Deck 7: DNA Structure and Gene Function

Question 1

In eukaryotic cells,sequences of mRNA that are removed from an mRNA molecule before being translated are

A) anticodons.
B) introns.
C) terminators.
D) exons.
E) proteomes.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The "Central Dogma" refers to

A) passage of genetic information from RNA to specific proteins by transcription.
B) inheritance of DNA genetically controlled traits from parents to offspring in every organism.
C) the similarity of the energy molecule ATP to the nucleotides in DNA.
D) the flow of genetic information in cells, from DNA genes to specific proteins.
E) passage of genetic information from DNA to RNA by translation.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The nucleotides called pyrimidines include

A) thymine and cytosine.
B) thymine and adenine.
C) uracil and cytosine.
D) uracil and thymine.
E) cytosine and guanine.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

A DNA sequence that signals a gene's start is a(n)

A) promoter.
B) amino acid attachment site.
C) anticodon.
D) terminator.
E) codon.

Question 5

The scientist (scientists)who used X-ray diffraction to help reveal the geometric structure of DNA is (are)

A) Wilkins and Franklin.
B) Avery and Macleod.
C) Watson and Crick.
D) Chargaff.
E) Hershey and Chase.

Question 6

The scientist (scientists)who showed that DNA contained equal amounts of certain nitrogen bases is (are)

A) Griffith.
B) Avery and Macleod.
C) Chargaff.
D) Hershey and Chase.
E) Wilkins and Franklin.

Question 7

The DNA subunits that form the "rungs" joining the two sides of the DNA molecule are formed by

A) hydrogen bonds between nitrogen base pairs.
B) covalent bonds between nitrogen base pairs.
C) phosphodiester bonds between the deoxyribose sugars.
D) ionic bonds between the phosphate pairs.

Question 8

The scientist (scientists)who discovered that bacteria can transfer genetic information is (are)

A) Chargaff.
B) Griffith.
C) Wilkins and Franklin.
D) Watson and Crick.
E) Hershey and Chase.

Question 9

The technique that allowed Hershey and Chase to show that the bacteriophage injects a specific molecule,was to

A) apply X-ray diffraction to detect whether protein or DNA was injected into a bacterium.
B) tag both DNA and protein with radioactive markers, to identify which was injected into a bacterium.
C) tag DNA in the virus with radioactive phosphorus, to identify if it as injected into a bacterium.
D) apply heat to the polysaccharide of the bacterium, then determine if protein or DNA was responsible for infection.
E) tag protein with radioactive sulfur, to identify if it was injected into a bacterium.

Question 10

The statement that does not correctly associate an RNA type,and its function,is

A) complementary RNA reorders the amino acids to insure their correct sequence.
B) messenger RNA is the gene, carrying coding to control the building of proteins.
C) transfer RNA functions to carry amino acids to the ribosome.
D) ribosomal RNA functions as a catalyst to bind amino acids into proteins.

Question 11

The "twisted ladder" shape of a DNA molecule results from

A) thymine pairing with uracil.
B) cytosine pairing with adenine.
C) adenine pairing with thymine.
D) adenine pairing with uracil.
E) cytosine pairing with thymine.

Question 12

Most bacteriophages consist of only a _______________ coat and a ____________________ core.

A) protein; nucleic acid
B) polysaccharide; protein
C) protein; lipid
D) polysaccharide; nucleic acid
E) lipid; protein

Question 13

Purine bases have a _________ ___________ structure.

A) triple ring
B) double ring
C) double triangle
D) single triangle
E) single ring

Question 14

The twisted ladder shape of DNA is a result of the covalently bonded building blocks called

A) amino acids.
B) monosaccharides.
C) phospholipids.
D) sterols.
E) nucleotides.

Question 15

The scientist (scientists)who was (were)given credit for first determining the molecule structure of DNA by building a ball-and-stick model is (are)

A) Avery and Macleod.
B) Griffith.
C) Chargaff.
D) Watson and Crick.
E) Hershey and Chase.

Question 16

The bacteria that Griffith experimented with were termed "R" and "S" bacteria because

A) of the way they grew on artificial media.
B) the R bacteria formed rough appearing colonies.
C) All of the answer choices are correct.
D) the S bacteria formed smooth appearing colonies.

Question 17

The scientist (scientists)who confirmed DNA was the genetic information by working with bacteria that infect viruses is (are)

A) Watson and Crick.
B) Avery and Macleod.
C) Griffith.
D) Hershey and Chase.
E) Chargaff.

Question 18

The scientist (scientists)who used enzyme-digesting proteins to show that protein was not the genetic information transferred by bacteria is (are)

A) Hershey and Chase.
B) Griffith.
C) Watson and Crick.
D) Avery and Macleod.
E) Wilkins and Franklin.

Question 19

RNA differs from DNA in that

A) RNA is usually single stranded.
B) RNA can catalyze chemical reactions.
C) RNA contains uracil.
D) All of the answer choices are correct.
E) RNA contains ribose.

Question 20

Transcription and replication occur during ____________________ of the cell cycle.

A) prophase
B) anaphase
C) interphase
D) telophase
E) metaphase

Question 21

The step of translation in which an mRNA,a small ribosomal subunit,and the initiator tRNA are aligned together is

A) termination.
B) initiation.
C) transcription.
D) mitosis.
E) elongation.

Question 22

A visiting scientist is introduced to you,and has a current project studying initiation,elongation,and termination.As a result,you know she is studying

A) either transcription or translation.
B) replication and translation.
C) transcription.
D) translation.
E) replication.

Question 23

Which proteins initiate transcription in eukaryotes by recognizing sequences within the promoter region of a gene and attracting RNA polymerase?

A) poly A tails
B) TATA boxes
C) transcription factors
D) inducers
E) repressors

Question 24

A three-base sequence (loop)in tRNA that is complementary to a sequence of three bases in mRNA is a(n)

A) promoter.
B) terminator.
C) amino acid attachment site.
D) anticodon.
E) codon.

Question 25

The step of translation in which release factors bind to a stop codon is

A) transcription.
B) mitosis.
C) elongation.
D) termination.
E) initiation.

Question 26

The step of translation in which amino acids are added one at a time to the growing polypeptide is

A) initiation.
B) transcription.
C) termination.
D) elongation.
E) mitosis.

Question 27

The COL1A1 gene in humans is responsible for producing collagens in healthy bone and cartilage.A mutation in COL1A1 is known to cause severe Osteogenesis Imperfecta,which is also known as "brittle bone disease," in which bones form irregularly and can break often,with even mild pressure and impacts.The mutation occurs as a "nonsense" mutation,dramatically shortening the proteins,occurring because the

A) codon that mutates causes a change in the amino acid specified.
B) codon that mutates does not cause a change in the amino acid specified.
C) mutation does not occur in a codon.
D) mutation is not in DNA.
E) codon that mutates causes a stop codon to occur instead of the placement of an amino acid.

Question 28

A germline mutation occurs in cells that give rise to

A) gametes.
B) diploid cells.
C) skin cells.
D) liver cells.
E) nonsex cells.

Question 29

Amanatin,a toxin from the death cap poisonous mushroom,inhibits RNA polymerase,so it

A) prevents the initiator tRNA from beginning translation.
B) incorrectly places the release factor protein on mRNA and terminates translation.
C) stops initiation, elongation, and termination stages of transcription.
D) reverses the direction of RNA polymerase action, tearing apart partially formed proteins.
E) disables any introns from being produced, to complete the protein structures.

Question 30

In the Lac operon,the protein that binds to the operator to prevent transcription is

A) the promoter.
B) RNA polymerase.
C) the repressor.
D) lactose.
E) DNA polymerase.

Question 31

Which of the following is not a common cause of mutation?

A) events of meiosis
B) exposure to chemical substances
C) exposure to radiation
D) errors in replication
E) obesity

Question 32

A group of prokaryotic genes that are controlled together is a(n)

A) replication fork.
B) operon.
C) chromosome.
D) proteome.
E) ribosome.

Question 33

The process used by cells to convert the mRNA "message" into a sequence of amino acids is

A) mitosis.
B) replication.
C) amino acid synthesis.
D) transcription.
E) translation.

Question 34

Keratins are structural proteins in skin,hair,and fingernails.One gene,called KRT10,is located on the 17th paired chromosome in humans.It produces a keratin that strengthens skin cells.Researchers isolated the specific location on the DNA having the nucleotide sequence,accessed during transcription,that encodes for the mRNA strand that will direct translation of the proteins.That specific portion of the DNA is the

A) template strand.
B) lagging strand.
C) codon strand.
D) parent strand.
E) leading strand.

Question 35

Humans have a gene called PDHA1,which codes for one protein that functions as an enzyme in the cell.It helps energy pathways,by modifying pyruvate molecules into acetyl CoA molecules.Researchers have identified an insertion mutation in the gene,which produces an extra amino acid within the otherwise normal sequence in the protein.In this type of mutation,

A) the mutation may be caused by an addition of three nucleotides.
B) the codon that mutates causes a stop codon to occur instead of the placement of an amino acid.
C) the mutation is not in DNA, but in the protein.
D) the codon that mutates causes a change in the amino acid specified.
E) the mutation does not occur in an existing codon.

Question 36

A change in a cell's DNA sequence is

A) transcription.
B) a mutation.
C) translation.
D) replication.
E) an operon.

Question 37

Because clindamycin and similar antibiotics bind to bacterial ribosomes,they work by inhibiting translation in the bacterial cells.

Question 38

In a "silent" mutation the

A) codon that mutates causes a change in the amino acid specified.
B) codon that mutates does not cause a change in the amino acid specified.
C) mutation does not occur in a codon.
D) codon that mutates causes a stop codon to occur instead of the placement of an amino acid.
E) mutation is not in DNA.

Question 39

A tRNA molecule is "bilingual" because it binds to

A) DNA and to mRNA codons.
B) promoters and to terminators.
C) promoters and to amino acids.
D) codons of mRNA and to amino acids.
E) amino acids and to DNA.

Question 40

Keratins are structural proteins in skin,hair,and fingernails.One gene,called KRT10,is located on the 17th paired chromosome in humans.It produces a keratin that strengthens skin cells.Researchers have identified several mutations that can lead to rough,damaged,blistering skin because the keratins are not as strong as normal.Each mutation changes a specific amino acid at a particular location in the protein,and so is an example of a(n)______ mutation.

A) duplication
B) nonsense
C) missense
D) insertion
E) frameshift

Question 41

FOXP2 functions by

A) acting as a neurotransmitter between neurons and muscles in the jaw.
B) regulating the transcription of other genes.
C) regulating cell division.
D) acting as a neurotransmitter between neurons in the ear and brain.
E) regulating mRNA splicing.

Question 42

If

A) not bind the operator allowing transcription of the lac operon genes.
B) not bind the operator preventing transcription of the lac operon genes.
C) bind the operator preventing transcription of the lac operon genes.
D) bind the operator allowing transcription of the lac operon genes.
E) coli bacteria are grown in the presence of lactose, then the repressor will

Question 43

Treating a solution from S strain Streptococcus pneumoniae with an enzyme that destroys ____ would prevent it from transforming type R bacteria into a form that would cause pneumonia in mice.

A) proteins or lipids
B) lipids
C) DNA or proteins
D) DNA
E) proteins

Question 44

A diploid cell only has two copies of most genes,but can make hundreds of copies of a protein from those genes per second because

A) the DNA can replicate during transcription, producing double-sided mRNA to accelerate the translation process.
B) multiple ribosomes can actively attach to the template DNA and conduct translation immediately after transcription.
C) multiple codons can encode for the same amino acid, allowing different versions of the protein to be made.
D) while transcription can repeat and make multiple mRNA copies of genes, and multiple ribosomes can translate the same mRNA.
E) multiple copies of the same mRNA can be produced with multiple promoter sequences to simultaneously initiate multiple ribosomes.

Question 45

TheFOXP2 sequences of mice were most different from those of

A) humans.
B) All had the same number of changes from the mouse sequence.
C) chimpanzees.
D) gorillas.
E) rhesus monkeys.

Question 46

The DNA sequence 5'-ATCGATCG-3' will pair with which of the following RNA strands?

A) 3'-UAGCUAGC-5'
B) 5'-UAGCUAGC-3'
C) 5'-TAGCTAGC-3'
D) 3'-TAGCTAGC-5'
E) 3'-AUGCAUGC-5'

Question 47

Figuer:
What type of mutation has occurred in the following? Normal allele 5'-GGAAUGAAACAGGAACCC-3'
Mutant allele 5'-GGAAUGAAAUCAGGAACCC-3'

A) insertion of two bases
B) insertion of one base
C) deletion of two bases
D) deletion of one base
E) substitution

Question 48

Transposable elements

A) result from damage to the chromosomes by things like radiation.
B) are DNA sequences that can "jump" within the genome.
C) are another name for translocations.
D) are segments of RNA found in chromosomes.
E) are formed during transcription.

Question 49

A region of a chromosome contains two strands of DNA,yet only one is used to transcribe a gene because

A) RNA polymerase binds to the promoter, which precedes the gene only on the template strand of DNA.
B) the start of transcription is random along the chromosome and doesn't always occur on a gene.
C) RNA polymerase binds to the terminator, stopping transcription on one strand of DNA.
D) all genes are found on the same strand of DNA in a chromosome.
E) both strands are transcribed, but only one strand of DNA contains a reading frame.

Question 50

If you compared the DNA sequence of a gene with the sequence of the mature mRNA that was transcribed from the gene you would find

A) the mRNA is shorter because each codon of three bases encodes only one amino acid.
B) the mRNA is shorter because it does not contain introns.
C) the mRNA is longer because each codon of one amino acid encodes three bases.
D) both are the same length.
E) the mRNA is shorter because it does not contain exons.

Question 51

The DNA sequence 5'-ATCGTACG-3' will pair with which of the following DNA strands?

A) 3'-TAGCATGC-5'
B) 3'-ATGCATGC-5'
C) 5'-ATGCATGC-3'
D) 3'-CGTACGTA-5'
E) 5'-TAGCTAGC-3'

Question 52

Figuer:
What type of mutation has occurred in the following? Normal allele 5'-GGAAUGAAACAGGAACCC-3'
Mutant allele 5'-GGAAUGAAACAGGUACCC-3'

A) deletion of one base
B) substitution
C) deletion of two bases
D) insertion of two bases
E) insertion of one base

Question 53

How can a single gene encode for more than one protein?

A) by transcribing multiple copies of mRNA
B) by using different codons
C) by mutating their genes
D) by removing different combinations of introns
E) by using transgenes

Question 54

Figuer:
Using the genetic code shown here,predict what type of mutation has occurred in the hemoglobin sickle cell anemia allele. Normal allele 5'-GGAAUGAAACAGGAACCC-3'
Mutant allele 5'-GGAAUGAAACAGGUACCC-3'

A) a point mutation, Glu to Val
B) a point mutation, Val to Glu
C) a frameshift mutation
D) addition of a new stop codon

Question 55

If bacteria are infected with bacteriophage containing radioactive ____ the bacteria will now be radioactive.

A) phosphate
B) iron
C) phosphate or sulfur
D) sulfur
E) iron or sulfur

Question 56

What would be the first codon translated in the mRNA sequence 5'-GGAAUGAAACAGGAACCC-3'?

A) AAU
B) GAA
C) AUG
D) GGA
E) CCC

Question 57

Based on this study,FOXP2 must be expressed in which tissues?

A) muscle
B) muscle and nerves in the ear
C) brain
D) muscle and brain
E) nerves in the ear

Question 58

If

A) not bind the operator allowing transcription of the lac operon genes.
B) bind the operator allowing transcription of the lac operon genes.
C) not bind the operator preventing transcription of the lac operon genes.
D) bind the operator preventing transcription of the lac operon genes.
E) coli bacteria are grown in the absence of lactose, then the repressor will

Question 59

In humans,typically only infants produce the enzyme lactase to break down lactose.Some adults have changes in _____ that allow transcription factors to bind and turn on expression of the lactase gene into adulthood.

A) enhancers
B) mRNA
C) codons
D) exons
E) RNA polymerase

Question 60

In the study of the evolution of FOXP2,evidence supporting the evolution of a family language disorder comes from what important link?

A) the identification of the same mutation in all patients with speech disorders
B) the family members were all lacking vocal chords
C) the disorder is common in the family
D) the identification of a single mutation in a single gene responsible for the disorder
E) the identification of multiple mutations in multiple genes responsible for the disorder

Question 61

How did the researchers estimate that the original FOXP2 mutation happened 300,000-400,000 years ago?

A) by examining the fossil record
B) They found the mutation in Neandertal DNA.
C) They found the mutation in chimpanzee DNA.
D) They found the mutation in 300,000-year-old human remains.
E) using a molecular clock

Question 62

In eukaryotes an mRNA molecule can only be translated by one ribosome at a time.

Question 63

A bacteriophage infects a bacterial cell by injecting nucleic acid into the bacterium.

Question 64

The observation that all races of humans have the same FOXP2 allele is evidence that ____ favored this allele.

A) random chance
B) artificial selection
C) independent assortment
D) natural selection
E) recombination

Question 65

A poly A tail helps attach the ribosome to the mRNA molecule and may also determine how long the mRNA is retained within the cell.

Question 66

The type of RNA that delivers amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis is tRNA.

Question 67

Which mutation in DNA would lead to the change of a single amino acid in a protein?

A) a missense mutation
B) a frameshift
C) a one base insertion
D) a nonsense mutation
E) a one base deletion

Question 68

Because cells are very efficient in the processes that they carry out,very little energy is needed for the cell to make proteins.

Question 69

A gene is any DNA sequence that is transcribed to any type of RNA.

Question 70

The process by which cells use the information of RNA molecules to make proteins is transcription.

Question 71

A somatic mutation is a mutation that occurs in cells that give rise to gametes.

Question 72

In eukaryotic cells gene expression may be controlled by not allowing mRNA to leave the nucleus.

Question 73

In the bacterium E.coli,in the absence of lactose,a repressor protein binds to the operator region of the DNA,preventing the transcription of the genes of the lactose operon.

Question 74

Based just on what is known about FOXP2,could Neandertals speak?

A) Yes, they have the same FOXP2 sequence as chimpanzees.
B) No, they have the same FOXP2 sequence as chimpanzees.
C) Yes, they have the same FOXP2 mutation as humans.
D) No, they have the same FOXP2 mutation as humans.
E) Yes, they have the same FOXP2 sequence as both humans and chimpanzees.

Question 75

There are only two main types of RNA needed to make proteins.They are tRNA and rRNA.

Question 76

Cystic fibrosis may be caused by a protein that does not fold correctly into its final form.

Question 77

The 5' and 3' designations used in reference to DNA and RNA sequences are assigned to the

A) hydrogen atoms that form hydrogen bonds between the nucleotides.
B) nitrogen atoms in the nitrogen bases.
C) carbon atoms in the nitrogen base purines and pyrimidines.
D) oxygen atoms contained in the deoxyribose and ribose.
E) carbon atoms of deoxyribose and ribose.