Deck 20: The Cardiovascular System: the Heart

Question 1

Why is the myocardium of the left ventricle thicker than the myocardium of the right ventricle?

Answer 1

The left ventricle muscular wall is thicker than the right ventricle because it has to generate higher pressure to overcome the greater resistance of the longer systemic circulation route versus the shorter pulmonary circulation route.Basically,the more work a muscle does,the larger it gets.

Question 2

Contraction of the atria of the heart leads to blood moving directly

A)into auricles.
B)into arteries.
C)into veins
D)through atrioventricular valves
E)through semilunar valves.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Through which structure does blood pass from the right atrium to the right ventricle?

A)Bicuspid valve
B)Interventricular septum
C)Tricuspid valve
D)Mitral valve
E)Ascending aorta

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following terms identifies the anatomical region found between the lungs that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column and from the first rib to the diaphragm?

A)Epicardium
B)Abdominal cavity
C)Pericardium
D)Mediastinum
E)Thoracic cavity

Question 5

The membrane that surrounds and protects the heart is called the

A)pericardium.
B)pleura.
C)myocardium.
D)mediastinum.
E)endocardium.

Question 6

Identify the muscular ridges that are found on the anterior wall of the right atrium and extend into the auricles.

A)Pectinate muscles
B)Trabeculae carneae
C)Coronary sulci
D)Papillary muscles
E)Chordae tendinae

Question 7

The coronary sulcus marks the external boundary between the [dropdown 1] and the [dropdown 2].
Dropdown 1 Choices:
auricles
coronary arteries
coronary sinus
superior atria
Dropdown 2 Choices:
apex
auricles
base
inferior ventricles

Question 8

Trauma to the pericardium associated with bleeding into the pericardial cavity,might cause

A)myocarditis
B)endocarditis
C)cardiac tamponade
D)rapid heart rate
E)none of these

Question 9

Pectinate muscles extend from the atrial internal wall into the pouch-like structures that increase the total filling capacity of the atrium.These structure are the

A)ventricles
B)coronary sulci
C)fossa ovalis
D)interatrial septa
E)auricles

Question 10

Which of the following is used to reduce friction between the layers of membranes surrounding the heart?

A)Synovial fluid
B)Endocardium
C)Pleural fluid
D)Pericardial fluid
E)Capillary endothelium

Question 11

Identify the groove found on the surface of the heart that marks the boundary between the right and left ventricles.

A)Coronary sulcus
B)Anterior interventricular sulcus
C)Posterior interventricular sulcus
D)Coronary sinus
E)Anterior intraventricular sulcus

Question 12

A patient presents with a fever,heart murmur,irregular heartbeat,fatigue,loss of appetite and night sweats.As a physician,your diagnosis would be that of endocarditis typically caused by

A)a virus
B)an autoimmune condition
C)a bacterial infection
D)exposure to radiation
E)cancer

Question 13

The apex of the heart is normally pointed

A)at the midline.
B)to the left of the midline.
C)to the right of the midline.
D)is different for males and females
E)posteriorly.

Question 14

What type of tissue comprises the valves of the heart?

A)Dense connective tissue
B)Areolar connective tissue
C)Hyaline cartilage
D)Cardiac muscle tissue
E)Adipose tissue

Question 15

The visceral layer of the serous pericardium is also considered to be the

A)epicardium
B)myocardium
C)endocardium
D)fibrous pericardium
E)None of the answer selections is correct

Question 16

Identify the structure found in a fetus that allows blood to flow directly from the pulmonary trunk into the aorta.

A)Fossa ovalis
B)Foramen ovale
C)Trabeculae carneae
D)Descending aorta
E)Ductus arteriosus

Question 17

Which layer of the heart wall consists of cardiac muscle tissue?

A)Epicardium
B)Pericardium
C)Myocardium
D)Endocardium
E)Hypocardium

Question 18

Blood leaving the left ventricle passes through which of the following structures?

A)Right atrium
B)Interventricular septum
C)Bicuspid valve
D)Aortic semilunar valve
E)Pulmonary semilunar valve

Question 19

Cardiac tamponade may develop following a case of

A)myocarditis
B)endocarditis
C)palpitation
D)pericarditis
E)tachycardia

Question 20

Contraction of the ventricles of the heart leads to blood moving directly

A)into arteries.
B)into capillaries.
C)into veins.
D)through an atrioventricular valve.
E)through the apex.

Question 21

The volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta each minute is called the

A)cardiac output.
B)cardiac input.
C)stroke volume.
D)heart rate.
E)pulse pressure.

Question 22

Which valve below prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle?

A)Tricuspid valve
B)Bicuspid valve
C)Pulmonary semilunar valve
D)Aortic semilunar valve
E)Mitral valve

Question 23

In comparison to skeletal muscle fibers,the contractile fibers of the heart are depolarized for [___] period of time.
Dropdown Choices:
a longer
a shorter
a variable
the same

Question 24

Which of the following blood vessels is used to distribute oxygenated blood to the myocardium?

A)Coronary artery
B)Coronary vein
C)Coronary sinus
D)Vena cava
E)Myocardial vein

Question 25

Which of the following types of muscle contains the largest number of mitochondria per cell?

A)Smooth muscle
B)Skeletal muscle
C)Cardiac muscle
D)All the muscle types contain approximately the same number.
E)Mitochondria are not found in muscle cells.

Question 26

The period of atrial systole lasts about [dropdown 1] while the period of ventricular systole lasts approximately [dropdown 2].
Dropdown 1 Choices:
0.4 second
0.3 second
0.1 second
0.6 second
Dropdown 2 Choices:
0.4 second
0.3 second
0.1 second
0.6 second

Question 27

Stimulation of which nerve reduces heart rate?

A)Cardiac accelerator nerve
B)Hypoglossal nerve
C)Spinal accessory
D)Vagus nerve
E)Phrenic nerve

Question 28

Which network of specialized cardiac muscle fibers provides a path for each cycle of cardiac excitation to progress through the heart?

A)Systemic circuit
B)Intercalated discs
C)Cardiovascular center
D)Cardiac conduction system
E)Pulmonary circuit

Question 29

Cardiac muscle fibers are electrically connected to neighboring fibers by

A)desmosomes.
B)tight junctions.
C)gap junctions.
D)interneurons.
E)chordae tendinae.

Question 30

Which of the following correctly lists the sequence of structures that a cardiac action potential follows in order to excite normal contraction of the heart?

A)Bundle of His,Purkinje fibers,Atrioventricular (AV)node
B)Sinoatrial (SA)node,Purkinje fibers,AV node,Bundle of His
C)Purkinje fibers,AV node,SA node,Bundle of His
D)SA node,AV node,Bundle of His,Purkinje fibers
E)Bundle of His,SA node,AV node,Purkinje fibers

Question 31

Which structure in the heart initiates action potentials that stimulate contraction of the heart at a constant rate of about 100 beats per minute?

A)Cardiac accelerator nerves
B)Atrioventricular node
C)Cardiovascular center
D)Sinoatrial node
E)Bundle of His

Question 32

What is the relationship between an individual who is exercising strenuously causing his or her heart rate to exceed 160 beats/minute and the Frank-Starling law of the heart?

Question 33

The second heart sound (dupp)closely follows which of the events listed below?

A)Valvular stenosis
B)Semilunar valves opening
C)Atrioventricular valves closing
D)Semilunar valves closing
E)Atrioventricular valves opening

Question 34

Which term refers to the period of time during a cardiac cycle when contraction of a chamber occurs and pressure within the chamber rises?

A)filling
B)systole
C)repolarization
D)diastole
E)fibrillation

Question 35

Which of the following chambers of the heart contains deoxygenated blood?

A)Left atrium and left ventricle
B)Left atrium only
C)Right atrium and right ventricle
D)Right ventricle only
E)Left atrium and right ventricle

Question 36

During which of the following periods does the largest volume of blood enter the arteries?

A)atrial diastole
B)ventricular diastole
C)atrial systole
D)ventricular systole
E)the volume is about the same during each period

Question 37

Describe the recent research that showed significant replacement of heart cells is possible as well as the presence of stem cells in heart muscle tissue.

Question 38

Which of the following would lead to a decreased heart rate?

A)Increased norepinephrine release
B)Increased thyroid hormone release
C)Increased potassium levels in plasma
D)Increased calcium levels in plasma
E)Increased sympathetic stimulation

Question 39

Explain how the heart pumps blood into two separate closed circuits that are arranged in series.

Question 40

Briefly describe why cardiac tissue cannot repair itself after damage?

Question 41

In the diagram,which labeled structures are atrioventricular valves?

A)A and B
B)C and D
C)A and C
D)B and D
E)A,B,C and D

Question 42

Which of the following electrocardiogram (ECG)waves represents atrial depolarization?

A)R wave
B)T wave
C)S wave
D)P wave
E)Q wave

Question 43

Which of the labeled diagrams shows an atrial septal defect?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 44

Which labeled structure shown in the diagram is a remnant of fetal circulation that is not directly involved in adult circulation?

A)A
B)B
C)H
D)D
E)E

Question 45

Prior to physical activity,the heart rate may climb.This anticipatory increase is caused by nerve impulses traveling to the cardiovascular center of the medulla oblongata that originate in the

A)cerebral cortex
B)hypothalamus
C)baroreceptors
D)limbic system
E)proprioceptors

Question 46

Which phases of a heartbeat shown in the diagram involve depolarization of any of the heart's four chambers?

A)1 and 3
B)2 and 4
C)4 and 6
D)1,3,and 5
E)1 and 5

Question 47

Which of the labeled steps in the diagram represents formation of the endocardial tubes?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 48

An increase in the carbon dioxide levels in the blood leads to a change in the chemical composition of the blood.This input would be received by which part of the brain that regulates heart rate?

A)Midbrain
B)Cerebrum
C)Medulla oblongata
D)Cerebellum
E)Thalamus

Question 49

In the diagram,which labeled structure prevents blood flow from the right ventricle back into the right atrium?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 50

In the diagram,which labeled structure is the pulmonary semilunar valve?

A)B
B)D
C)E
D)A
E)C

Question 51

Describe what is happening during the phase of the cardiac action potential labeled 2 in the diagram.

Question 52

In the diagram,where is the left auricle of the left atrium?

A)C
B)F
C)G
D)H
E)I

Question 53

The formula for calculating cardiac output (CO)is

A)heart rate multiplied by cardiac reserve
B)heart rate multiplied by end diastolic volume
C)heart rate multiplied by stroke volume
D)end diastolic volume multiplied by cardiac reserve
E)venous return multiplied by stroke volume

Question 54

Which week of fetal development might be considered the stage of development of the heart with the chambers as they will be oriented for the rest of the individual's life?

A)fourth
B)fifth
C)sixth
D)seventh
E)eighth

Question 55

Briefly describe what is happening at the stage of the ECG labeled 5 in the diagram.

Question 56

Which wave in an electrocardiogram represents repolarization of the ventricles?

A)R wave
B)T wave
C)S wave
D)P wave
E)Q wave

Question 57

Positive inotropic agents often promote inflow of which cation to increase contractility of the heart?

A)sodium
B)potassium
C)magnesium
D)phosphorus
E)calcium

Question 58

Which of the labeled diagrams shows coarctation of the aorta?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 59

Which of the labeled steps in the diagram represents formation of the primitive heart tube?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 60

Which of the following selections lists conditions that would lead to increased stroke volume?

A)increased preload,increased afterload,increased contractility
B)decreased preload,decreased afterload,decreased contractility
C)increased preload,decreased afterload,increased contractility
D)decreased preload,increased afterload,increased contractility
E)increased preload,increased afterload,decreased contractility

Question 61

Which labeled blood vessel in the diagram is an artery carrying deoxygenated blood?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)E
E)F

Question 62

Isovolumetric contraction is the phase of the cardiac cycle in which

A)the semilunar valves are open.
B)ventricular repolarization occurs.
C)atrial depolarization occurs.
D)oxygenated blood leaves the heart into the systemic circulation.
E)ventricular pressure increases and ventricular volume remains the same.

Question 63

Explain the difference in the functions of low-density lipoproteins and high-density lipoproteins and explain why one is called "good" cholesterol and the other is called "bad" cholesterol.

Question 64

Define arrhythmia and discuss different categories of arrhythmias.

Question 65

Two hormones that increase heart rate are [dropdown 1] and [dropdown 2].
Dropdown 1 Choices:
adrenocorticotropic hormone
growth hormone
testosterone
thyroid hormone
Dropdown 2 Choices:
acetylcholine
epinephrine
insulin
melatonin

Question 66

Which labeled structure shown in the diagram is a pouch-like extension that serves to slightly increase the capacity of an atrium?

A)F
B)E
C)G
D)I
E)D

Question 67

Which structure in the figure is labeled A?

A)left common carotid artery
B)left subclavian artery
C)left pulmonary vein
D)pulmonary trunk
E)superior vena cava

Question 68

Which labeled structure in the figure carries the cardiac action potential directly into the contractile fibers of the ventricular myocardium?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 69

Discuss the common nutrient sources used by cardiac muscle to produce ATP in a resting individual.

Question 70

Which labeled structure in the figure represents the only pathway for conducting action potentials from the atria to the ventricles?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 71

The difference between a person's maximum cardiac output and resting cardiac output is called the

A)stroke volume.
B)peripheral resistance.
C)afterload.
D)cardiac reserve.
E)venous return.

Question 72

Which labeled structure in the figure is the ligamentum arteriosum? \

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)G

Question 73

What is the function of the foramen ovale during fetal life?

A)Allowing blood to flow directly from the right atrium into the left atrium.
B)Allowing blood to flow directly from the right ventricle into the left ventricle.
C)Serves as a valve in the vena cava to regulate venous blood flow.
D)Prevents back flow of blood from aorta into the left ventricle.
E)Prevents back flow of blood from pulmonary trunk into the right ventricle.

Question 74

Which structure in the figure is labeled B?

A)left common carotid artery
B)left subclavian artery
C)left pulmonary vein
D)superior vena cava
E)brachiocephalic trunk

Question 75

Cardiac output is the volume of blood ejected from the [dropdown 1] ventricle into the [dropdown 2] each minute.
Dropdown 1 choices:
left
right
left or right
both left and right
Dropdown 2 choices:
aorta
pulmonary trunk
aorta or pulmonary trunk

Question 76

Which labeled structure in the figure is the AV node?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 77

Which of the following chambers of the heart is surrounded by the thickest layer of myocardium?

A)right atrium
B)left atrium
C)right ventricle
D)left ventricle
E)right auricle

Question 78

Athletes tend to have higher cardiac reserves because

A)they produce less epinephrine.
B)they eat more protein and vitamins.
C)their hearts operate more efficiently due to training
D)they take in less oxygen than average individuals
E)they put out more carbon dioxide than average individuals

Question 79

Which labeled structure in the figure acts as the natural pacemaker of the heart?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 80

Which labeled blood vessel shown in the diagram is the left common carotid artery?

A)A
B)B
C)E
D)F
E)H