Deck 3: The Cellular Level of Organization

Question 1

Briefly describe the fluid mosaic model.

Answer 1

The fluid mosaic model states that the molecular arrangement of the plasma membrane resembles an ever-moving sea of fluid lipids containing a mosaic of many different proteins.
Question

Question 2

Plasma membranes are _____,which means that some chemicals move easily through plasma membrane while other chemicals do not.

A)selectively permeable
B)concentration graded
C)electrically graded
D)selectively soluble
E)electrical insulators

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following types of membrane proteins function by recognizing and binding to hormones and neurotransmitters?

A)transporters
B)receptors
C)enzymes
D)linkers
E)cell identification markers

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following does NOT influence the rate of diffusion of a chemical across a plasma membrane?

A)concentration gradient of the chemical across the membrane
B)mass of the diffusing chemical
C)distance that the chemical has to diffuse
D)amount of ATP available
E)temperature

Question 5

In this type of transport process,a solute (e.g.glucose)binds to a specific carrier protein on one side of the membrane.This binding induces a conformational change in the carrier protein that results in the solute moving down its concentration gradient to the other side of the membrane.

A)osmosis
B)active transport
C)secondary active transport
D)facilitated diffusion
E)endocytosis

Question 6

Describe five different functions of integral membrane proteins.

Question 7

Briefly describe the driving force for the movement of water across plasma membranes.

Question 8

This type of membrane protein anchors cells to neighboring cells and to protein filaments found outside or inside the cell.

A)transporters
B)receptors
C)ligands
D)ion channels
E)linkers

Question 9

This type of membrane protein enables cells to catalyze specific chemical reactions at the inner or outer surface of their plasma membrane.

A)receptors
B)phospholipids
C)cholesterol
D)enzymes
E)ligands

Question 10

If the solute concentration is greater inside of the cell than outside the cell,water will move by osmosis

A)into the cell.
B)out of the cell.
C)into and out of the cell at the same rate resulting in no net water movement.
D)All of these answer choices are correct.
E)None of these answers are correct.

Question 11

This is the transport process by which gases,like O₂ and CO₂,move through a membrane.

A)osmosis
B)active transport
C)secondary active transport
D)simple diffusion
E)endocytosis

Question 12

Which of the following transport processes uses vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane to secrete materials into the extracellular fluid?

A)endocytosis
B)exocytosis
C)facilitated diffusion
D)osmosis
E)Both endocytosis and exocytosis.

Question 13

This type of membrane protein extends across the entire lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane touching both intracellular fluid and the extracellular fluid.

A)complement protein
B)transmembrane protein
C)peripheral protein
D)lipoprotein
E)All of these choices are correct.

Question 14

What are the three main parts of a eukaryotic cell?

A)plasma membrane,organelles,cytoplasm
B)plasma membrane,organelles,nucleus
C)plasma membrane,cytoplasm,organelles
D)plasma membrane,cytoplasm,nucleus
E)plasma membrane,cytosol,organelles

Question 15

The three main components of the lipid bilayer portion of a plasma membrane are

A)phospholipids,glycoproteins,and water.
B)proteins,cholesterol,and fatty acids.
C)cholesterol,triglycerides,and glycolipids.
D)phospholipids,cholesterol,and glycolipids.
E)phospholipids,cholesterol,and proteins.

Question 16

In this transport process,the energy from hydrolysis of ATP is used to drive substances across the membrane against their own concentration gradients.

A)primary active transport
B)secondary active transport
C)facilitated diffusion
D)passive diffusion
E)osmosis

Question 17

The polar portion of a cholesterol molecule,which forms hydrogen bonds with the polar heads of neighboring phospholipids and glycolipids,consists of a

A)-OH group.
B)-CH₃ group.
C)-CH₄ group
D)-COOH group
E)None of these choices is correct.

Question 18

This is a measure of a solution's ability to change the volume of cells by altering their water content.

A)filtration
B)normality
C)tonicity
D)equivalency
E)facilitation

Question 19

What are the nonpolar parts of phospholipids?

A)phosphate-containing head groups
B)fatty acid tail groups
C)Both the head and tail groups are nonpolar.
D)Neither the head nor tail groups are nonpolar.

Question 20

What transport process uses the energy stored in a Na⁺ or H⁺ concentration gradient to drive other substances across the membrane against their own concentration gradients?

A)primary active transport
B)secondary active transport
C)facilitated diffusion
D)passive diffusion
E)osmosis

Question 21

Briefly describe how proteins move through the Golgi complex.

Question 22

List the steps involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis.

Question 23

Which of the following membrane-enclosed organelles is the site of synthesis of membrane proteins and secretory proteins?

A)rough endoplasmic reticulum
B)smooth endoplasmic reticulum
C)nucleus
D)centrosome
E)Golgi complex

Question 24

Which of the following membrane-enclosed organelles contains several oxidases that are involved in oxidation of fatty acids and amino acids during normal metabolism and in detoxification of chemicals like alcohol in the liver?

A)peroxisomes
B)mitochondria
C)proteasome
D)ribosomes
E)lysosomes

Question 25

Which of the following membrane-enclosed organelles modifies,sorts,and packages proteins destined for other regions of the cell?

A)endoplasmic reticulum
B)Golgi complex
C)peroxisomes
D)nucleus
E)proteasome

Question 26

Briefly describe alternative splicing.

Question 27

Which of the following protects the contents of the nucleus?

A)nucleic acids
B)nuclear membrane
C)centrosome
D)cilia
E)Golgi complex

Question 28

Spermatozoa is the only type of human cell that contains a _____,which is a whip-like structure that helps propel the sperm towards an oocyte.

A)cilium
B)flagellum
C)mitochondria
D)centrosome
E)microvillus

Question 29

During phagocytosis,binding of a particle to a plasma membrane receptor triggers formation of _____,which are extensions of the plasma membrane of the phagocyte that eventually surround the particle forming a phagosome.

A)podocytes
B)exterior vesicles
C)interior vesicles
D)pseudopods
E)lysosomes

Question 30

Specialized structures within a cell that have a characteristic shape and perform specific functions in cellular growth,maintenance and reproduction are called

A)organelles.
B)cytoskeletons.
C)cytoplasm.
D)cytosol.
E)nuclei.

Question 31

What is the major function of histones?

A)needed for helix formation of the DNA
B)add negative charge to the DNA
C)help organize coiling and folding of the DNA
D)degrade faulty proteins in the nucleus
E)catalyze methylation of the DNA

Question 32

This cellular organelle is comprised of a pair of centrioles and the surrounding pericentriolar material.

A)cytoskeleton
B)cilia
C)centrosome
D)flagella
E)peroxisomes

Question 33

Which of the following transport process uses vesicles formed at the plasma membrane to take up extracellular substances and import them into the cell?

A)endocytosis
B)exocytosis
C)facilitated diffusion
D)osmosis
E)Both endocytosis and exocytosis.

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the cytosol?

A)primarily consists of water
B)cation of electron transport chain carrier proteins
C)site of many important chemical reactions
D)often contains aggregates of triglycerides that form lipid droplets
E)contains the enzymes of glycolysis

Question 35

Which of the following membrane-enclosed organelles can engulf a worn-out organelle,digest its chemical components,and recycle those digested components?

A)peroxisomes
B)mitochondria
C)proteasome
D)ribosomes
E)lysosomes

Question 36

The major function of mitochondria is to

A)move the cell.
B)generate ATP.
C)produce proteins.
D)oxidize organelles.
E)synthesize glycolipids.

Question 37

Microfilaments,intermediate filaments and microtubules are all components of a cell's

A)cytoskeleton.
B)nucleus.
C)plasma membrane.
D)flagella.
E)ribosome.

Question 38

Briefly explain the difference between transcription and translation.

Question 39

This portion of a DNA segment does not code for a protein.

A)RNA
B)introns
C)exons
D)polyribosome
E)ribosome

Question 40

Briefly state the functions of the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 41

Define homologous chromosomes.

Question 42

What structural component of the membrane is labeled (E)in the diagram?

A)glycoprotein
B)cholesterol
C)channel protein
D)glycolipid
E)phospholipid

Question 43

During this phase of cell division,organelles duplicate and centrosome replication begins.

A)interphase
B)prophase
C)metaphase
D)anaphase
E)telophase

Question 44

Compare and contrast primary and secondary active transport.

Question 45

During this phase of cell division,the centromeres split leading to separation and subsequent migration of the two members of a chromatid pair to opposite poles of the cells.The cleavage furrow also begins to develop during this phase.

A)interphase
B)prophase
C)metaphase
D)anaphase
E)telophase

Question 46

In the diagram,which organelle is responsible for autophagy and autolysis?

A)C
B)B
C)F
D)J
E)D

Question 47

What structural components of the membrane are labeled (C)in the diagram?

A)peripheral proteins
B)cholesterol molecules
C)pores
D)integral proteins
E)phospholipids

Question 48

In the diagram,which panel shows cells that are in interphase?
1 A
2 C
3 F

A)1 only
B)2 only
C)3 only
D)1 and 3
E)1,2,and 3

Question 49

In the diagram,which organelle aids movement of the cell?

A)A
B)G
C)H
D)D
E)I

Question 50

In the diagram,which one represents carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)Both A and C
E)Both B and C

Question 51

In the diagram,this structure directs cellular activities.

A)D
B)F
C)G
D)A
E)H

Question 52

What structural component of the membrane is labeled (B)in the diagram?

A)glycoprotein
B)cholesterol
C)glycolipid
D)channel protein
E)phospholipid

Question 53

In the diagram,which organelle is used to modify,sort and transport proteins?

A)D
B)I
C)A
D)J
E)G

Question 54

In the diagram,which panel shows events occurring during anaphase?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 55

In the diagram,which panel shows the kinetochore of the centromeres aligning along the center of the mitotic spindle of the cell?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 56

In the diagram,which one represents a hypertonic solution

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)Both B and C
E)All of these choices are correct.

Question 57

Which of the following shows ligand binding at the cell surface?

A)B
B)C
C)D
D)A
E)E

Question 58

Which of the following represents an ion channel?

A)F
B)C
C)D
D)A
E)E

Question 59

Describe briefly what is occurring at each step in the figure.

Question 60

Compare mitosis to meiosis.

Question 61

Describe the difference between the cytoplasm and the cytosol.

Question 62

The following is a particular sequence of base triplet on a DNA molecule: ATG.What is the corresponding codon for the mRNA?

A)TAC
B)GUA
C)GTA
D)CTA
E)UAC

Question 63

Which disease below is an inherited condition characterized by the absence of a single lysosomal enzyme called Hex A?

A)Tay-Sachs disease
B)leukemia
C)progeria
D)lymphoma
E)Werner syndrome

Question 64

What compound would a cell lacking ribosomes be unable to make?

A)lipids
B)nucleotides
C)proteins
D)carbohydrates
E)phospholipids

Question 65

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in bulk-phase endocytosis shown in the figure?

A)plasma membrane forms vesicle around extracellular droplets > fusion of lysosome and vesicle > vesicle formed pinches off into cytosol > digestion by enzymes > solutes released
B)solutes released > plasma membrane forms vesicle around extracellular droplets > fusion of lysosome and vesicle > vesicle formed pinches off into cytosol > digestion by enzymes
C)vesicle formed pinches off into cytosol > solutes released > plasma membrane forms vesicle around extracellular droplets > fusion of lysosome and vesicle > digestion by enzymes
D)vesicle formed pinches off into cytosol > plasma membrane forms vesicle around extracellular droplets > fusion of lysosome and vesicle > digestion by enzymes > solutes released
E)plasma membrane forms vesicle around extracellular droplets > vesicle formed pinches off into cytosol > fusion of lysosome and vesicle > digestion by enzymes > solutes released

Question 66

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in receptor-mediated endocytosis shown in the figure?

A)binding > degradation in lysosomes > vesicle formation > uncoating > recycling of receptors to plasma membrane > fusion with endosome
B)degradation in lysosomes > fusion with endosome > recycling of receptors to plasma membrane > uncoating > vesicle formation > binding
C)degradation in lysosomes > recycling of receptors to plasma membrane > fusion with endosome > uncoating > vesicle formation > binding
D)binding > vesicle formation > uncoating > fusion with endosome > recycling of receptors to plasma membrane > degradation in lysosomes
E)binding > uncoating > vesicle formation > fusion with endosome > degradation in lysosomes > recycling of receptors to plasma membrane

Question 67

This is the site of synthesis of rRNA and assembly of rRNA and proteins into ribosomal subunits.

A)nucleus
B)nucleolus
C)smooth endoplasmic reticulum
D)rough endoplasmic reticulum
E)Golgi complex

Question 68

An orderly,genetically programmed cell death is referred to as ________,while disorganized pathological cell death is referred to as ________.

A)apoptosis;synapsis
B)apoptosis;necrosis
C)necrosis;apoptosis
D)synapsis;necrosis
E)necrosis;synapsis

Question 69

The difference in concentration of a specific chemical,like Na+,on the inside and outside of a plasma is referred as a(n)

A)electrochemical potential.
B)membrane potential.
C)electrical gradient.
D)concentration gradient.
E)biological capacitance.

Question 70

Which of the following transport processes moves substances through cells using endocytosis on one side of a cell and exocytosis on the opposite side of the cell?

A)phagocytosis
B)secondary active transport
C)transcytosis
D)osmosis
E)simple diffusion

Question 71

The following is a particular sequence of codon on mRNA: ACU.What is the corresponding anti-codon for the tRNA?

A)UGA
B)UCA
C)TGA
D)TCA
E)AUC

Question 72

Which of the cells in the diagram contains structural adaptations that increase surface area for absorption?
1 B
2 C
3 D
4 E

A)3 and 4
B)1 only
C)2 only
D)3 only
E)4 only

Question 73

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in phagocytosis shown in the figure?

A)pseudopods surround particle > phagosome formed > fusion of lysosome and phagosome > digestion by lysosomal enzymes > residual body formed
B)phagosome formed > pseudopods surround particle > fusion of lysosome and phagosome > digestion by lysosomal enzymes > residual body formed
C)phagosome formed > pseudopods surround particle > fusion of lysosome and phagosome > residual body formed > digestion by lysosomal enzymes
D)residual body formed > phagosome formed > pseudopods surround particle > fusion of lysosome and phagosome > digestion by lysosomal enzymes
E)fusion of lysosome and phagosome > residual body formed > phagosome formed > pseudopods surround particle > digestion by lysosomal enzymes

Question 74

Most intravenous solutions are _____ with respect to blood cells?

A)tonicity
B)isotonic
C)hypertonic
D)osmotic
E)hypotonic

Question 75

Which organelle is responsible for synthesis of steroids,phospholipids and functions as a reservoir for Ca²⁺?

A)mitochondrion
B)secretory vesicle
C)smooth endoplasmic reticulum
D)rough endoplasmic reticulum
E)lysosome

Question 76

What other organelle besides the nucleus contain DNA?

A)Golgi complex
B)lysosome
C)ribosomes
D)mitochondrion
E)centrosome