Deck 32: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

Question 1

What effect does atherosclerosis have on the development of an aneurysm?

A) Atherosclerosis causes ischemia of the intima.
B) It increases nitric oxide.
C) Atherosclerosis erodes the vessel wall.
D) It obstructs the vessel.

Answer 1

Atherosclerosis erodes the vessel wall.

Question 2

Which statement best describes thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger disease)?

A) Inflammatory disorder of small- and medium-size arteries in the feet and sometimes in the hands
B) Vasospastic disorder of the small arteries and arterioles of the fingers and, less commonly, of the toes
C) Autoimmune disorder of the large arteries and veins of the upper and lower extremities
D) Neoplastic disorder of the lining of the arteries and veins of the upper extremities

Answer 2

Inflammatory disorder of small- and medium-size arteries in the feet and sometimes in the hands

Question 3

Which inflammatory cytokines are released when endothelial cells are injured?

A) Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)
B) Interferon-beta (IFN-b), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)
C) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a), interferon-gamma (IFN-g), and interleukin 1 (IL-1)
D) Interferon-alpha (IFN-a), interleukin-12 (IL-12), and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF)

Answer 3

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a), interferon-gamma (IFN-g), and interleukin 1 (IL-1)

Question 4

Which factor can trigger an immune response in the bloodstream that may result in an embolus?

A) Amniotic fluid
B) Fat
C) Bacteria
D) Air

Question 5

Nicotine increases atherosclerosis by the release of which neurotransmitter?

A) Histamine
B) Nitric oxide
C) Angiotensin II
D) Epinephrine

Question 6

The risk of developing coronary artery disease is increased up to threefold by which factor?

A) Diabetes mellitus
B) Hypertension
C) Obesity
D) High alcohol consumption

Question 7

Superior vena cava syndrome is a result of a progressive increase of which process?

A) Inflammation
B) Occlusion
C) Distention
D) Sclerosis

Question 8

When endothelia cells are injured,what alteration contributes to atherosclerosis?

A) The release of toxic oxygen radicals that oxidize low-density lipoproteins (LDLs).
B) Cells are unable to make the normal amount of vasodilating cytokines.
C) Cells produce an increased amount of antithrombotic cytokines.
D) Cells develop a hypersensitivity to homocysteine and lipids.

Question 9

What is the effect of oxidized low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)in atherosclerosis?

A) LDLs cause smooth muscle proliferation.
B) LDLs cause regression of atherosclerotic plaques.
C) LDLs increase levels of inflammatory cytokines.
D) LDLs direct macrophages to the site in the endothelium.

Question 10

Which risk factor is associated with coronary artery disease (CAD)because of its relationship with the alteration of hepatic lipoprotein?

A) Diabetes mellitus
B) Hypertension
C) Obesity
D) High alcohol consumption

Question 11

Which elevated value may be protective of the development of atherosclerosis?

A) Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs)
B) Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)
C) High-density lipoproteins (HDLs
D) Triglycerides

Question 12

Which statement best describes Raynaud disease?

A) Inflammatory disorder of small- and medium-size arteries in the feet and sometimes in the hands
B) Neoplastic disorder of the lining of the arteries and veins of the upper extremities
C) Vasospastic disorder of the small arteries and arterioles of the fingers and, less commonly, of the toes
D) Autoimmune disorder of the large arteries and veins of the upper and lower extremities

Question 13

What is the usual source of pulmonary emboli?

A) Deep venous thrombosis
B) Endocarditis
C) Valvular disease
D) Left heart failure

Question 14

What change in a vein supports the development of varicose veins?

A) Increase in osmotic pressure
B) Damage to the valves in veins
C) Damage to the venous endothelium
D) Increase in hydrostatic pressure

Question 15

What term is used to identify when a cell is temporarily deprived of blood supply?

A) Infarction
B) Ischemia
C) Necrosis
D) Inflammation

Question 16

Regarding the endothelium,what is the difference between healthy vessel walls and those that promote clot formation?

A) Inflammation and roughening of the endothelium of the artery are present.
B) Hypertrophy and vasoconstriction of the endothelium of the artery are present.
C) Excessive clot formation and lipid accumulation in the endothelium of the artery are present.
D) Evidence of age-related changes that weaken the endothelium of the artery are present.

Question 17

What pathologic change occurs to the kidney's glomeruli as a result of hypertension?

A) Compression of the renal tubules
B) Ischemia of the tubule
C) Increased pressure from within the tubule
D) Obstruction of the renal tubule

Question 18

Which substance is manufactured by the liver and primarily contains cholesterol and protein?

A) Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs)
B) Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)
C) High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)
D) Triglycerides

Question 19

Which factor is responsible for the hypertrophy of the myocardium associated with hypertension?

A) Increased norepinephrine
B) Adducin
C) Angiotensin II
D) Insulin resistance

Question 20

What is the initiating event that leads to the development of atherosclerosis?

A) Release of the inflammatory cytokines
B) Macrophages adhere to vessel walls.
C) Injury to the endothelial cells that line the artery walls
D) Release of the platelet-deprived growth factor

Question 21

Cardiac cells can withstand ischemic conditions and still return to a viable state for how many minutes?

A) 10
B) 15
C) 20
D) 25

Question 22

An individual who is demonstrating elevated levels of troponin,creatine kinase-isoenzyme MB (CK-MB),and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH)is exhibiting indicators associated with which condition?

A) Myocardial ischemia
B) Hypertension
C) Myocardial infarction (MI)
D) Coronary artery disease (CAD)

Question 23

What is the most common cause of infective endocarditis?

A) Virus
B) Fungus
C) Bacterium
D) Rickettsiae

Question 24

Amyloidosis,hemochromatosis,or glycogen storage disease usually causes which form of cardiomyopathy?

A) Infiltrative
B) Restrictive
C) Septal
D) Hypertrophic

Question 25

A disproportionate thickening of the interventricular septum is the hallmark of which form of cardiomyopathy?

A) Dystrophic
B) Hypertrophic
C) Restrictive
D) Dilated

Question 26

A patient is diagnosed with pulmonary disease and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance.Which form of heart failure may result from pulmonary disease and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance?

A) Right heart failure
B) Left heart failure
C) Low-output failure
D) High-output failure

Question 27

Which condition is a cause of acquired aortic regurgitation?

A) Congenital malformation
B) Cardiac failure
C) Rheumatic fever
D) Coronary artery disease (CAD)

Question 28

In systolic heart failure,what effect does the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)have on stroke volume?

A) Increases preload and decreases afterload.
B) Increases preload and increases afterload.
C) Decreases preload and increases afterload.
D) Decreases preload and decreases afterload.

Question 29

What is the expected electrocardiogram (ECG)pattern when a thrombus in a coronary artery permanently lodges in the vessel and the infarction extends through the myocardium from the endocardium to the epicardium?

A) Prolonged QT interval
B) ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)
C) ST depression myocardial infarction (STDMI)
D) Non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (non-STEMI)

Question 30

What is the most common cardiac disorder associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

A) Cardiomyopathy
B) Myocarditis
C) Left heart failure
D) Heart block

Question 31

How does angiotensin II increase the workload of the heart after a myocardial infarction (MI)?

A) By increasing the peripheral vasoconstriction
B) By causing dysrhythmias as a result of hyperkalemia
C) By reducing the contractility of the myocardium
D) By stimulating the sympathetic nervous system

Question 32

The pulsus paradoxus that occurs as a result of pericardial effusion is caused by a dysfunction in which mechanism?

A) Diastolic filling pressures of the right ventricle and reduction of blood volume in both ventricles
B) Blood ejected from the right atrium and reduction of blood volume in the right ventricle
C) Blood ejected from the left atrium and reduction of blood volume in the left ventricle
D) Diastolic filling pressures of the left ventricle and reduction of blood volume in all four heart chambers.

Question 33

Which predominantly female valvular disorder is thought to have an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern,as well as being associated with connective tissue disease?

A) Mitral valve prolapse
B) Tricuspid stenosis
C) Tricuspid valve prolapse
D) Aortic insufficiency

Question 34

Which form of angina occurs most often during sleep as a result of vasospasms of one or more coronary arteries?

A) Unstable
B) Stable
C) Silent
D) Prinzmetal

Question 35

What cardiac pathologic condition contributes to ventricular remodeling?

A) Left ventricular hypertrophy
B) Right ventricular failure
C) Myocardial ischemia
D) Contractile dysfunction

Question 36

Ventricular dilation and grossly impaired systolic function,leading to dilated heart failure,characterize which form of cardiomyopathy?

A) Congestive
B) Hypertrophic
C) Septal
D) Dystrophic

Question 37

A patient reports sudden onset of severe chest pain that radiates to the back and worsens with respiratory movement and when lying down.These clinical manifestations describe:

A) Myocardial infarction (MI)
B) Pericardial effusion
C) Restrictive pericarditis
D) Acute pericarditis

Question 38

Which laboratory test is an indirect measure of atherosclerotic plaque?

A) Homocysteine
B) Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
C) Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
D) C-reactive protein (CRP)

Question 39

Which disorder causes a transitory truncal rash that is nonpruritic and pink with erythematous macules that may fade in the center,making them appear as a ringworm?

A) Fat emboli
B) Rheumatic fever
C) Bacterial endocarditis
D) Myocarditis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

Question 40

When is the scar tissue that is formed after a myocardial infarction (MI)most vulnerable to injury?

A) Between 5 and 9 days
B) Between 10 and 14 days
C) Between 15 and 20 days
D) Between 20 and 30 days

Question 41

Which risk factors are associated with infective endocarditis? (Select all that apply.)

A) Rheumatic fever
B) Intravenous drug use
C) Long-term indwelling catheterization
D) Aortic regurgitation
E) Heart valve disease

Question 42

Which assessment findings are clinical manifestations of aortic stenosis? (Select all that apply.)

A) Jugular vein distention
B) Bounding pulses
C) Hypotension
D) Angina
E) Syncope

Question 43

Which statements are true regarding fatty streaks? (Select all that apply.)

A) Fatty streaks progressively damage vessel walls.
B) Fatty streaks are capable of producing toxic oxygen radials.
C) When present, inflammatory changes occur to the vessel walls.
D) Oxidized low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) are involved in their formation.
E) Fatty streaks are formed by killer T cells filled with oxidized LDLs.

Question 44

Match the descriptions with the corresponding terms.
Aortic regurgitation

A)Impairs flow from left atrium to left ventricle
B)Impairs flow from the left ventricle
C)Backflow into left atrium
D)Backflow into right atrium
E)Backflow into left ventricle

Question 45

Match the descriptions with the corresponding terms.
Aortic stenosis

A)Impairs flow from left atrium to left ventricle
B)Impairs flow from the left ventricle
C)Backflow into left atrium
D)Backflow into right atrium
E)Backflow into left ventricle

Question 46

Match the descriptions with the corresponding terms.
Tricuspid regurgitation

A)Impairs flow from left atrium to left ventricle
B)Impairs flow from the left ventricle
C)Backflow into left atrium
D)Backflow into right atrium
E)Backflow into left ventricle

Question 47

Individuals being effectively managed for type 2 diabetes mellitus often experience a healthy decline in blood pressure as a result of what intervention?

A) Managed carbohydrate intake
B) Appropriate exercise
C) Insulin-sensitivity medication therapy
D) Introduction of minimal doses of insulin

Question 48

What is the trigger for angina pectoris?

A) Atherosclerotic lesions
B) Hyperlipidemia
C) Myocardial necrosis
D) Myocardial ischemia

Question 49

What is the cause of the dyspnea resulting from a thoracic aneurysm?

A) Pressure on surrounding organs
B) Poor oxygenation
C) Formation of atherosclerotic lesions
D) Impaired blood flow

Question 50

Match the descriptions with the corresponding terms.
Mitral stenosis

A)Impairs flow from left atrium to left ventricle
B)Impairs flow from the left ventricle
C)Backflow into left atrium
D)Backflow into right atrium
E)Backflow into left ventricle

Question 51

Match the descriptions with the corresponding terms.
Mitral regurgitation

A)Impairs flow from left atrium to left ventricle
B)Impairs flow from the left ventricle
C)Backflow into left atrium
D)Backflow into right atrium
E)Backflow into left ventricle

Question 52

Which statement is true concerning the cells' ability to synthesize cholesterol?

A) Cell production of cholesterol is affected by the aging process.
B) Cells produce cholesterol only when dietary fat intake is low.
C) Most body cells are capable of producing cholesterol.
D) Most cholesterol produced by the cells is converted to the low-density form.

Question 53

What factors contribute to the development of orthostatic hypotension? (Select all that apply.)

A) Altered body chemistry
B) Drug action of certain antihypertensive agents
C) Prolonged immobility
D) Effects of aging on postural reflexes
E) Any condition that produces volume overload