Deck 6: Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood

Question 1

Jean Piaget was primarily interested in:

A)moral reasoning of children.
B)moral behavior of children.
C)how parents teach moral standards to children.
D)the biological basis of moral integrity.

Answer 1

moral reasoning of children.

Question 2

Pride,shame,embarrassment,and guilt are examples of:

A)basic emotions.
B)self-conscious emotions.
C)primary negative emotions.
D)secondary negative emotions.

Answer 2

self-conscious emotions.

Question 3

Katrina becomes extremely upset when her brother tries to change the rules of their game,yelling,"You can't do that! You can't change rules!" Katrina is exhibiting which of the following types of moral reasoning?

A)autonomous morality
B)heteronomous morality
C)peer-negotiated morality
D)immanent justice morality

Answer 3

heteronomous morality

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a marked change in emotional development during early childhood?

A)Children can use more terms to describe emotions.
B)Children can reflect upon their emotions.
C)Children can deceive others with their emotions.
D)Children can understand the causes of emotions.

Question 5

When Travis decided he wanted to catch a bird with a butterfly net,his parents encouraged him to test out his idea.Because his parents supported his plan,he will probably grow up with:

A)autonomy.
B)initiative.
C)industry.
D)trust.

Question 6

According to research,children start to understand others in terms of psychological traits (e.g. ,"my teacher is nice")starting around what age?

A)2 to 3 years
B)4 to 5 years
C)6 years
D)between 7 and 8 years

Question 7

Blanche is 4 years old.What would Blanche most likely say if you asked her to describe who she is?

A)"I am quiet,nice,and friendly."
B)"I have brown hair,and I have a bicycle."
C)"I like preschool,especially reading,and I am good in art."
D)"I am the daughter of Sam and Renee and the sister of William."

Question 8

Jerome and Hani got up early on Saturday morning and decided to make "breakfast in bed" for their mother.While reaching for the bed tray in the back of the hall cabinet,they accidentally bumped and broke one of their mother's favorite porcelain dolls.Jerome knew that he was going to get into "big trouble," and he thought that he should get into big trouble.Hani told him not to worry because Mom would understand that it was an accident.In what stage would Jean Piaget categorize the moral reasoning,respectively,of Jerome and Hani?

A)Jerome-autonomous morality;Hani-heteronomous morality
B)Jerome-heteronomous morality;Hani-autonomous morality
C)Jerome-universal law morality;Hani-context-specific morality.
D)Jerome-context-specific morality;Hani-universal law morality.

Question 9

The development of thoughts,feelings,and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with other people is called _________ development

A)moral
B)superego
C)integrity
D)democratic

Question 10

In order for children to take effective moral action,they need to be able to __________ and ________.

A)learn to identify others' emotional states;anticipate what will improve others' emotional states
B)learn to regulate their emotional states;teach other children to regulate their emotional states
C)overcome their innate desire to hurt others;learn to do things for the good of the group
D)deny their natural selfish tendencies;be concerned with the well-being of other people

Question 11

According to Erik Erikson,the psychosocial stage that characterizes early childhood is:

A)initiative versus guilt.
B)autonomy versus shame and doubt.
C)industry versus inferiority.
D)intimacy versus isolation.

Question 12

A parent who denies,ignores,or tries to change the negative emotions of their children would be called an:

A)emotion-dismissing parent.
B)emotion-criticizing parent.
C)emotion-coaching parent.
D)emotion-ignoring parent.

Question 13

According to Erik Erikson,what is the "great governor" of initiative?

A)conscience
B)independence
C)fear
D)obedience

Question 14

Five-year-old Joe is crying because his favorite aunt is moving away.His parents are in the kitchen arguing about how to respond to the situation.Joe's father wants to tell him "big boys don't cry." Joe's mother wants to tell him "it is okay to cry when you feel sad." According to research,which response will be most helpful for Joe?

A)Joe's father's response.
B)Joe's father' response,but only because Joe is a boy.For girls,Joe's mother's response would be more helpful.
C)Joe's mother's response.
D)Joe's mother's response,but only because Joe is around preschool age.For older children,Joe's father's response would be more helpful.

Question 15

When her mother asks Selena why she feels so sad,Selena says it is because her best friend just lost her puppy.Selena is exhibiting:

A)guilt.
B)empathy.
C)heteronomous morality.
D)lack of perspective taking.

Question 16

Self-conscious emotions do not appear until the second year of life because:

A)children do not identify with their same sex parent until that time.
B)children have not developed a sense of self-awareness until then.
C)children do not have the cognitive structures to retain the knowledge of both actions and their consequences until that time.
D)children's id's continue to dominate their self-structures until that time.

Question 17

Which of the following emotions are not in the same "category" as the other three?

A)embarrassment
B)shame
C)guilt
D)fear

Question 18

Which statement below summarizes Erik Erikson's view of how guilt,initiative,and conscience operate during the early childhood period?

A)Children's consciences make them feel guilty about some of the initiatives that they take.
B)Children feel guilty if they do nothing,so their consciences tell them to take the initiative.
C)Children's consciences tell them they are guilty,so they take initiative to prove they are not.
D)Children's consciences are not yet mature enough to distinguish between guilt and initiative.

Question 19

In general terms,the preschool child's understanding of self is:

A)concrete.
B)abstract.
C)symbolic.
D)transitory.

Question 20

Jennie is in third grade and is tempted to cheat on a test but chooses not to because she knows that it would be wrong.According to the psychoanalytic theory of moral development,what is responsible for keeping Jennie from doing wrong?

A)guilt from her superego
B)empathy for other people
C)reprimands from caregivers
D)rewards from caregivers

Question 21

Social cognitive theory provides several important principles to help us understand moral behavior of children.Which one of the following is NOT one of those principles?

A)Reinforcement,punishment,and imitation can explain the development of moral behavior.
B)Self-control is evidenced by the child's ability to delay gratification.
C)Punishment will always increase the modeling of moral behavior.
D)Cognitive factors are important in the development of self-control.

Question 22

Social influences on gender roles appear to operate mainly through:

A)cognitive processes stimulated by other people.
B)learning processes in the company of other people.
C)biological processes stimulated by social interactions.
D)a complex interaction of biological processes.

Question 23

The social role theory of gender differences suggests that:

A)gender differences result from the contrasting roles of women and men in most cultures.
B)the mother and father role are social constructions that emerged from our evolutionary past.
C)different social roles for men and women in most societies are chosen,not determined.
D)nature is the primary determinant of differences between the social labels we call "gender."

Question 24

Research has shown that women perform more domestic work,spend fewer hours in paid employment,receive lower pay,and are less represented in the highest levels of organizations.These findings support which theory of gender?

A)social cognitive theory of gender
B)sex role theory of gender
C)psychoanalytic theory of gender
D)social role theory

Question 25

Researchers refer to elementary school playgrounds as "gender school" because:

A)teachers treat boys and girls differently.
B)children reinforce and punish each other for gender behaviors.
C)parents expect schools to treat children in gender-stereotypical ways.
D)children's gender concepts do not begin to form until elementary school.

Question 26

At what age do children show a preference to spend time with a same-sex playmate?

A)around 3 years old
B)around 6 years old
C)around 8 years old
D)around 10 years old

Question 27

Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning parenting practices and gender development?

A)Fathers are more consistently given responsibility for the nurturance and physical care of their children.
B)Mothers are more likely than fathers to engage in playful interactions with their children.
C)Mothers are more likely than fathers to treat their sons and daughters differently.
D)Fathers are more involved in socializing their sons than their daughters.

Question 28

A child's sense of being male or female is referred to as their:

A)gender role
B)gender
C)gender schema
D)gender identity

Question 29

A cognitive structure that consists of a network of associations that guides and organizes an individual's perception is called a:

A)format.
B)schema.
C)subset.
D)system.

Question 30

According to Jean Piaget,parent-child relations are less likely to foster moral development than peer relations because:

A)parents are inconsistent in delivering the consequences for broken rules.
B)peers are less likely to allow negotiation and reasoning about broken rules.
C)parents have the power in that relationship and can hand down rules in an authoritarian manner.
D)peers settle disagreements by instituting clear and immediate social sanctions.

Question 31

Research on peer pressure to conform to traditional gender roles suggests that:

A)there is greater pressure for boys.
B)there is greater pressure for girls.
C)pressure to conform is equal for both boys and girls.
D)neither boys nor girls are pressured by their peers to conform.

Question 32

According to Maccoby (1998,2002),gender is important in:

A)the composition of children's groups.
B)the size of children's groups.
C)the interaction in children's groups.
D)all of these.

Question 33

The __________ theory of gender holds that gender development is governed by a child's attraction to his or her opposite-sex parent.

A)psychoanalytic
B)social cognitive
C)biological drive
D)cognitive developmental

Question 34

Same-sex boy peer groups are characterized by all of the following,EXCEPT:

A)cooperative play.
B)competitive play.
C)risk taking.
D)larger groups.

Question 35

Young children tend to believe that when a rule is broken,punishment will follow inevitably.This is referred to as belief in:

A)immanent justice.
B)moral justice.
C)concrete justice.
D)authoritative justice.

Question 36

The psychoanalytic theory of gender states that children should identify with the gender identity of the same sex parent at about age:

A)1 or 2 years.
B)3 or 4 years.
C)5 or 6 years.
D)7 or 8 years.

Question 37

The primary social theories of gender include all but which of the following?

A)evolutionary psychology view
B)gender schema theory
C)psychoanalytic theory
D)social cognitive theory

Question 38

Children between the ages of 4 and 12 usually prefer to play in groups that are made up of:

A)mixed ages.
B)the same sex.
C)boys and girls.
D)children with their own level of social competence.

Question 39

Jean Piaget's approach to studying morality focuses on ________,whereas the behavioral approach focuses on __________

A)moral reasoning;moral behavior.
B)correct moral behavior,moral transgressions.
C)influences of environment;influences of heredity.
D)nurture;nature.

Question 40

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Girls are more likely than boys to associate together in larger groups.
B)Boys are more likely than girls to participate in organized group games.
C)Girls are more likely than boys to talk and act in "collaborative discourse."
D)Boys are more likely than girls to engage in activities to attain a group goal.

Question 41

Suzanne believes that helping children develop their independence while still placing appropriate boundaries and limits on their actions is the most important function of parenting.Suzanne is probably a(n):

A)authoritarian parent.
B)authoritative parent.
C)indulgent parent.
D)neglectful parent.

Question 42

Which of the following countries has the most favorable attitude toward corporal punishment?

A)Sweden
B)Spain
C)Germany
D)United States

Question 43

Penelope has low self-esteem and is unhappy.She appears to be anxious around her peers and has few friends.Her teacher asks her why she sat by herself at lunch.Penelope states that the other kids would not want her to join them,because she is ugly and dumb.It is most likely that she grew up in a home with parents who were:

A)authoritarian.
B)authoritative.
C)indulgent.
D)neglectful.

Question 44

Which of the following parenting styles has high demands and low responsiveness?

A)authoritarian
B)authoritative
C)indulgent
D)neglectful

Question 45

In which of the following countries are adults most likely to report that their parents used corporal punishment?

A)Canada
B)Russia
C)Africa
D)Sweden

Question 46

In a recent national survey of U.S.parents with 3- to 4-year-old children,about __________ reported that they frequently spanked their children.

A)16%
B)26%
C)57%
D)67%

Question 47

A parent who uses a restrictive,punitive style to control the behavior of their children is a(n):

A)authoritarian parent.
B)authoritative parent.
C)indulgent parent.
D)neglectful parent.

Question 48

Bernard just brought home his report card and placed it on the television set.Bernard told his dad that he was required to bring the card back to school tomorrow with the signature of one of his parents.Bernard's dad told him to move out of the way because he could not see the TV.The next morning,Bernard found his report card where he left it,unsigned.He signed his dad's name and put it in his backpack.Bernard's dad is most likely a(n):

A)authoritarian parent.
B)authoritative parent.
C)indulgent parent.
D)neglectful parent.

Question 49

Which of these is TRUE of gender schema theory?

A)This theory identifies constants in the way children understand gender.
B)This theory focuses on imitation as a process of gender socialization.
C)This theory demonstrates how emotions contribute to gender identification.
D)This theory states how ideas of gender appropriateness are developed.

Question 50

A parent who is very uninvolved in a child's life,showing neither responsiveness nor control,is a(n):

A)authoritarian parent.
B)authoritative parent.
C)indulgent parent.
D)neglectful parent.

Question 51

A parent who spanks his/her children frequently is most likely to be a(n):

A)authoritarian parent.
B)authoritative parent.
C)indulgent parent.
D)neglectful parent.

Question 52

Suzie just brought home her report card.She earned Cs and Ds in all of her classes.When looking at the grades,her father stated,"You are an embarrassment to me! You better get those grades up,or else!" Suzie's dad is most likely a(n):

A)authoritarian parent.
B)authoritative parent.
C)indulgent parent.
D)neglectful parent.

Question 53

Young Ori has just been misbehaving at home,and his mother is very angry with him.She yells at him for his poor behavior,spanks him on the backside,and sends him to his room.According to your authors,which of the following is a possible undesirable outcome of this sort of reaction?

A)Ori will develop an Oedipal rage at his mother.
B)Ori will not understand what behaviors should have occurred,because this sort of punishment does not present better options.
C)Ori will not be willing to leave his room later when he is permitted to.
D)Ori will be more likely to run away when his mother is not looking.

Question 54

Ursula just brought home her report card.She earned Cs and Ds in all of her classes.Ursula's mom's first response was "Oh,you must be very disappointed." Then,the two of them sat down and tried to determine why she was having difficulty and what they could do to help her get her grades up.They decided that Ursula would start seeing a tutor after school.Ursula's mom is most likely a(n):

A)authoritarian parent.
B)authoritative parent.
C)indulgent parent.
D)neglectful parent.

Question 55

Research conducted by Ruth Chao (2001,2005,2007)suggests that:

A)the high control of "authoritarian" Asian parents is best conceptualized as "training" and is distinct from the domineering control that is generally associated with the authoritarian style of parenting.
B)"authoritarian" parenting is "authoritarian" parenting,whether the parent is Asian American,African American,or European American.
C)contrary to many stereotypes,Asian parents are indulgent and permissive.
D)consistent with stereotypes,Asian parents are domineering,controlling,and have rigid/unrealistic expectations for academic achievement in their children.

Question 56

In a recent national survey of U.S.parents with 3- to 4-year-old children,about __________ reported that they frequently yelled at their children.

A)16%
B)26%
C)57%
D)67%

Question 57

Research linking corporal punishment and child behavior has been associated with all of the following,EXCEPT:

A)higher levels of immediate compliance.
B)higher levels of adolescent depression.
C)higher levels of moral internalization.
D)higher levels of juvenile delinquency

Question 58

Which parenting style leads to social incompetence in children?

A)authoritarian
B)authoritative
C)indulgent
D)neglectful

Question 59

Which of the following parenting styles has low demands and high responsiveness?

A)authoritarian
B)authoritative
C)indulgent
D)neglectful

Question 60

In response to child misbehavior,most child psychologists recommend:

A)reasoning with the child.
B)explaining the consequences of the child's actions for others.
C)removing the child from a setting that offers positive reinforcement.
D)all of these.

Question 61

Four-year-old Becky has just hit her sister again.What should Becky's mom do? Most developmental psychologists would suggest:

A)give Becky a spanking;she is too young to understand reasoning.
B)explain to Becky that "hitting hurts";she is old enough to understand the consequences of her behavior.
C)give Becky a "time-out";she is too young to understand reasoning.
D)give Becky a spanking;she is old enough to understand the consequences of her behavior and should be punished accordingly.

Question 62

Marella and Ricardo have recently had a very serious fight.They pushed and smacked each other,and both ended up with bruises and black eyes.Their young son,Juan,witnessed the entire event.Which of the following forms of child maltreatment would best describe this situation?

A)physical abuse
B)child neglect
C)sexual abuse
D)emotional abuse

Question 63

The support that parents give each other in raising children,including coordination of rules and parenting efforts,is called:

A)coparenting
B)cohesive rearing
C)directional childcare
D)collaborative directing

Question 64

With regard to family processes,which of the following patterns has been supported by research?

A)disequilibrium immediately after the divorce,then restabilization 2 years later
B)intense conflict immediately after the divorce and intense conflict 2 years later
C)mild disruption after the divorce,with increasing disruption 2 years later
D)mild disruption after the divorce,with mild conflict 2 years later

Question 65

Which theory of divorce suggests that children can recognize and distinguish between marital conflict that can be negative for children and that which can be positive for children?

A)emotion security theory
B)divorce schema theory
C)marital conflict valence theory
D)conflict applicability theory

Question 66

According to Dunn (2007)there are three important aspects to sibling relationships.Which of the following is not one of those points?

A)the age differences that exist in the relationship
B)the emotional quality of the relationship
C)the familiarity and intimacy of the relationship
D)the variations in sibling relationships

Question 67

Of the 905,000 children in the United States who were found to be victims of child abuse in 2002,__________ were abused by their parent(s).

A)24%
B)44%
C)64%
D)84%

Question 68

__________ is almost always present when other forms of child maltreatment are identified.

A)Physical abuse
B)Child neglect
C)Sexual abuse
D)Emotional abuse

Question 69

Which of the following countries has the highest percentage of single-parent families?

A)Canada
B)Germany
C)United States
D)Sweden

Question 70

Why do more and more researchers think that birth-order influences on child development have been emphasized too strongly?

A)There are no clear patterns of birth-order influences on personality.
B)If we continue to study birth-order influences,our findings will create self-fulfilling prophecies that will perpetuate birth-order differences.
C)The pattern of birth-order influences that scientists have found makes little sense and is not very useful.
D)The overly simplistic model that suggests that birth-order effects are very large ignores the complexity of influences on a child's development.

Question 71

Approximately __________ of gay men are parents.

A)10%
B)20%
C)30%
D)40%

Question 72

About ________ of parents who abuse their children were abused as children themselves.

A)one-quarter
B)one-third
C)one-half
D)two-thirds

Question 73

Approximately ____ percent of American children have at least one sibling.

A)50
B)60
C)70
D)80

Question 74

Approximately __________ of lesbians are parents.

A)10%
B)20%
C)30%
D)40%

Question 75

In general,which of the following best describes birth-order effects?

A)Their existence is not confirmed by research.
B)They are most pronounced when there are three or more children in a family.
C)They are a result of birth order itself and not to differences in interpersonal interactions that result from having multiple children.
D)They are limited in predicting behavior considering the many other influencing factors.

Question 76

Which idea about divorce is best supported by available evidence?

A)A divorce may improve children's lives under some circumstances.
B)Divorces inevitably impair children's ability to adapt to difficulties in their lives.
C)Competent children cannot be raised in single-parent families.
D)Divorce has only minor effects on children.

Question 77

What are the long-term effects of being maltreated as a child?

A)depression,delinquency,and substance abuse
B)personality disorders and physical health problems
C)a rigid and controlling personality
D)None of these

Question 78

How does maternal employment outside of the home affect children?

A)Children are not properly socialized for the adult roles they will occupy.
B)Children are not able to develop a secure attachment to their parents.
C)Children tend to perform poorly academically.
D)Children of working mothers engage in less gender stereotyping.

Question 79

The term "child maltreatment" includes all but which of the following possibilities?

A)physical abuse
B)tough love
C)child neglect
D)sexual abuse

Question 80

Alicia and Jason are watching their two sons have a fight.One of the sons is almost 5 years old,and the other is just over 3 years old.According to research on parental response to sibling behaviors,which is the most likely response that Alicia and Jason will demonstrate?

A)They will side with the younger son and punish the older son.
B)They will put both boys in time-out.
C)They will do nothing at all.
D)They will side with the older son and punish the younger son.