Deck 10: Infection

Question 1

What is the role of reverse transcriptase in HIV infection?

A) Reverse transcriptase converts single-stranded DNA into double-stranded DNA.
B) It is needed to produce integrase.
C) It transports the RNA into the cell nucleus.
D) It converts RNA into double-stranded DNA.

Answer 1

It converts RNA into double-stranded DNA.

Question 2

After sexual transmission of HIV,a person can be infected yet seronegative for how many months?

A) 1 to 2
B) 6 to 14
C) 18 to 20
D) 24 to 36

Answer 2

6 to 14

Question 3

What is the final stage of the infectious process?

A) Colonization
B) Invasion
C) Multiplication
D) Spread

Answer 3

Spread

Question 4

Which statement is a characteristic of HIV?

A) HIV only infects T-helper (Th) cells.
B) HIV is a retrovirus.
C) HIV carries genetic information in its DNA.
D) HIV has five identified strains.

Question 5

What is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide?

A) Starvation
B) Traumatic injury
C) Cardiovascular disease
D) Infectious disease

Question 6

What is the first stage in the infectious process?

A) Invasion
B) Colonization
C) Spread
D) Multiplication

Question 7

Phagocytosis involves neutrophils actively attacking,engulfing,and destroying which microorganisms?

A) Bacteria
B) Fungi
C) Viruses
D) Yeasts

Question 8

Once they have penetrated the first line of defense,which microorganisms do natural killer (NK)cells actively attack?

A) Bacteria
B) Fungi
C) Viruses
D) Mycoplasma

Question 9

Which statement about vaccines is true?

A) Most bacterial vaccines contain attenuated organisms.
B) Most viral vaccines are made by using dead organisms.
C) Vaccines require booster injections to maintain life-long protection.
D) Vaccines provide effective protection against most infections.

Question 10

Which cells are primary targets for HIV?

A) CD4+ Th cells only
B) CD4+ Th cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells
C) CD8-positive cytotoxic T (Tc) cells and plasma cells
D) CD8-positive Tc cells only

Question 11

Toxigenicity is defined as the:

A) Ability of the pathogen to invade and multiply in the host
B) Pathogen's ability to produce disease by the production of a soluble toxin
C) Ability of an agent to produce disease
D) Potency of a pathogen measured in terms of the number of microorganisms required to kill the host

Question 12

Which statement concerning exotoxins is true?

A) Exotoxins are contained in cell walls of gram-negative bacteria.
B) Exotoxins are released during the lysis of bacteria.
C) Exotoxins are able to initiate the complement and coagulation cascades.
D) Exotoxins are released during bacterial growth.

Question 13

HIV antibodies appear within how many weeks after infection through blood products?

A) 1 to 2
B) 4 to 7
C) 10 to 12
D) 20 to 24

Question 14

What area in the body may act as a reservoir in which HIV can be relatively protected from antiviral drugs?

A) Central nervous system
B) Bone marrow
C) Thymus gland
D) Lungs

Question 15

Cytokines are thought to cause fevers by stimulating the synthesis of which chemical mediator?

A) Leukotriene
B) Histamine
C) Prostaglandin
D) Bradykinin

Question 16

Considering the hypothalamus,a fever is produced by:

A) Endogenous pyrogens acting directly on the hypothalamus.
B) Exogenous pyrogens acting directly on the hypothalamus.
C) Immune complexes acting indirectly on the hypothalamus.
D) Cytokines acting indirectly on the hypothalamus.

Question 17

Which statement is true concerning a fungal infection?

A) Fungal infections occur only on skin, hair, and nails.
B) Phagocytes and T lymphocytes control fungal infections.
C) Fungal infections release endotoxins.
D) Vaccines prevent fungal infections.

Question 18

Vaccines against viruses are created from:

A) Killed organisms or extracts of antigens
B) Live organisms weakened to produce antigens
C) Purified toxins that have been chemically detoxified
D) Recombinant pathogenic protein

Question 19

Which type of microorganism reproduces on the skin?

A) Viruses
B) Bacteria and fungi
C) Protozoa and Rickettsiae
D) Mycoplasma

Question 20

AIDS produces a striking decrease in the number of which cells?

A) Macrophages
B) CD8+ T cells
C) CD4+ Th cells
D) Memory T cells

Question 21

Match each term with its definition.
Ability of an agent to produce disease

A)Toxigenicity
B)Infectivity
C)Pathogenicity
D)Virulence

Question 22

Which statements are true regarding endotoxins? (Select all that apply.)

A) Endotoxins are lipopolysaccharides.
B) Endotoxins are located in the walls of bacteria.
C) Endotoxins are created during the process of lysis.
D) Endotoxins are found in gram-negative microorganisms.
E) Endotoxins are released during the destruction of its host.

Question 23

Match each term with its definition.
Capacity of a pathogen to cause severe disease

A)Toxigenicity
B)Infectivity
C)Pathogenicity
D)Virulence

Question 24

Complications of AIDS include: (Select all that apply.)

A) Kaposi sarcoma
B) Helicobacter pylori
C) Cytomegalovirus retinitis
D) Herpes simplex infection
E) Legionella pneumophila

Question 25

Which organism is a common sexually transmitted bacterial infection?

A) Staphylococcus aureus
B) Clostridium perfringens
C) Helicobacter pylori
D) Treponema pallidum

Question 26

Some bacterial surface proteins bind with the crystalline fragment (Fc)portion of an antibody to:

A) Hide in cells to avoid triggering an immune response
B) Form self-protecting toxins
C) Make staining possible for microscopic observation
D) Produce a protective "self" protein

Question 27

Which of the following play a role in the control of fungal infections? (Select all that apply.)

A) Cytokines
B) Macrophages
C) Natural killer cells
D) Neutrophils
E) T lymphocytes

Question 28

Match each term with its definition.
An important factor in determining a pathogen's ability to produce disease by the production of a soluble toxin

A)Toxigenicity
B)Infectivity
C)Pathogenicity
D)Virulence

Question 29

Which statement is true regarding the development of HIV symptoms? (Select all that apply.)

A) Symptoms generally appear in the clinical latency stage.
B) Symptoms are generally observable within 5 years of the initial infection.
C) T cells levels, particularly those of memory T cells, progressively decrease.
D) Untreated infected individuals may remain asymptomatic for up to10 years.
E) Secondary lymphoid organs experience damage and resulting malfunction.

Question 30

Which secretion transmits HIV? (Select all that apply.)

A) Semen
B) Urine
C) Saliva
D) Breast milk
E) Sweat

Question 31

Which infection is fungal? (Select all that apply.)

A) Ringworm
B) Candida
C) Cholera
D) Athlete's foot
E) Aspergillus

Question 32

Which disease is an example of a rickettsial infection?

A) Cholera
B) Candida
C) Sleeping sickness
D) Rocky Mountain spotted fever

Question 33

Match each term with its definition.
Ability of the pathogen to invade and multiply in the host

A)Toxigenicity
B)Infectivity
C)Pathogenicity
D)Virulence

Question 34

Which statements are true regarding viruses? (Select all that apply.)

A) Viruses are very complex microorganisms.
B) Viruses are referred to as eukaryotes.
C) Viruses are capable of producing messenger RNA (mRNA).
D) Viruses penetrate plasma membranes via endocytosis.
E) Viruses are capable of uncoating cytoplasmic nucleocapsid.

Question 35

The ability of the pathogen to invade and multiply in the host is referred to as:

A) Infectivity
B) Toxigenicity
C) Pathogenicity
D) Virulence