Deck 44: Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

Question 1

What is the function of the synovial membrane's type A cells within the intima?

A)To release mast cells, initiating the inflammatory process after joint injury
B)To ingest and remove bacteria and debris by phagocytosis in the joint cavity
C)To secrete hyaluronate, a binding agent that gives synovial fluid its viscous quality
D)To store fat cells and glycogen, providing adenosine triphosphate for joint activity

Answer 1

To ingest and remove bacteria and debris by phagocytosis in the joint cavity

Question 2

The outer layer of the periosteum contains blood vessels and nerves that penetrate the inner structures of the bone by way of which structure?

A)Volkmann canals
B)Canaliculi
C)Sharpey canals
D)Trabeculae

Answer 2

Volkmann canals

Question 3

The professor is quizzing student on synovial fluid. Which statement shows the students need further instruction?

A)It contains protein polysaccharides to repair the synovial membrane after injury.
B)It lubricates the joint surfaces, allowing ease of movement.
C)It nourishes the pad of the articular cartilage.
D)It contains leukocytes to phagocytize joint debris and microorganisms.

Answer 3

It contains protein polysaccharides to repair the synovial membrane after injury.

Question 4

Which part of an injured joint becomes insensitive to pain and regenerates slowly and minimally?

A)Synovium
B)Articular cartilage
C)Bursa
D)Tendon

Question 5

The stage of healing in the bone that involves procallus formation entails which process?

A)Formation of a hematoma that allows the development of a fibrin network
B)Production of granulation tissue by fibroblasts, capillary buds, and osteoblasts
C)Development of a primitive bone matrix termed woven bone
D)Remodeling of the periosteal and endosteal bone surfaces

Question 6

The student learns that after puberty, the epiphyseal plate calcifies and the epiphysis merges with which structure?

A)Epiphyseal line
B)Epiphyseal plate
C)Metaphysis
D)Articular cartilage

Question 7

Which glucoprotein is thought to transport essential elements such as hormones, ions, and other metabolites to and from the bone cells?

A)Osteocalcin
B)Osteonectin
C)Laminin
D)Bone albumin

Question 8

Which glucoprotein is believed to inhibit calcium phosphate precipitation and play a part in bone resorption by recruiting osteoclasts?

A)Osteocalcin
B)Osteonectin
C)Laminin
D)Osteopontin

Question 9

The joint that contains a synovial membrane that lines the inner joint capsule is an example of which type of joint?

A)Amphiarthrosis
B)Diarthrosis
C)Synarthrosis
D)Biarthrosis

Question 10

Which cells function to maintain bone matrix?

A)Osteoclasts
B)Osteocytes
C)Osteoblasts
D)Osteophytes

Question 11

What is the basic structural unit in compact bone?

A)Small channels called canaliculi
B)Osteocytes within the lacunae
C)Tiny spaces within the lacunae
D)Haversian system

Question 12

Which type of joint holds teeth in the maxilla or mandible?

A)Amphiarthrosis
B)Diarthrosis
C)Synarthrosis
D)Gomphosis

Question 13

What is the function of Sharpey fibers?

A)To anchor the outer layer of the periosteum to the inner layer
B)To contain blood vessels and nerves on the outer layer of the periosteum
C)To help attach tendons and ligaments to the periosteum
D)To attach muscles to the periosteum

Question 14

The hyaline cartilage joints between the ribs and sternum are examples of which type of joint?

A)Synchondrosis
B)Symphysis
C)Gomphosis
D)Syndesmosis

Question 15

The professor asks a student to describe the movement of a diarthrosis joint. What answer by the student is best?

A)Immovable joint
B)Slightly moveable
C)Variable movement
D)Freely moveable

Question 16

Which bone cell secretes hydrochloric acid to help dissolve bone minerals and collagenase, thus aiding in the digestion of collagen?

A)Osteocytes
B)Osteoblasts
C)Osteoclasts
D)Osteophytes

Question 17

Which bone cells produce osteocalcin when stimulated by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and synthesize osteoid?

A)Osteoclasts
B)Osteocytes
C)Fibrocytes
D)Osteoblasts

Question 18

What happens to the original bone during the second phase of bone remodeling?

A)The original bone is replaced.
B)It hardens.
C)The original bone is resorbed.
D)It is synthesized.

Question 19

How is the work function of a muscle usually calculated?

A)Muscle type
B)Calculating force ´ distance
C)Foot pounds
D)Kilograms

Question 20

Which bone cells are large and multinucleated and contain lysosomes filled with hydrolytic enzymes?

A)Osteoblasts
B)Osteoclasts
C)Osteocytes
D)Fibrocytes

Question 21

Which type of ion directly controls the contraction of muscles?

A)Sodium
B)Potassium
C)Calcium
D)Magnesium

Question 22

Which four-step process correctly describes muscle contraction?

A)Coupling, contraction, relaxation, excitation
B)Contraction, relaxation, excitation, coupling
C)Relaxation, excitation, coupling, contraction
D)Excitation, coupling, contraction, relaxation

Question 23

A student has learned about aging and the musculoskeletal system. What statement by the student indicates a need for more study on the topic?

A)Haversian system erodes, the canals nearest the marrow cavity widen, and the endosteal cortex converts to spongy bone.
B)The remodeling cycle increases because of a decreased ability of the basic multicellular units to resorb and deposit bone.
C)Cartilaginous rigidity increases because of decreasing water content and decreasing concentrations of glycosaminoglycans.
D)Muscle ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis declines, although the regenerative function of muscle tissue is reportedly normal in older adults.

Question 24

Which statement describes a neuroregulin?

A)Chemical mediator that initiates signals from the anterior horn cell of the spinal card to the axon of motor nerve branches of groups of muscle fibers
B)Neurotransmitter that provides a means of reporting changes in length, tension, velocity, and tone in muscles
C)Proteoglycan secreted by neurons, which increases acetylcholine receptors
D)Mechanoreceptor that lies parallel to muscle fibers and responds to muscle stretching

Question 25

What term is used to identify an interlacing bundle of dense, white fibrous tissue that is richly supplied with nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels?

A)Procallus
B)Joint capsule
C)Hematoma
D)Elastin fibers

Question 26

Which component is found in synovial fluid?

A)Protein polysaccharides
B)Water
C)Leukocytes
D)Chondrocytes

Question 27

In which type of contraction does the muscle maintain a constant tension as it moves?

A)Isotonic
B)Isometric
C)Hypertonic
D)Hypotonic

Question 28

Which factors influence the rate of protein synthesis of skeletal muscles? (Select all that apply.)

A)Insulin
B)Cortisol
C)Parathyroid hormone
D)Growth hormone
E)Amino acid substrates

Question 29

Which characteristic of type II (white fast-motor) muscle fibers does the student learn?

A)Slow contraction speed
B)Fast conduction velocities
C)Profuse capillary supply
D)Oxidative metabolism

Question 30

Which statement indicates that a student needs more information about muscles?

A)Muscle comprises 50% of an adult's body weight and 40% of a child's body weight.
B)Muscle is 75% water, 20% protein, and 5% organic and inorganic compounds.
C)Muscle contains 32% of all protein stores for energy and metabolism.
D)Muscles are encased in fascia.

Question 31

In adults, hematopoiesis typically takes place in which bone marrow cavities? (Select all that apply.)

A)Skull
B)Shoulders
C)Sternum
D)Long bones
E)Pelvis

Question 32

Which minerals are stored in bones? (Select all that apply.)

A)Carbonate
B)Phosphate
C)Selenium
D)Magnesium
E)Calcium

Question 33

What anchors articular cartilage to the underlying bone?

A)Sharpey fibers
B)Collagen fibers
C)Glycoproteins
D)Elastin fibers

Question 34

What controls the movement of synovial fluid through cartilage?

A)Cartiloregulins
B)Hyaluronate
C)Proteoglycans
D)Chondroitin

Question 35

Which term is used to identify a functional muscle contraction in which the muscle contracts but the limb does not move?

A)Isotonic
B)Isometric
C)Eccentric
D)Concentric

Question 36

As the innervation ratio of a particular organ increases, what other property also increases?

A)Control
B)Movement
C)Coordination
D)Endurance

Question 37

What information does the student learn about osteocytes? (Select all that apply.)

A)An osteocyte is a transformed osteoblast.
B)An osteocyte obtains nutrients from capillaries in the canaliculi.
C)Osteocytes are the prime target of thyroid hormone action.
D)Osteocytes signal osteoclasts and osteoblasts to form new bone.
E)An osteocyte helps maintain levels of calcium and phosphorus in blood plasma.