 10 to 100
D) 1.0 to 10
E) 0.1 to 1.0

Question 36

By using fossil evidence,paleontologists have concluded that most species exist from _____ years before becoming extinct.

A) 1,000 to 10,000
B) 100 to 1,000
C) 10,000 to 100,000
D) one million to 10 million
E) 100,000 to one million

Question 37

A biology student has captured,measured,and released many ground squirrels from an upland,rocky,wooded area,and many similar ground squirrels from a shrub area in soft soil near a stream.She is measuring skull dimensions,leg and claw lengths and shapes,and other traits of the ground squirrels from each collection area hoping to determine if the two populations are different species.She is involved in

A) All of the answer choices are correct.
B) speciation.
C) phylogenetics.
D) taxonomy.
E) genetics and inheritance.

Question 38

Mammals diverged from a common ancestor of all these vertebrates more recently than crocodiles diverged from a common ancestor of birds.

Question 39

In another chapter,you will learn of evidence that primates,especially fossil species in the Hominin group that apparently led to our current Homo sapiens sapiens species identity.Many of the fossils of pre-human species have been found where geologic evidence indicates changes in climate,habitat,and terrain.The theoretical relationships among the earlier "human" populations in response to changes,support

A) parapatric speciation, where the survival of the populations had to rely on slow growth of their ranges.
B) gradualism, allowing species to develop mutations and gene pool changes at a uniform rate.
C) sympatric speciation, as the populations had to initially coexist before they diverged geographically from each other.
D) None of these answer options are supported by evidence in human evolutionary theory.
E) punctuated equilibrium, allowing selection that favored different traits of body form.

Question 40

It is believed that the two main reasons for mass extinctions in Earth's history have been

A) global warming and human intervention.
B) impact of Earth's with a large, celestial body and human intervention.
C) human intervention and shifting of Earth's continents.
D) impact of Earth with a large, celestial body and shifting of Earth's continents.
E) global warming and shifting of Earth's continents.

Question 41

Birds and mammals are both warm-blooded,and are

A) common ancestors.
B) paraphyletic.
C) parsimonious.
D) polyphyletic.
E) monophyletic.

Question 42

Bacteria cannot be classified using the biological definition of a species for which reason?

A) Bacteria are asexual.
B) The DNA sequences of all bacteria are more than 97% identical.
C) Bacteria cannot reproduce.
D) Bacteria do not evolve.
E) Bacteria are present everywhere and cannot be reproductively isolated from other bacteria.

Question 43

Birds use specific songs,coloring,and mating dances to attract mates of their species (sexual selection).This is an example of ____ reproductive isolation.

A) allopatric
B) postzygotic
C) prezygotic
D) sympatric
E) parapatric

Question 44

Figuer:
Based on the cladogram,birds are most closely related to

A) snakes.
B) dinosaurs.
C) crocodiles.
D) amphibians.
E) mammals.

Question 45

Some flowers bloom in the spring,while others bloom in the summer.This is an example of ____ reproductive isolation.

A) allopatric
B) prezygotic
C) sympatric
D) parapatric
E) postzygotic

Question 46

Tortoises colonizing the different Galàpagos islands and evolving into different species is an example of ____ speciation.

A) prezygotic
B) postzygotic
C) parapatric
D) allopatric
E) sympatric

Question 47

Formation of a tetraploid plant from two different diploid parental species of plants is an example of ____ speciation.

A) postzygotic
B) prezygotic
C) sympatric
D) parapatric
E) allopatric

Question 48

The observation that freshwater habitats account for only 1% of the Earth's water,and they are home to 36% of the known species of fish is due to ____ speciation.

A) parapatric
B) allopatric
C) prezygotic
D) postzygotic
E) sympatric

Question 49

If a sheep and goat are mated,their offspring dies as an embryo.This is an example of ____ reproductive isolation.

A) sympatric
B) parapatric
C) prezygotic
D) postzygotic
E) allopatric

Question 50

A sterile mule is produced by mating a horse and a donkey.This is an example of ____ reproductive isolation.

A) parapatric
B) allopatric
C) sympatric
D) prezygotic
E) postzygotic

Question 51

Three species of tigers have gone extinct due to overharvesting or habitat destruction.This is an example of

A) adaptive radiation.
B) sympatric speciation.
C) background extinction rate.
D) increased extinction rate by human activity.
E) mass extinction.

Question 52

Scientists have a very complete fossil record showing the evolution of horses over millions of years,with the legs becoming longer and the teeth larger,as ancestors of the modern horse adapted from living in forest to grasslands.This is an example of

A) extinction.
B) punctuated equilibrium.
C) adaptive radiation.
D) gradualism.
E) a prezygotic barrier to evolution.

Question 53

The Caribbean islands are home to more than 150 species of anole lizards.How might so many species have evolved from a single common ancestor?

A) They adapted to fill unoccupied niches.
B) The ancestor had a prezygotic barrier to reproduction.
C) Mutation is more common on islands.
D) The species on an island went through allopatric speciation.
E) Lizards evolve more rapidly than other species.

Question 54

Hawthorn maggot flies that breed on native hawthorns or introduced European apples can mate in the lab,but rarely mate in the wild.This is an example of ____ reproductive isolation.

A) parapatric
B) sympatric
C) postzygotic
D) prezygotic
E) allopatric

Question 55

Conservation biologists are often concerned that when the population size of an endangered species becomes too small,it is at risk of extinction for which reason?

A) They are at risk of developing prezygotic barriers to reproduction.
B) They can no longer evolve.
C) They may be more susceptible to changes in the environment or disease.
D) They are at risk of sympatric isolation.
E) Their rate of breeding will decline.

Question 56

A single common ancestor evolving into the current 28 species of silversword plants found among the Hawaiian islands is an example of

A) adaptive radiation.
B) punctuated equilibrium.
C) extinction.
D) gradualism.
E) a prezygotic barrier to evolution.

Question 57

Bumblebees pollinate M.lewisii,whereas hummingbirds prefer the M.cardinalis.If,by chance,a hummingbird carries M.cardinalis pollen to M.lewisii,the resulting hybrid offspring are viable.M.lewisii and M.cardinalis are different species due to

A) adaptive radiation.
B) gradualism.
C) postzygotic barriers to reproduction.
D) prezygotic barriers to reproduction.
E) independent assortment.

Question 58

The sea snail,Littorina saxatilis,is found on the coast of northern Spain.The snails further upshore are large with heavily ridged and banded shells,and share a border with the snails further downshore that are smaller with smooth,unbanded shells.If the upshore and downshore snails were to become separate species,this would be an example of _____ speciation.

A) sympatric
B) parapatric
C) prezygotic
D) allopatric
E) postzygotic

Question 59

Formation of a tetraploid plant from two different diploid parental species of plants is an example of

A) extinction.
B) adaptive radiation.
C) a prezygotic barrier to evolution.
D) punctuated equilibrium.
E) gradualism.

Question 60

The evidence that one species of finch migrated to a Galàpagos island,and evolved into two species now found on the same island,feeding on different food sources,is an example of ____ speciation.

A) parapatric
B) postzygotic
C) prezygotic
D) allopatric
E) sympatric

Question 61

Figuer:
From the data shown in the table,what can be concluded about the flower preferences of bumblebees?

A) They prefer yellow-orange flowers only found in M. lewisii.
B) They prefer red flowers in both species of monkeyflower.
C) They prefer pink flowers in both species of monkeyflower.
D) They prefer M. cardinalis, no matter the color of the flowers.
E) They prefer M. lewisii, no matter the color of the flowers.

Question 62

The research by Bradshaw and Schemske supports the hypothesis that a change in just one gene locus may have jump-started speciation in Mimulus.If so,this would be an example of

A) gradualism.
B) postzygotic barriers to reproduction.
C) prezygotic barriers to reproduction.
D) punctuated equilibrium.
E) adaptive radiation.

Question 63

A cladogram depicts species' relationships based on descent from shared ancestors.

Question 64

Today,scientists can deduce evolutionary relationships by DNA sequence analysis.

Question 65

A group consisting of a common ancestor and all of its descendants is a

A) genus.
B) order.
C) clade.
D) species.
E) phylum.

Question 66

Among evolutionary biologists,the idea of sympatric speciation can be controversial.

Question 67

The correct sequence of taxonomic categories beginning with domain in descending order are

A) domain - kingdom - phylum - class - order - family - genus - species.
B) species - genus - family - order - class - order - phylum - kingdom - domain.
C) kingdom - class - phylum - order - family - genus - species.
D) kingdom - class - domain - order - phylum - genus - family - species.
E) species - family - genus - domain - order - phylum - class - kingdom.

Question 68

The larger the initial population size,the less likely it will endure a major environmental change.

Question 69

Mules are considered to be a distinct species because they produce fertile offspring when mated.

Question 70

When the researchers crossed M.lewisii and M.cardinalis,the hybrids had which genotype?

A) yup
B) YUP/YUP
C) YUP
D) yup/yup
E) YUP/yup

Question 71

According to the definition of a biological species,M.lewisii and M.cardinalis can interbreed to produce viable offspring,but are different species for which reason?

A) They live on different continents.
B) If they breed, they do not form fertile offspring.
C) They do not breed in the wild.
D) If they breed, they do not form viable offspring.
E) They do not look alike.

Question 72

In the wild-type purple monkeyflower (i.e.,M.lewisii),the dominant YUP allele prevents carotenoids from forming,leaving the pinkish-purple anthocyanin pigments to provide the petal color.A wild-type scarlet monkeyflower (i.e.,M.cardinalis)has which genotype?

A) yup/yup
B) YUP
C) YUP/YUP
D) YUP/yup
E) yup

Question 73

How did Bradshaw and Schemske alter the colors in generations of M.lewisii and M cardinalis,to test pollinator selection?

A) by creating transgenic flowers with the desired color
B) by mating M. lewisii and M cardinalis and then crossing the hybrids to select for the desired color
C) by deleting the YUP locus, removing a specific pigment molecule
D) by duplicating the YUP locus, enhancing a specific pigment molecule
E) by collecting the rare, naturally occurring color variants of M. lewisii and M cardinalis in the wild

Question 74

"Missing" transitional forms may not be present in the fossil record because of poor preservation of biological material and simply because scientists have not discovered all there is to discover.

Question 75

The speciation that occurred in the islands of the Greater Antilles (i.e.,Cuba,Puerto Rico,Jamaica,and Hispaniola)with lizards called anoles is an example of adaptive radiation.

Question 76

When biologists Bradshaw and Schemske studied the genetic makeup of Mimulus lewisii and Mimulus cardinalis,what hypothesis were they testing?

A) M. lewisii and M cardinalis are different species.
B) Mutation in a single gene could cause a change in flower color and thus pollinator.
C) M. lewisii and M cardinalis are the same species.
D) Mutation in multiple genes over a long period of time is required to change flower color and pollinators.
E) Pollinators do not choose which flowers to pollinate based on color.

Question 77

In systematics,a group of organisms consisting of a common ancestor and some,but not all,of its descendents is defined as a

A) None of the answer choices are correct.
B) paraphyletic group.
C) clade.
D) cladogram.
E) polyphyletic group.

Question 78

Given the data of pollinator responses to the hybrid colors of monkeyflowers,which of the following is the most likely result,if researchers accidentally allowed M.cardinalis hybrids (or real mutants of the YUP gene)to be transplanted in the wild,in the same areas as M.lewisii and M.cardinalis are found.

A) Conservation biologists would see no changes in the M. cardinalis or M. lewisii natural populations.
B) Wild bumblebees may pollinate the hybrids (or mutants) M. cardinalis nearly as much as they do M. lewisii.
C) All of these answer options are as likely as the next, affecting the sympatric populations of Mimulus species.
D) Hummingbirds would begin selecting more often for pollination of the hybrid (or mutant) colored M. cardinalis.
E) Wild hummingbirds may be out-competed for the successful pollination of the M. cardinalis hybrids (or mutants).

Question 79

A biological species is defined as a population whose members can interbreed.

Question 80

Figuer:
From the data shown in the table,what can be concluded about the flower preferences of hummingbirds?

A) They prefer red flowers in either monkeyflower species.
B) They prefer yellow-orange flowers of the mutant M. lewisii.
C) They strongly prefer M. cardinalis, no matter the color of the flowers.
D) They prefer pink flowers, regardless of the monkeyflower species.
E) They prefer M. lewisii, no matter the color of the flowers.