Deck 7: Innate Immunity: Inflammation

Question 1

What affect does the process of histamine binding to the histamine-2 (H₂)receptor have on inflammation?

A) Inhibition
B) Activation
C) Acceleration
D) Termination

Answer 1

Inhibition

Question 2

Which chemical interacts among all plasma protein systems by degrading blood clots,activating complement,and activating the Hageman factor?

A) Kallikrein
B) Histamine
C) Bradykinin
D) Plasmin

Answer 2

Plasmin

Question 3

The function of opsonization related to the complement cascade is to:

A) Tag of pathogenic microorganisms for destruction by neutrophils and macrophages.
B) Process pathogenic microorganisms so that activated lymphocytes can be created for acquired immunity.
C) Destroy glycoprotein cell membranes of pathogenic microorganisms.
D) Promote anaphylatoxic activity, resulting in mast cell degranulation.

Answer 3

Tag of pathogenic microorganisms for destruction by neutrophils and macrophages.

Question 4

Which chemical mediator derived from mast cells retracts endothelial cells to increase vascular permeability and to cause leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells?

A) Leukotrienes
B) Prostaglandin E
C) Platelet-activating factor
D) Bradykinin

Question 5

Some older adults have impaired inflammation and wound healing because of which problem?

A) Circulatory system cannot adequately perfuse tissues.
B) Complement and chemotaxis are deficient.
C) Underlying chronic illness(es) exists.
D) Number of mast cells is insufficient.

Question 6

What is an outcome of the complement cascade?

A) Activation of the clotting cascade
B) Prevention of the spread of infection to adjacent tissues
C) Inactivation of chemical mediators such as histamine
D) Lysis of bacterial cell membranes

Question 7

Which bacterium grows in the intestines after prolonged antibiotic therapy?

A) Lactobacillus
B) Candida albicans
C) Clostridium difficile
D) Helicobacter pylori

Question 8

Frequently when H₁ and H₂ receptors are located on the same cells,they act in what fashion?

A) Synergistically
B) Additively
C) Antagonistically
D) Agonistically

Question 9

Activation of the classical pathway begins with:

A) Viruses
B) Antigen-antibody complexes
C) Mast cells
D) Macrophages

Question 10

What process causes heat and redness to occur during the inflammatory process?

A) Vasodilation of blood vessels
B) Platelet aggregation
C) Decreased capillary permeability
D) Endothelial cell contraction

Question 11

What plasma protein system forms a fibrinous meshwork at an inflamed site?

A) Complement
B) Coagulation
C) Kinin
D) Fibrinolysis

Question 12

In the coagulation (clotting)cascade,the intrinsic and the extrinsic pathways converge at which factor?

A) XII
B) VII
C) X
D) V

Question 13

What causes the edema that occurs during the inflammatory process?

A) Vasodilation of blood vessels
B) Increased capillary permeability
C) Endothelial cell contraction
D) Emigration of neutrophils

Question 14

Which action is a purpose of the inflammatory process?

A) To provide specific responses toward antigens
B) To lyse cell membranes of microorganisms
C) To prevent infection of the injured tissue
D) To create immunity against subsequent tissue injury

Question 15

What is the inflammatory effect of nitric oxide (NO)?

A) Increases capillary permeability, and causes pain.
B) Increases neutrophil chemotaxis and platelet aggregation.
C) Causes smooth muscle contraction and fever.
D) Decreases mast cell function, and decreases platelet aggregation.

Question 16

The chemotactic factor affects the inflammatory process by:

A) Causing vasodilation around the inflamed area
B) Stimulating smooth muscle contraction in the inflamed area
C) Directing leukocytes to the inflamed area
D) Producing edema around the inflamed area

Question 17

Which component of the plasma protein system tags pathogenic microorganisms for destruction by neutrophils and macrophages?

A) Complement cascade
B) Coagulation system
C) Kinin system
D) Immune system

Question 18

How do surfactant proteins A through D provide innate resistance?

A) Initiate the complement cascade.
B) Promote phagocytosis.
C) Secrete mucus.
D) Synthesize lysosomes.

Question 19

What is the vascular effect of histamine released from mast cells?

A) Platelet adhesion
B) Initiation of the clotting cascade
C) Vasodilation
D) Increased endothelial adhesiveness

Question 20

Which secretion is a first line of defense against pathogen invasion that involves antibacterial and antifungal fatty acids,as well as lactic acid?

A) Optic tears
B) Oral saliva
C) Sweat gland perspiration
D) Sebaceous gland sebum

Question 21

Which solution is best to use when cleaning a wound that is healing by epithelialization?

A) Normal saline
B) Povidone-iodine
C) Hydrogen peroxide
D) Dakin solution

Question 22

Which cell is the body's primary defense against parasite invasion?

A) Eosinophil
B) Neutrophils
C) T lymphocytes
D) B lymphocytes

Question 23

Newborns often have deficiencies in collectin-like proteins,making them more susceptible to what type of infection?

A) Cardiac
B) Urinary
C) Respiratory
D) Gastrointestinal

Question 24

Fusion is the step in phagocytosis during which:

A) Microorganisms are killed and digested.
B) An intracellular phagocytic vacuole is formed.
C) Lysosomal granules enter the phagocyte.
D) Microorganisms are ingested.

Question 25

When cellular damage occurs and regeneration is minor with no significant complications,the process of returning the cells to preinjury function is referred to as:

A) Restoration
B) Resolution
C) Regrowth
D) Replacement

Question 26

Which manifestation of inflammation is systemic?

A) Formation of exudates
B) Fever and leukocytosis
C) Redness and heat
D) Pain and edema

Question 27

Which cytokine is produced and released from virally infected host cells?

A) IL-1
B) IL-10
C) TNF-a
D) IFN-a

Question 28

What is the role of a natural killer (NK)cells?

A) Initiation of the complement cascade
B) Elimination of malignant cells
C) Binding tightly to antigens
D) Proliferation after immunization with antigen

Question 29

IFN-a is secreted from which cells?

A) Virally infected cells
B) Bacterial infected cells
C) Macrophages
D) Mast cells

Question 30

In the later stages of an inflammatory response,which phagocytic cell is predominant?

A) Neutrophils
B) Monocytes
C) Chemokines
D) Eosinophils

Question 31

When considering white blood cell differentials,acute inflammatory reactions are related to elevations of which leukocyte?

A) Monocytes
B) Eosinophils
C) Neutrophils
D) Basophils

Question 32

The role of fibroblasts during the reconstructive phase of wound healing is to:

A) Generate new capillaries from vascular endothelial cells around the wound.
B) Establish connections between neighboring cells and contract their fibers.
C) Synthesize and secrete collagen and the connective tissue proteins.
D) Provide enzymes that débride the wound bed of dead cells.

Question 33

In regulating vascular mediators released from mast cells,the role of eosinophils is to release:

A) Arylsulfatase B, which stimulates the formation of B lymphocytes
B) Histaminase, which limits the effects of histamine during acute inflammation
C) Lysosomal enzymes, which activate mast cell degranulation during acute inflammation
D) Immunoglobulin E, which defends the body against parasites

Question 34

Many neonates have a transient depressed inflammatory response as a result of which condition?

A) The circulatory system is too immature to perfuse tissues adequately.
B) Complement and chemotaxis are deficient.
C) Mast cells are lacking.
D) The respiratory system is too immature to deliver oxygen to tissues.

Question 35

What occurs during the process of repair after tissue damage?

A) Nonfunctioning scar tissue replaces destroyed tissue.
B) Regeneration occurs; the original tissue is replaced.
C) Resolution occurs; tissue is regenerated.
D) Epithelialization replaces destroyed tissue.

Question 36

What is the correct sequence in phagocytosis?

A) Engulfment, recognition, fusion, destruction
B) Fusion, engulfment, recognition, destruction
C) Recognition, engulfment, fusion, destruction
D) Engulfment, fusion, recognition, destruction

Question 37

During the process of endocytosis,the phagosome step results in:

A) Microorganisms are ingested.
B) Microorganisms are killed and digested.
C) Phagocytes recognize and adhere to bacteria.
D) An intracellular phagocytic vacuole is formed.

Question 38

The acute inflammatory response is characterized by fever that is produced by the hypothalamus being affected by:

A) Endogenous pyrogens
B) Bacterial endotoxin
C) Antigen-antibody complexes
D) Exogenous pyrogens

Question 39

A keloid is the result of which dysfunctional wound healing response?

A) Epithelialization
B) Contraction
C) Collagen matrix assembly
D) Maturation

Question 40

During phagocytosis,what is occurring during the step referred to as opsonization?

A) Phagocytes recognize and adhere to the bacteria.
B) Microorganisms are ingested.
C) Microorganisms are killed and digested.
D) An intracellular phagocytic vacuole is formed.

Question 41

Match each step of phagocytosis with its function.
Microorganisms are killed and digested.

A)Opsonization
B)Engulfment
C)Phagosome
D)Fusion
E)Destruction

Question 42

Which body fluid has the ability to attack the cell walls of gram-positive bacteria? (Select all that apply.)

A) Perspiration
B) Semen
C) Tears
D) Saliva
E) Urine

Question 43

Sebaceous glands protect the body from infection by secreting: (Select all that apply.)

A) Antibacterial fatty acids
B) Antifungal fatty acids
C) Ascorbic acid
D) Lactic acid
E) Hydrochloric acid

Question 44

The main function of NK cells includes: (Select all that apply.)

A) Recognizing virus-infected cells
B) Eliminating virus-infected cells
C) Recognizing bacteria-infected cells
D) Eliminating bacteria-infected cells
E) Eliminating previously identified cancer cells

Question 45

Which chemical mediators induce pain during an inflammatory response? (Select all that apply.)

A) Prostaglandins
B) Leukotrienes
C) Tryptase
D) Phospholipase
E) Bradykinin

Question 46

Match each step of phagocytosis with its function.
Microorganisms are ingested.

A)Opsonization
B)Engulfment
C)Phagosome
D)Fusion
E)Destruction

Question 47

An example of a pathogen capable of surviving and even multiplying inside a macrophage is known as: (Select all that apply.)

A) Mycobacterium tuberculosis (tuberculosis)
B) Mycobacterium leprae (leprosy)
C) Salmonella typhi (typhoid fever)
D) Clostridium difficile
E) Brucella abortus (brucellosis)

Question 48

Match each step of phagocytosis with its function.
Intracellular phagocytic vacuole is formed.

A)Opsonization
B)Engulfment
C)Phagosome
D)Fusion
E)Destruction

Question 49

An individual's acquired immunity is dependent on the function of which cells? (Select all that apply.)

A) T lymphocytes
B) B lymphocytes
C) Macrophages
D) Opsonins
E) Neutrophils

Question 50

An older adult is particularly susceptible to infections of which body parts? (Select all that apply.)

A) Lungs
B) Skin
C) Liver
D) Eyes
E) Bladder

Question 51

Normal bacterial flora found in the intestines produce vitamin K to assist in the absorption of which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

A) Calcium
B) Fatty acids
C) Large polysaccharides
D) Iron
E) Magnesium

Question 52

Match each step of phagocytosis with its function.
Lysosomal granules enter the phagocyte.

A)Opsonization
B)Engulfment
C)Phagosome
D)Fusion
E)Destruction

Question 53

Match each step of phagocytosis with its function.
Phagocytes gain enhanced recognition and adherence of bacteria.

A)Opsonization
B)Engulfment
C)Phagosome
D)Fusion
E)Destruction