Question 1

Which factor is responsible for the hypertrophy of the myocardium associated with hypertension?

Accepted Answer

A)  Increased norepinephrine 
B)  Adducin 
C)  Angiotensin II 
D)  Insulin resistance 
A)  Increased norepinephrine 
B)  Adducin 
C)  Angiotensin II 
D)  Insulin resistance C

Question 2

Which risk factors are associated with infective endocarditis? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A)  Rheumatic fever 
B)  Intravenous drug use 
C)  Long-term indwelling catheterization 
D)  Aortic regurgitation 
E)  Heart valve disease 
A)  Rheumatic fever 
B)  Intravenous drug use 
C)  Long-term indwelling catheterization 
D)  Aortic regurgitation 
E)  Heart valve disease B,C,E

Question 3

A patient is diagnosed with pulmonary disease and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance.Which form of heart failure may result from pulmonary disease and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance?

Accepted Answer

A)  Right heart failure 
B)  Left heart failure 
C)  Low-output failure 
D)  High-output failure 
A)  Right heart failure 
B)  Left heart failure 
C)  Low-output failure 
D)  High-output failure A

Question 4

A disproportionate thickening of the interventricular septum is the hallmark of which form of cardiomyopathy?

Accepted Answer

A)  Dystrophic 
B)  Hypertrophic 
C)  Restrictive 
D)  Dilated 
A)  Dystrophic 
B)  Hypertrophic 
C)  Restrictive 
D)  Dilated

Question 5

How does angiotensin II increase the workload of the heart after a myocardial infarction (MI)?

Accepted Answer

A)  By increasing the peripheral vasoconstriction 
B)  By causing dysrhythmias as a result of hyperkalemia 
C)  By reducing the contractility of the myocardium 
D)  By stimulating the sympathetic nervous system 
A)  By increasing the peripheral vasoconstriction 
B)  By causing dysrhythmias as a result of hyperkalemia 
C)  By reducing the contractility of the myocardium 
D)  By stimulating the sympathetic nervous system

Question 6

Which assessment findings are clinical manifestations of aortic stenosis? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A)  Jugular vein distention 
B)  Bounding pulses 
C)  Hypotension 
D)  Angina 
E)  Syncope 
A)  Jugular vein distention 
B)  Bounding pulses 
C)  Hypotension 
D)  Angina 
E)  Syncope

Question 7

Cardiac cells can withstand ischemic conditions and still return to a viable state for how many minutes?

Accepted Answer

A)  10 
B)  15 
C)  20 
D)  25 
A)  10 
B)  15 
C)  20 
D)  25

Question 8

Individuals being effectively managed for type 2 diabetes mellitus often experience a healthy decline in blood pressure as a result of what intervention?

Accepted Answer

A)  Managed carbohydrate intake 
B)  Appropriate exercise 
C)  Insulin-sensitivity medication therapy 
D)  Introduction of minimal doses of insulin 
A)  Managed carbohydrate intake 
B)  Appropriate exercise 
C)  Insulin-sensitivity medication therapy 
D)  Introduction of minimal doses of insulin

Question 9

An individual who is demonstrating elevated levels of troponin,creatine kinase-isoenzyme MB (CK-MB),and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH)is exhibiting indicators associated with which condition?

Accepted Answer

A)  Myocardial ischemia 
B)  Hypertension 
C)  Myocardial infarction (MI) 
D)  Coronary artery disease (CA
D)  
A)  Myocardial ischemia 
B)  Hypertension 
C)  Myocardial infarction (MI) 
D)  Coronary artery disease (CA
D)

Question 10

When endothelia cells are injured,what alteration contributes to atherosclerosis?

Accepted Answer

A)  The release of toxic oxygen radicals that oxidize low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). 
B)  Cells are unable to make the normal amount of vasodilating cytokines. 
C)  Cells produce an increased amount of antithrombotic cytokines. 
D)  Cells develop a hypersensitivity to homocysteine and lipids. 
A)  The release of toxic oxygen radicals that oxidize low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). 
B)  Cells are unable to make the normal amount of vasodilating cytokines. 
C)  Cells produce an increased amount of antithrombotic cytokines. 
D)  Cells develop a hypersensitivity to homocysteine and lipids.

Question 11

What term is used to identify when a cell is temporarily deprived of blood supply?

Accepted Answer

A)  Infarction 
B)  Ischemia 
C)  Necrosis 
D)  Inflammation 
A)  Infarction 
B)  Ischemia 
C)  Necrosis 
D)  Inflammation

Question 12

What is the initiating event that leads to the development of atherosclerosis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Release of the inflammatory cytokines 
B)  Macrophages adhere to vessel walls. 
C)  Injury to the endothelial cells that line the artery walls 
D)  Release of the platelet-deprived growth factor 
A)  Release of the inflammatory cytokines 
B)  Macrophages adhere to vessel walls. 
C)  Injury to the endothelial cells that line the artery walls 
D)  Release of the platelet-deprived growth factor

Question 13

Which elevated value may be protective of the development of atherosclerosis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) 
B)  Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) 
C)  High-density lipoproteins (HDLs 
D)  Triglycerides 
A)  Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) 
B)  Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) 
C)  High-density lipoproteins (HDLs 
D)  Triglycerides

Question 14

The pulsus paradoxus that occurs as a result of pericardial effusion is caused by a dysfunction in which mechanism?

Accepted Answer

A)  Diastolic filling pressures of the right ventricle and reduction of blood volume in both ventricles 
B)  Blood ejected from the right atrium and reduction of blood volume in the right ventricle 
C)  Blood ejected from the left atrium and reduction of blood volume in the left ventricle 
D)  Diastolic filling pressures of the left ventricle and reduction of blood volume in all four heart chambers. 
A)  Diastolic filling pressures of the right ventricle and reduction of blood volume in both ventricles 
B)  Blood ejected from the right atrium and reduction of blood volume in the right ventricle 
C)  Blood ejected from the left atrium and reduction of blood volume in the left ventricle 
D)  Diastolic filling pressures of the left ventricle and reduction of blood volume in all four heart chambers.

Question 15

Which substance is manufactured by the liver and primarily contains cholesterol and protein?

Accepted Answer

A)  Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) 
B)  Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) 
C)  High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) 
D)  Triglycerides 
A)  Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) 
B)  Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) 
C)  High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) 
D)  Triglycerides

Question 16

What is the usual source of pulmonary emboli?

Accepted Answer

A)  Deep venous thrombosis 
B)  Endocarditis 
C)  Valvular disease 
D)  Left heart failure 
A)  Deep venous thrombosis 
B)  Endocarditis 
C)  Valvular disease 
D)  Left heart failure

Question 17

Match the descriptions with the corresponding terms.
-Mitral regurgitation

Accepted Answer

A) Impairs flow from left atrium to left ventricle 
B) Impairs flow from the left ventricle 
C) Backflow into left atrium 
D) Backflow into right atrium 
E) Backflow into left ventricle 
A) Impairs flow from left atrium to left ventricle 
B) Impairs flow from the left ventricle 
C) Backflow into left atrium 
D) Backflow into right atrium 
E) Backflow into left ventricle

Question 18

What factors contribute to the development of orthostatic hypotension? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A)  Altered body chemistry 
B)  Drug action of certain antihypertensive agents 
C)  Prolonged immobility 
D)  Effects of aging on postural reflexes 
E)  Any condition that produces volume overload 
A)  Altered body chemistry 
B)  Drug action of certain antihypertensive agents 
C)  Prolonged immobility 
D)  Effects of aging on postural reflexes 
E)  Any condition that produces volume overload

Question 19

What is the most common cause of infective endocarditis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Virus 
B)  Fungus 
C)  Bacterium 
D)  Rickettsiae 
A)  Virus 
B)  Fungus 
C)  Bacterium 
D)  Rickettsiae

Question 20

What pathologic change occurs to the kidney's glomeruli as a result of hypertension?

Accepted Answer

A)  Compression of the renal tubules 
B)  Ischemia of the tubule 
C)  Increased pressure from within the tubule 
D)  Obstruction of the renal tubule 
A)  Compression of the renal tubules 
B)  Ischemia of the tubule 
C)  Increased pressure from within the tubule 
D)  Obstruction of the renal tubule

Exam 32: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

Which factor is responsible for the hypertrophy of the myocardium associated with hypertension?

Which risk factors are associated with infective endocarditis? (Select all that apply.)

A patient is diagnosed with pulmonary disease and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance.Which form of heart failure may result from pulmonary disease and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance?

A disproportionate thickening of the interventricular septum is the hallmark of which form of cardiomyopathy?

How does angiotensin II increase the workload of the heart after a myocardial infarction (MI)?

Which assessment findings are clinical manifestations of aortic stenosis? (Select all that apply.)

Cardiac cells can withstand ischemic conditions and still return to a viable state for how many minutes?

Individuals being effectively managed for type 2 diabetes mellitus often experience a healthy decline in blood pressure as a result of what intervention?

An individual who is demonstrating elevated levels of troponin,creatine kinase-isoenzyme MB (CK-MB),and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH)is exhibiting indicators associated with which condition?

When endothelia cells are injured,what alteration contributes to atherosclerosis?

What term is used to identify when a cell is temporarily deprived of blood supply?

What is the initiating event that leads to the development of atherosclerosis?

Which elevated value may be protective of the development of atherosclerosis?

The pulsus paradoxus that occurs as a result of pericardial effusion is caused by a dysfunction in which mechanism?

Which substance is manufactured by the liver and primarily contains cholesterol and protein?

What is the usual source of pulmonary emboli?

Match the descriptions with the corresponding terms. -Mitral regurgitation

What factors contribute to the development of orthostatic hypotension? (Select all that apply.)

What is the most common cause of infective endocarditis?

What pathologic change occurs to the kidney's glomeruli as a result of hypertension?

Cellular Biology

Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology

The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases

Genes and Genetic Diseases

Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases

Epigenetics and Disease

Innate Immunity: Inflammation

Adaptive Immunity

Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation

Infection

Stress and Disease

Cancer Biology

Cancer Epidemiology

Cancer in Children

Structure and Function of the Neurologic System

Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function

Alterations in Cognitive Systems,Cerebral Hemodynamics,and Motor Function

Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuromuscular Junction

Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders

Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children

Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation

Alterations of Hormonal Regulation

Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems

Alterations of the Female Reproductive System

Alterations of the Male Reproductive System

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Structure and Function of the Hematologic System

Alterations of Erythrocyte Function

Alterations of Leukocyte, Lymphoid, and Hemostatic Function

Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System

Alterations of Pulmonary Function

Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Digestive System

Alterations of Digestive Function

Alterations of Digestive Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children

Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument

Alterations of the Integument in Children

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Adults

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Children

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