Question 1

Most buffer systems in the body consist of

Accepted Answer

A) A weak acid 
B) A weak base 
C) A weak acid and the salt of that acid 
D) A weak base and the salt of that base 
E) None of these are correct 
A) A weak acid 
B) A weak base 
C) A weak acid and the salt of that acid 
D) A weak base and the salt of that base 
E) None of these are correct C

Question 2

A patient's blood pH is 7.48;partial pressure of carbon dioxide is 32 mm Hg and levels of bicarbonate in the blood are 20 mEq/liter.What can you tell about this patient's condition? Explain your answer.

Accepted Answer

The patient is in respiratory alkalosis (high pH,low carbon dioxide),which is partially compensated (low bicarbonate).

Question 3

Explain why infants suffer dehydration far more easily than adults.

Accepted Answer

Several different factors make infants more vulnerable to dehydration than adults.Fluid intake and output are about seven times greater than that in adults,so they are far more vulnerable to dehydration due to even the slightest imbalances.Their body surface area to body volume ratio is three times greater than that of adults,so water loss in infants has a greater effect on them.Infant kidneys are not fully developed,so they do not concentrate urine as well as adults and,therefore,are more prone to dehydration.Finally,because the infant breathing rate is two to five times faster than that in adults,they lose more water from exhalation

Question 4

Which of the following is a common cause of respiratory acidosis?

Accepted Answer

A) Loss of bicarbonate ions due to renal dysfunction 
B) Loss of acid due to vomiting 
C) Hyperventilation due to pulmonary disease 
D) Hypoventilation due to emphysema 
E) All of these are correct 
A) Loss of bicarbonate ions due to renal dysfunction 
B) Loss of acid due to vomiting 
C) Hyperventilation due to pulmonary disease 
D) Hypoventilation due to emphysema 
E) All of these are correct

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism that maintains pH of body fluids?

Accepted Answer

A) Buffer systems 
B) Proteins 
C) Phosphates 
D) Carbonic acid-bicarbonate 
E) All of these correct 
A) Buffer systems 
B) Proteins 
C) Phosphates 
D) Carbonic acid-bicarbonate 
E) All of these correct

Question 6

Why is a small amount of table salt (NaCl)included in intravenous or oral rehydration therapy?

Accepted Answer

Water entering brain cells causes them t

Question 7

Metabolic acidosis may develop following which situations? Select all that apply.

Accepted Answer

A) a severe gastrointestinal virus 
B) diabetic ketoacidosis 
C) renal dysfunction 
D) emphysema 
E) airway obstruction 
A) a severe gastrointestinal virus 
B) diabetic ketoacidosis 
C) renal dysfunction 
D) emphysema 
E) airway obstruction

Question 8

Which cation and two anions are present in the highest quantities in the extracellular fluid?

Accepted Answer

A) sodium,chloride,bicarbonate 
B) calcium,phosphate,sulphate 
C) potassium,chloride,sulphate 
D) sodium,phosphate,protein anions 
E) potassium,bicarbonate,protein anions 
A) sodium,chloride,bicarbonate 
B) calcium,phosphate,sulphate 
C) potassium,chloride,sulphate 
D) sodium,phosphate,protein anions 
E) potassium,bicarbonate,protein anions

Question 9

An individual is working outside during the summer and is not taking time to drink fluids to replenish water lost through moderate sweating.Explain how will his body respond to this situation to avoid dehydration.

Accepted Answer

As the individual sweats,blood volume an

Question 10

Which of the following is a condition where blood pH is below 7.35?

Accepted Answer

A) Isodosis 
B) Acidosis 
C) Alkalosis 
D) Alkalemia 
E) None of these choices 
A) Isodosis 
B) Acidosis 
C) Alkalosis 
D) Alkalemia 
E) None of these choices

Question 11

Which of the following is the most plentiful buffer in the tubular fluid of the kidney collecting duct?

Accepted Answer

A) Bicarbonate ion 
B) Monohydrogen phosphate ion 
C) Ammonium ion 
D) Dihydrogen phosphate ion 
E) None of these 
A) Bicarbonate ion 
B) Monohydrogen phosphate ion 
C) Ammonium ion 
D) Dihydrogen phosphate ion 
E) None of these

Question 12

Which imbalance results when systemic arterial blood HCO3- levels drop significantly (below 22 mEq/liter)?

Accepted Answer

A) Metabolic alkalosis 
B) Metabolic acidosis 
C) Respiratory acidosis 
D) Respiratory alkalosis 
E) None of these choices 
A) Metabolic alkalosis 
B) Metabolic acidosis 
C) Respiratory acidosis 
D) Respiratory alkalosis 
E) None of these choices

Question 13

Which cells of the kidney are the most important for regulation of pH of body fluids?

Accepted Answer

A) Glomerular podocytes 
B) Principal cells 
C) PCT cells 
D) DCT cells 
E) Intercalated cells 
A) Glomerular podocytes 
B) Principal cells 
C) PCT cells 
D) DCT cells 
E) Intercalated cells

Question 14

Most of the phosphate in the body is present as

Accepted Answer

A) Lipids 
B) Plasma membranes 
C) DNA 
D) Calcium phosphate salt 
E) Carbohydrates 
A) Lipids 
B) Plasma membranes 
C) DNA 
D) Calcium phosphate salt 
E) Carbohydrates

Question 15

In intracellular fluid the most abundant cation is:

Accepted Answer

A) Na+ 
B) Cl- 
C) K+ 
D) HPO42- 
E) HCO3- 
A) Na+ 
B) Cl- 
C) K+ 
D) HPO42- 
E) HCO3-

Question 16

80% of the extracellular fluid is

Accepted Answer

A) Plasma 
B) Cytosol 
C) Interstitial fluid 
D) Lymph 
E) Bile 
A) Plasma 
B) Cytosol 
C) Interstitial fluid 
D) Lymph 
E) Bile

Question 17

Metabolic reactions can produce

Accepted Answer

A) H+ 
B) HCO3- 
C) Nonvolatile acids 
D) Volatile bases 
E) Ca+ 
A) H+ 
B) HCO3- 
C) Nonvolatile acids 
D) Volatile bases 
E) Ca+

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of an electrolyte in the body?

Accepted Answer

A) Controlling osmosis between compartments 
B) Maintaining acid-base balance 
C) Carry electrical currents 
D) Serve as cofactors 
E) All of these choices 
A) Controlling osmosis between compartments 
B) Maintaining acid-base balance 
C) Carry electrical currents 
D) Serve as cofactors 
E) All of these choices

Question 19

Buffer systems,exhaling carbon dioxide and excretion by the kidneys,are all

Accepted Answer

A) Ways to balance interstitial fluid 
B) Means of balancing blood volume 
C) Ways of controlling H+ levels in the body 
D) Ways to make ions 
E) Ways to increase blood volume 
A) Ways to balance interstitial fluid 
B) Means of balancing blood volume 
C) Ways of controlling H+ levels in the body 
D) Ways to make ions 
E) Ways to increase blood volume

Question 20

What part of the brain contains the thirst center?

Accepted Answer

A) Thalamus 
B) Hypothalamus 
C) Midbrain 
D) Brain stem 
E) Cerebrum 
A) Thalamus 
B) Hypothalamus 
C) Midbrain 
D) Brain stem 
E) Cerebrum

Exam 27: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acidbase Homeostasis

Most buffer systems in the body consist of

A patient's blood pH is 7.48;partial pressure of carbon dioxide is 32 mm Hg and levels of bicarbonate in the blood are 20 mEq/liter.What can you tell about this patient's condition? Explain your answer.

Explain why infants suffer dehydration far more easily than adults.

Which of the following is a common cause of respiratory acidosis?

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism that maintains pH of body fluids?

Why is a small amount of table salt (NaCl)included in intravenous or oral rehydration therapy?

Metabolic acidosis may develop following which situations? Select all that apply.

Which cation and two anions are present in the highest quantities in the extracellular fluid?

An individual is working outside during the summer and is not taking time to drink fluids to replenish water lost through moderate sweating.Explain how will his body respond to this situation to avoid dehydration.

Which of the following is a condition where blood pH is below 7.35?

Which of the following is the most plentiful buffer in the tubular fluid of the kidney collecting duct?

Which imbalance results when systemic arterial blood HCO3- levels drop significantly (below 22 mEq/liter)?

Which cells of the kidney are the most important for regulation of pH of body fluids?

Most of the phosphate in the body is present as

In intracellular fluid the most abundant cation is:

80% of the extracellular fluid is

Metabolic reactions can produce

Which of the following is a function of an electrolyte in the body?

Buffer systems,exhaling carbon dioxide and excretion by the kidneys,are all

What part of the brain contains the thirst center?

An Introduction to the Human Body

The Chemical Level of Organization

The Cellular Level of Organization

The Tissue Level of Organization

The Integumentary System

The Skeletal System: Bone Tissue

The Skeletal System: the Axial Skeleton

The Skeletal System: The Appendicular Skeleton

Joints

Muscular Tissue

The Muscular System

Nervous Tissue

The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves

The Brain and Cranial Nerves

The Autonomic Nervous System

Sensory, Motor, and Integrative Systems

The Special Senses

The Endocrine System

The Cardiovascular System: the Blood

The Cardiovascular System: the Heart

The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Hemodynamics

The Lymphatic System and Immunity

The Respiratory System

The Digestive System

Metabolism and Nutrition

The Urinary System

The Reproductive Systems

Development and Inheritance

Filters

Which imbalance results when systemic arterial blood HCO₃^- levels drop significantly (below 22 mEq/liter)?