Deck 20: Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children

Question 1

Gait disturbances and instability are characteristic of which form of cerebral palsy?

A) Spastic
B) Dyskinetic
C) Ataxic
D) Biochemical

Answer 1

Ataxic

Question 2

Which defect of neural tube closure is most common?

A) Anterior
B) Posterior
C) Lateral
D) Midline

Answer 2

Posterior

Question 3

The neural groove closes dorsally during which week of gestational life?

A) Second
B) Fourth
C) Eighth
D) Twelfth

Answer 3

Fourth

Question 4

What is the term for a herniation or protrusion of brain and meninges through a defect in the skull?

A) Encephalocele
B) Meningocele
C) Arachnoidocele
D) Cephacephalocele

Question 5

The tonic neck reflex observed in a newborn should no longer be obtainable by:

A) 2 years
B) 1 year
C) 10 months
D) 5 months

Question 6

What test is performed on amniotic fluid and maternal blood to test for neural tube defect?

A) Total protein
B) Culture
C) a-fetoprotein
D) C-reactive protein

Question 7

Which musculoskeletal deformities are associated with myelomeningocele? (Select all that apply.)

A) Extra digits on feet
B) Clubfoot
C) Dislocation of the hips
D) Scoliosis
E) Kyphosis

Question 8

Prompt surgical repair of a myelomeningocele is critical to best prevent:

A) Infection
B) Paralysis
C) Mental retardation
D) Additional nervous system damage

Question 9

What is the anomaly in which the soft bony component of the skull and much of the brain is missing?

A) Anencephaly
B) Myelodysplasia
C) Cranial meningocele
D) Hydrocephaly

Question 10

What is the most common general symptom of a localized childhood brain tumor?

A) Poor bonding
B) Increased intracranial pressure
C) Delayed extinction of newborn reflexes
D) Failure to thrive

Question 11

What term is used to describe a hernial protrusion of a saclike cyst that contains meninges,spinal fluid,and a portion of the spinal cord through a defect in a posterior arch of a vertebra?

A) Encephalocele
B) Meningocele
C) Spina bifida occulta
D) Myelomeningocele

Question 12

An infant diagnosed with hydrocephalus is observed to demonstrate:

A) Shrunken ventricles
B) Bulging fontanels
C) Retarded head growth
D) Decreased production of cerebrospinal fluid

Question 13

Which nutritional deficiency in a pregnant woman is associated with neural tube defect (NTD)?

A) Iron
B) Vitamin C
C) Zinc
D) Folate

Question 14

True microcephaly can be caused by: (Select all that apply.)

A) Autosomal gene alterations
B) Prenatal physical abuse of the mother
C) X-linked gene alterations
D) Toxic-induced chromosomal defects
E) Maternal anorexia

Question 15

The most common cause of obstructive hydrocephalus in infants is:

A) Obstructed arachnoid villi
B) Stenosis of the aqueduct of Sylvius
C) Excessive production of cerebrospinal fluid
D) Impaired cerebrospinal fluid circulation in the subarachnoid space

Question 16

The clinical manifestations of dyskinetic cerebral palsy include:

A) Increased muscle tone and prolonged primitive reflexes
B) Exaggerated deep tendon reflexes, clonus, and rigidity of extremities
C) Scoliosis, contractures, and stiffness of trunk muscles
D) Jerky uncontrolled and abrupt fine musculoskeletal movements

Question 17

What is the result of a Chiari type II malformation associated with a myelomeningocele?

A) Upward displacement of the cerebellum into the diencephalon
B) Motor and sensory lesions below the level of the myelomeningocele
C) Downward displacement of the cerebellum, brainstem, and fourth ventricle
D) Generalized cerebral edema and hydrocephalus

Question 18

Children with phenylketonuria (PKU)are unable to synthesize:

A) Essential amino acid, phenylalanine, to tyrosine
B) Renin, erythropoietin, and antidiuretic hormone
C) Aldosterone, cortisol, and androgens
D) Neurotransmitters gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and acetylcholine

Question 19

Benign febrile seizures are characterized by:

A) A temperature lower than 39° C
B) Respiratory or ear infections
C) Onset after the fifth year of life
D) Episodes lasting 30 minutes or longer

Question 20

Which body system is the largest site for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)infection in infants and children?

A) Central nervous system
B) Gastrointestinal system
C) Integumentary system
D) Musculoskeletal system

Question 21

Match the tumor name with its site of development.
Originates in the neural crest that normally forms the sympathetic ganglia and adrenal medulla.

A)Medulloblastoma
B)Ependymoma
C)Cerebellar astrocytoma
D)Craniopharyngioma
E)Neuroblastoma

Question 22

Which statements regarding the term myelodysplasia are true? (Select all that apply.)

A) Myelodysplasia is used to define a defect in the formation of the spinal cord.
B) It can be used to refer to brain anomalies involving missing brain tissue.
C) Myelodysplasia correctly includes encephaloceles.
D) It is used to describe a herniation of brain and meninges through a defect in the skull.
E) Myelodysplasia can be used to refer to a form of spina bifida.

Question 23

Match the tumor name with its site of development.
Originates from the pituitary or hypothalamus.

A)Medulloblastoma
B)Ependymoma
C)Cerebellar astrocytoma
D)Craniopharyngioma
E)Neuroblastoma

Question 24

Match the tumor name with its site of development.
Causes unilateral symptoms such as nystagmus.

A)Medulloblastoma
B)Ependymoma
C)Cerebellar astrocytoma
D)Craniopharyngioma
E)Neuroblastoma

Question 25

Match the tumor name with its site of development.
Develops in the vermis of the cerebellum and may extend to the fourth ventricle.

A)Medulloblastoma
B)Ependymoma
C)Cerebellar astrocytoma
D)Craniopharyngioma
E)Neuroblastoma

Question 26

Match the tumor name with its site of development.
Develops in the fourth ventricle.

A)Medulloblastoma
B)Ependymoma
C)Cerebellar astrocytoma
D)Craniopharyngioma
E)Neuroblastoma