Deck 27: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acidbase Homeostasis

Question 1

Which of the following is used to promote Na+ reabsorption by the kidneys?

A)Antidiuretic hormone
B)ANP
C)Aldosterone
D)Parathyroid hormone
E)All of these choices

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following is the main factor that determines water loss?

A)Defecation
B)Sweating
C)Urination
D)Evaporation through the skin
E)Exhalation of water vapor

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following occurs between RBC and blood plasma as the blood level of carbon dioxide increases or decreases?

A)Chloride shift
B)Potassium shift
C)Sodium shift
D)Bicarbonate shift
E)Protein shift

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following is used to promote water reabsorption by the kidneys?

A)Antidiuretic hormone
B)ANP
C)Aldosterone
D)Parathyroid hormone
E)All of these choices

Question 5

Which of the following occurs when water loss is greater than water gain?

A)Dehydration
B)Evaporation
C)Precipitation
D)Insensible loss
E)None of these choices

Question 6

How much of the total volume of body fluid is intracellular fluid?

A)10%
B)50%
C)1/3
D)2/3
E)99%

Question 7

Which of the following makes up the largest single component of the human body?

A)Skin
B)Water
C)Blood
D)Organs
E)Electrolytes

Question 8

The major hormone that regulates water loss is

A)ANP
B)Angiotensin II
C)Renin
D)ADH
E)Angiotensin

Question 9

80% of the extracellular fluid is

A)Plasma
B)Cytosol
C)Interstitial fluid
D)Lymph
E)Bile

Question 10

The response of the body to decreasing blood pressure will NOT include which of the following?

A)Dehydration
B)Formation of angiotensin II
C)Stimulate the kidneys to secrete rennin
D)Formation of ADH
E)Increased vasoconstriction

Question 11

Which of the following is a function of an electrolyte in the body?

A)Controlling osmosis between compartments
B)Maintaining acid-base balance
C)Carry electrical currents
D)Serve as cofactors
E)All of these choices

Question 12

Water intoxication results from

A)Dilute body fluids
B)Decrease in the osmolarity of interstitial fluids
C)Osmosis of water from ICF to ECF
D)Dilute body fluids and a decrease in the osmolarity of interstitial fluids
E)Decrease in water intake

Question 13

In extracellular fluid the most abundant cation is

A)Na⁺
B)Cl^-
C)K⁺
D)HPO₄^2-
E)HCO₃^-

Question 14

Natriuresis

A)Is decreased Na⁺ levels in urine
B)Is decreased Cl^- levels in urine
C)Is increased K⁺ levels in urine
D)Is increased PO^- levels in urine
E)None of these choices

Question 15

The Na⁺ level in blood is controlled by

A)Aldosterone
B)Insulin
C)ATP production
D)Krebs cycle
E)Glucagon

Question 16

Which of the following is produced when electrons are accepted by oxygen during cellular respiration?

A)Anions
B)Cations
C)Metabolic water
D)Lipids
E)Carbohydrates

Question 17

In intracellular fluid the most abundant cation is:

A)Na⁺
B)Cl^-
C)K⁺
D)HPO₄^2-
E)HCO₃^-

Question 18

In extracellular fluid the most abundant anion is:

A)Na⁺
B)Cl^-
C)K⁺
D)HPO₄^2-
E)HCO₃^-

Question 19

A decline in angiotensin II levels does NOT result in

A)Increased GFR
B)Reduced Na⁺ and Cl^- reabsorption by the kidneys
C)Reduced water reabsorption by the kidneys
D)Increased Calcium reabsorption
E)Increased urine output

Question 20

In intracellular fluid the most abundant anion is

A)Na⁺
B)Cl^-
C)K⁺
D)HPO₄^2-
E)HCO₃^-

Question 21

In partial compensation

A)pH is brought into the normal range
B)systemic arterial blood is still lower than 7.35
C)systemic arterial blood is higher than 9.5
D)pH is greater than 5.5
E)pH is lower than 2.5

Question 22

PTH,calcitriol and calcitonin are

A)The main regulators of magnesium in the blood
B)The main regulators of phosphate in the blood
C)The main regulators of calcium in the blood
D)The main regulators of NaCl in the blood
E)None of these choices

Question 23

Explain how it is possible for a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (a disease where the patient has difficulty exhaling thus,retaining higher than normal levels of carbon dioxide in the blood stream)to have a normal extracellular pH while having an elevated partial pressure of carbon dioxide.

Question 24

Most of the phosphate in the body is present as

A)Lipids
B)Plasma membranes
C)DNA
D)Calcium phosphate salt
E)Carbohydrates

Question 25

Describe the negative feedback loop that stimulates thirst as a result of dehydration.

Question 26

Which of the following is a condition where blood pH is below 7.35?

A)Isodosis
B)Acidosis
C)Alkalosis
D)Alkalemia
E)None of these choices

Question 27

Which imbalance results when systemic arterial blood HCO₃^- levels drop significantly (below 22 mEq/liter)?

A)Metabolic alkalosis
B)Metabolic acidosis
C)Respiratory acidosis
D)Respiratory alkalosis
E)None of these choices

Question 28

Which imbalance results when systemic arterial blood CO₂ levels raise to abnormal values?

A)Metabolic alkalosis
B)Metabolic acidosis
C)Respiratory acidosis
D)Respiratory alkalosis
E)None of these choices

Question 29

The rate of fluid intake and outflow is how much higher in an infant than in an adult?

A)2 times higher
B)5 times higher
C)7 times higher
D)10 times higher
E)They are equal

Question 30

Buffer systems,exhaling carbon dioxide and excretion by the kidneys,are all

A)Ways to balance interstitial fluid
B)Means of balancing blood volume
C)Ways of controlling H⁺ levels in the body
D)Ways to make ions
E)Ways to increase blood volume

Question 31

Which of the following is the most common cause of metabolic alkalosis?

A)Hemorrhage
B)Vomiting
C)Pneumothorax
D)Diabetes
E)Cancer

Question 32

Why is a small amount of table salt (NaCl)included in intravenous or oral rehydration therapy?

Question 33

Metabolic reactions can produce

A)H⁺
B)HCO₃^-
C)Nonvolatile acids
D)Volatile bases
E)Ca⁺

Question 34

What part of the brain contains the thirst center?

A)Thalamus
B)Hypothalamus
C)Midbrain
D)Brain stem
E)Cerebrum

Question 35

A patient's blood pH is 7.48;partial pressure of carbon dioxide is 32 mm Hg and levels of bicarbonate in the blood are 20 mEq/liter.What can you tell about this patient's condition? Explain your answer.

Question 36

Which of the following is the most abundant mineral in the body?

A)Na⁺
B)Calcium
C)Magnesium
D)Phosphate
E)Iron

Question 37

Normal blood Na⁺ levels are 136-148 mEq/L.An elderly patient has a blood Na⁺ of 105 mEq/L.Describe the patient's condition and the signs and symptoms that usually accompany that condition.Be sure to include the functions of Na⁺ in the body in your answer.

Question 38

The breathing rate of an infant

A)Is twice as fast as an adult
B)Causes greater water loss from the lungs
C)Removes less carbon dioxide than in an adult
D)Makes the infant blood more acidic
E)Is normal to an adult

Question 39

Describe the fluid and electrolyte disorders to which the elderly are particularly susceptible.

Question 40

Inadequate exhalation of carbon dioxide can cause

A)Blood pH to drop
B)Alkalosis
C)Respiratory compensation
D)Unequal distribution of water
E)Metabolic alkalosis

Question 41

An individual is working outside during the summer and is not taking time to drink fluids to replenish water lost through moderate sweating.Explain how will his body respond to this situation to avoid dehydration.

Question 42

Explain why infants suffer dehydration far more easily than adults.

Question 43

Most buffer systems in the body consist of

A)A weak acid
B)A weak base
C)A weak acid and the salt of that acid
D)A weak base and the salt of that base
E)None of these are correct

Question 44

Which of the following chemicals is considered to be a volatile acid?

A)CO₂
B)O₂
C)H₂CO₃
D)Hemoglobin
E)Calcitriol

Question 45

Which protein is the main protein buffer in blood plasma?

A)Albumin
B)Hemoglobin
C)Complement
D)Fibrin
E)Calmodulin

Question 46

Which of the following is the most plentiful buffer in the tubular fluid of the kidney collecting duct?

A)Bicarbonate ion
B)Monohydrogen phosphate ion
C)Ammonium ion
D)Dihydrogen phosphate ion
E)None of these

Question 47

Hyperaldosteronism is known to cause hypertension (high blood pressure).Explain why this occurs.

Question 48

Weakness,irritability,tetany,delirium,convulsions and several other signs and symptoms from hypomagnesemia may be associated with an individual who is

A)alcoholic
B)malnourished
C)diabetic
D)constipated
E)a smoker

Question 49

Which cells of the kidney are the most important for regulation of pH of body fluids?

A)Glomerular podocytes
B)Principal cells
C)PCT cells
D)DCT cells
E)Intercalated cells

Question 50

Which condition may result in respiratory alkalosis?

A)emphysema
B)airway obstruction
C)use of certain diuretics
D)cerebrovascular accident
E)accumulation of acid

Question 51

Which cation and two anions are present in the highest quantities in the extracellular fluid?

A)sodium,chloride,bicarbonate
B)calcium,phosphate,sulphate
C)potassium,chloride,sulphate
D)sodium,phosphate,protein anions
E)potassium,bicarbonate,protein anions

Question 52

Metabolic acidosis may develop following which situations? Select all that apply.

A)a severe gastrointestinal virus
B)diabetic ketoacidosis
C)renal dysfunction
D)emphysema
E)airway obstruction

Question 53

The body uses aldosterone to retain sodium.This hormone has the reverse effect on another mineral or compound.This mineral or compound is

A)calcium
B)bicarbonate
C)chloride
D)potassium'
E)phosphate

Question 54

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism that maintains pH of body fluids?

A)Buffer systems
B)Proteins
C)Phosphates
D)Carbonic acid-bicarbonate
E)All of these correct

Question 55

Which of the following is a common cause of respiratory acidosis?

A)Loss of bicarbonate ions due to renal dysfunction
B)Loss of acid due to vomiting
C)Hyperventilation due to pulmonary disease
D)Hypoventilation due to emphysema
E)All of these are correct

Question 56

Infants experience more problems with acid-base homeostasis and fluid and electrolyte balance based on which of the following:

A)Proportion and distribution of water
B)Metabolic rate
C)Body surface area
D)Breathing rate
E)All of these are factors

Question 57

Older adults are susceptible to several different pathologies.The may experience [dropdown 1] due to the chronic use of laxatives to relieve constipation and also [dropdown 2] because their lungs and kidneys do not function at sufficient levels to avoid this imbalance.
Dropdown 1 choices:
hyponatremia
hypernatremia
hypokalemia
hyperkalemia
acidosis
Dropdown 2 choices:
hyponatremia
hypernatremia
hypokalemia
hyperkalemia
acidosis