Question 1

The most common cause of obstructive hydrocephalus in infants is:

Accepted Answer

A)  Obstructed arachnoid villi 
B)  Stenosis of the aqueduct of Sylvius 
C)  Excessive production of cerebrospinal fluid 
D)  Impaired cerebrospinal fluid circulation in the subarachnoid space 
A)  Obstructed arachnoid villi 
B)  Stenosis of the aqueduct of Sylvius 
C)  Excessive production of cerebrospinal fluid 
D)  Impaired cerebrospinal fluid circulation in the subarachnoid space B

Question 2

The clinical manifestations of dyskinetic cerebral palsy include:

Accepted Answer

A)  Increased muscle tone and prolonged primitive reflexes 
B)  Exaggerated deep tendon reflexes, clonus, and rigidity of extremities 
C)  Scoliosis, contractures, and stiffness of trunk muscles 
D)  Jerky uncontrolled and abrupt fine musculoskeletal movements 
A)  Increased muscle tone and prolonged primitive reflexes 
B)  Exaggerated deep tendon reflexes, clonus, and rigidity of extremities 
C)  Scoliosis, contractures, and stiffness of trunk muscles 
D)  Jerky uncontrolled and abrupt fine musculoskeletal movements D

Question 3

What is the result of a Chiari type II malformation associated with a myelomeningocele?

Accepted Answer

A)  Upward displacement of the cerebellum into the diencephalon 
B)  Motor and sensory lesions below the level of the myelomeningocele 
C)  Downward displacement of the cerebellum, brainstem, and fourth ventricle 
D)  Generalized cerebral edema and hydrocephalus 
A)  Upward displacement of the cerebellum into the diencephalon 
B)  Motor and sensory lesions below the level of the myelomeningocele 
C)  Downward displacement of the cerebellum, brainstem, and fourth ventricle 
D)  Generalized cerebral edema and hydrocephalus C

Question 4

The neural groove closes dorsally during which week of gestational life?

Accepted Answer

A)  Second 
B)  Fourth 
C)  Eighth 
D)  Twelfth 
A)  Second 
B)  Fourth 
C)  Eighth 
D)  Twelfth

Question 5

Match the tumor name with its site of development.
-Causes unilateral symptoms such as nystagmus.

Accepted Answer

A) Medulloblastoma 
B) Ependymoma 
C) Cerebellar astrocytoma 
D) Craniopharyngioma 
E) Neuroblastoma 
A) Medulloblastoma 
B) Ependymoma 
C) Cerebellar astrocytoma 
D) Craniopharyngioma 
E) Neuroblastoma

Question 6

Children with phenylketonuria (PKU)are unable to synthesize:

Accepted Answer

A)  Essential amino acid, phenylalanine, to tyrosine 
B)  Renin, erythropoietin, and antidiuretic hormone 
C)  Aldosterone, cortisol, and androgens 
D)  Neurotransmitters gamma-aminobutyric acid (GAB
A)  and acetylcholine 
A)  Essential amino acid, phenylalanine, to tyrosine 
B)  Renin, erythropoietin, and antidiuretic hormone 
C)  Aldosterone, cortisol, and androgens 
D)  Neurotransmitters gamma-aminobutyric acid (GAB
A)  and acetylcholine

Question 7

What is the term for a herniation or protrusion of brain and meninges through a defect in the skull?

Accepted Answer

A)  Encephalocele 
B)  Meningocele 
C)  Arachnoidocele 
D)  Cephacephalocele 
A)  Encephalocele 
B)  Meningocele 
C)  Arachnoidocele 
D)  Cephacephalocele

Question 8

Prompt surgical repair of a myelomeningocele is critical to best prevent:

Accepted Answer

A)  Infection 
B)  Paralysis 
C)  Mental retardation 
D)  Additional nervous system damage 
A)  Infection 
B)  Paralysis 
C)  Mental retardation 
D)  Additional nervous system damage

Question 9

Which defect of neural tube closure is most common?

Accepted Answer

A)  Anterior 
B)  Posterior 
C)  Lateral 
D)  Midline 
A)  Anterior 
B)  Posterior 
C)  Lateral 
D)  Midline

Question 10

Match the tumor name with its site of development.
-Originates from the pituitary or hypothalamus.

Accepted Answer

A) Medulloblastoma 
B) Ependymoma 
C) Cerebellar astrocytoma 
D) Craniopharyngioma 
E) Neuroblastoma 
A) Medulloblastoma 
B) Ependymoma 
C) Cerebellar astrocytoma 
D) Craniopharyngioma 
E) Neuroblastoma

Question 11

Which musculoskeletal deformities are associated with myelomeningocele? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A)  Extra digits on feet 
B)  Clubfoot 
C)  Dislocation of the hips 
D)  Scoliosis 
E)  Kyphosis 
A)  Extra digits on feet 
B)  Clubfoot 
C)  Dislocation of the hips 
D)  Scoliosis 
E)  Kyphosis

Question 12

What is the anomaly in which the soft bony component of the skull and much of the brain is missing?

Accepted Answer

A)  Anencephaly 
B)  Myelodysplasia 
C)  Cranial meningocele 
D)  Hydrocephaly 
A)  Anencephaly 
B)  Myelodysplasia 
C)  Cranial meningocele 
D)  Hydrocephaly

Question 13

Match the tumor name with its site of development.
-Develops in the fourth ventricle.

Accepted Answer

A) Medulloblastoma 
B) Ependymoma 
C) Cerebellar astrocytoma 
D) Craniopharyngioma 
E) Neuroblastoma 
A) Medulloblastoma 
B) Ependymoma 
C) Cerebellar astrocytoma 
D) Craniopharyngioma 
E) Neuroblastoma

Question 14

True microcephaly can be caused by: (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A)  Autosomal gene alterations 
B)  Prenatal physical abuse of the mother 
C)  X-linked gene alterations 
D)  Toxic-induced chromosomal defects 
E)  Maternal anorexia 
A)  Autosomal gene alterations 
B)  Prenatal physical abuse of the mother 
C)  X-linked gene alterations 
D)  Toxic-induced chromosomal defects 
E)  Maternal anorexia

Question 15

Which statements regarding the term myelodysplasia are true? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A)  Myelodysplasia is used to define a defect in the formation of the spinal cord. 
B)  It can be used to refer to brain anomalies involving missing brain tissue. 
C)  Myelodysplasia correctly includes encephaloceles. 
D)  It is used to describe a herniation of brain and meninges through a defect in the skull. 
E)  Myelodysplasia can be used to refer to a form of spina bifida. 
A)  Myelodysplasia is used to define a defect in the formation of the spinal cord. 
B)  It can be used to refer to brain anomalies involving missing brain tissue. 
C)  Myelodysplasia correctly includes encephaloceles. 
D)  It is used to describe a herniation of brain and meninges through a defect in the skull. 
E)  Myelodysplasia can be used to refer to a form of spina bifida.

Question 16

What term is used to describe a hernial protrusion of a saclike cyst that contains meninges,spinal fluid,and a portion of the spinal cord through a defect in a posterior arch of a vertebra?

Accepted Answer

A)  Encephalocele 
B)  Meningocele 
C)  Spina bifida occulta 
D)  Myelomeningocele 
A)  Encephalocele 
B)  Meningocele 
C)  Spina bifida occulta 
D)  Myelomeningocele

Question 17

The tonic neck reflex observed in a newborn should no longer be obtainable by:

Accepted Answer

A)  2 years 
B)  1 year 
C)  10 months 
D)  5 months 
A)  2 years 
B)  1 year 
C)  10 months 
D)  5 months

Question 18

Match the tumor name with its site of development.
-Develops in the vermis of the cerebellum and may extend to the fourth ventricle.

Accepted Answer

A) Medulloblastoma 
B) Ependymoma 
C) Cerebellar astrocytoma 
D) Craniopharyngioma 
E) Neuroblastoma 
A) Medulloblastoma 
B) Ependymoma 
C) Cerebellar astrocytoma 
D) Craniopharyngioma 
E) Neuroblastoma

Question 19

Which nutritional deficiency in a pregnant woman is associated with neural tube defect (NTD)?

Accepted Answer

A)  Iron 
B)  Vitamin C 
C)  Zinc 
D)  Folate 
A)  Iron 
B)  Vitamin C 
C)  Zinc 
D)  Folate

Question 20

Benign febrile seizures are characterized by:

Accepted Answer

A)  A temperature lower than 39° C 
B)  Respiratory or ear infections 
C)  Onset after the fifth year of life 
D)  Episodes lasting 30 minutes or longer 
A)  A temperature lower than 39° C 
B)  Respiratory or ear infections 
C)  Onset after the fifth year of life 
D)  Episodes lasting 30 minutes or longer

Exam 20: Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children

The most common cause of obstructive hydrocephalus in infants is:

The clinical manifestations of dyskinetic cerebral palsy include:

What is the result of a Chiari type II malformation associated with a myelomeningocele?

The neural groove closes dorsally during which week of gestational life?

Match the tumor name with its site of development. -Causes unilateral symptoms such as nystagmus.

Children with phenylketonuria (PKU)are unable to synthesize:

What is the term for a herniation or protrusion of brain and meninges through a defect in the skull?

Prompt surgical repair of a myelomeningocele is critical to best prevent:

Which defect of neural tube closure is most common?

Match the tumor name with its site of development. -Originates from the pituitary or hypothalamus.

Which musculoskeletal deformities are associated with myelomeningocele? (Select all that apply.)

What is the anomaly in which the soft bony component of the skull and much of the brain is missing?

Match the tumor name with its site of development. -Develops in the fourth ventricle.

True microcephaly can be caused by: (Select all that apply.)

Which statements regarding the term myelodysplasia are true? (Select all that apply.)

What term is used to describe a hernial protrusion of a saclike cyst that contains meninges,spinal fluid,and a portion of the spinal cord through a defect in a posterior arch of a vertebra?

The tonic neck reflex observed in a newborn should no longer be obtainable by:

Match the tumor name with its site of development. -Develops in the vermis of the cerebellum and may extend to the fourth ventricle.

Which nutritional deficiency in a pregnant woman is associated with neural tube defect (NTD)?

Benign febrile seizures are characterized by:

Cellular Biology

Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology

The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases

Genes and Genetic Diseases

Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases

Epigenetics and Disease

Innate Immunity: Inflammation

Adaptive Immunity

Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation

Infection

Stress and Disease

Cancer Biology

Cancer Epidemiology

Cancer in Children

Structure and Function of the Neurologic System

Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function

Alterations in Cognitive Systems,Cerebral Hemodynamics,and Motor Function

Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuromuscular Junction

Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders

Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation

Alterations of Hormonal Regulation

Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems

Alterations of the Female Reproductive System

Alterations of the Male Reproductive System

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Structure and Function of the Hematologic System

Alterations of Erythrocyte Function

Alterations of Leukocyte, Lymphoid, and Hemostatic Function

Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System

Alterations of Pulmonary Function

Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Digestive System

Alterations of Digestive Function

Alterations of Digestive Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children

Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument

Alterations of the Integument in Children

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Adults

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Children

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