Deck 43: Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

Question 1

After puberty,the epiphyseal plate calcifies,and the epiphysis merges with the __________.

A) Epiphyseal line
B) Epiphyseal plate
C) Metaphysis
D) Articular cartilage

Answer 1

Metaphysis

Question 2

What is the function of Sharpey fibers?

A) To anchor the outer layer of the periosteum to the inner layer
B) To contain blood vessels and nerves on the outer layer of the periosteum
C) To help attach tendons and ligaments to the periosteum
D) To attach muscles to the periosteum

Answer 2

To help attach tendons and ligaments to the periosteum

Question 3

Which part of an injured joint becomes insensitive to pain and regenerates slowly and minimally?

A) Synovium
B) Articular cartilage
C) Bursa
D) Tendon

Answer 3

Articular cartilage

Question 4

Which bone cells are large and multinucleated and contain lysosomes filled with hydrolytic enzymes?

A) Osteoblasts
B) Osteoclasts
C) Osteocytes
D) Fibrocytes

Question 5

What is the basic structural unit in compact bone?

A) Small channels called canaliculi
B) Osteocytes within the lacunae
C) Tiny spaces within the lacunae
D) Haversian system

Question 6

Which term describes a freely movable joint?

A) Synarthrosis
B) Amphiarthrosis
C) Biarthrosis
D) Diarthrosis

Question 7

Which type of joint holds teeth in the maxilla or mandible?

A) Amphiarthrosis
B) Diarthrosis
C) Synarthrosis
D) Gomphosis

Question 8

What happens to the original bone during the second phase of bone remodeling?

A) The original bone is replaced.
B) It hardens.
C) The original bone is resorbed.
D) It is synthesized.

Question 9

Which bone cells produce osteocalcin when stimulated by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and synthesize osteoid?

A) Osteoclasts
B) Osteocytes
C) Fibrocytes
D) Osteoblasts

Question 10

Which glucoprotein is believed to inhibit calcium phosphate precipitation and play a part in bone resorption by recruiting osteoclasts?

A) Osteocalcin
B) Osteonectin
C) Laminin
D) Osteopontin

Question 11

The hyaline cartilage joints between the ribs and sternum are examples of which type of joint?

A) Synchondrosis
B) Symphysis
C) Gomphosis
D) Syndesmosis

Question 12

The joint that contains a synovial membrane that lines the inner joint capsule is an example of which type of joint?

A) Amphiarthrosis
B) Diarthrosis
C) Synarthrosis
D) Biarthrosis

Question 13

Which bone cell secretes hydrochloric acid to help dissolve bone minerals and collagenase,thus aiding in the digestion of collagen?

A) Osteocytes
B) Osteoblasts
C) Osteoclasts
D) Osteophytes

Question 14

How is the work function of a muscle usually calculated?

A) Muscle type
B) Calculating force ´ distance
C) Foot pounds
D) Kilograms

Question 15

Which glucoprotein is thought to transport essential elements such as hormones,ions,and other metabolites to and from the bone cells?

A) Osteocalcin
B) Osteonectin
C) Laminin
D) Bone albumin

Question 16

What is the function of the synovial membrane's type A cells within the intima?

A) To release mast cells, initiating the inflammatory process after joint injury
B) To ingest and remove bacteria and debris by phagocytosis in the joint cavity
C) To secrete hyaluronate, a binding agent that gives synovial fluid its viscous quality
D) To store fat cells and glycogen, providing adenosine triphosphate for joint activity

Question 17

Which cells function to maintain bone matrix?

A) Osteoclasts
B) Osteocytes
C) Osteoblasts
D) Osteophytes

Question 18

The outer layer of the periosteum contains blood vessels and nerves that penetrate the inner structures of the bone by way of which structure?

A) Volkmann canals
B) Canaliculi
C) Sharpey canals
D) Trabeculae

Question 19

Which statement does not present accurate information concerning synovial fluid?

A) Synovial fluid contains protein polysaccharides to repair the synovial membrane after injury.
B) It lubricates the joint surfaces.
C) Synovial fluid nourishes the pad of the articular cartilage.
D) It contains leukocytes to phagocytize joint debris and microorganisms.

Question 20

The stage of healing in the bone that involves procallus formation entails which process?

A) Formation of a hematoma that allows the development of a fibrin network
B) Production of granulation tissue by fibroblasts, capillary buds, and osteoblasts
C) Development of a primitive bone matrix termed woven bone
D) Remodeling of the periosteal and endosteal bone surfaces

Question 21

What term is used to identify an interlacing bundle of dense,white fibrous tissue that is richly supplied with nerves,blood vessels,and lymphatic vessels?

A) Procallus
B) Joint capsule
C) Hematoma
D) Elastin fibers

Question 22

Which type of ion directly controls the contraction of muscles?

A) Sodium
B) Potassium
C) Calcium
D) Magnesium

Question 23

What anchors articular cartilage to the underlying bone?

A) Sharpey fibers
B) Collagen fibers
C) Glycoproteins
D) Elastin fibers

Question 24

In which type of contraction does the muscle maintain a constant tension as it moves?

A) Isotonic
B) Isometric
C) Hypertonic
D) Hypotonic

Question 25

Which statement is false about muscles?

A) Muscle comprises 50% of an adult's body weight and 40% of a child's body weight.
B) Muscle is 75% water, 20% protein, and 5% organic and inorganic compounds.
C) Muscle contains 32% of all protein stores for energy and metabolism.
D) Muscles are encased in fascia.

Question 26

Match the stages of wound healing of a bone with the description of each.Stages may be used more than once.
Osteoblasts form membranous or woven bone.Enzymes increase the phosphate content and permit the phosphate to join with calcium to be deposited.

A)Callus replacement
B)Hematoma formation
C)Remodeling
D)Procallus formation
E)Callus formation

Question 27

As the innervation ratio of a particular organ increases,what other property also increases?

A) Control
B) Movement
C) Coordination
D) Endurance

Question 28

What controls the movement of synovial fluid through cartilage?

A) Cartiloregulins
B) Hyaluronate
C) Proteoglycans
D) Chondroitin

Question 29

Which statement is false about aging and the musculoskeletal system?

A) Haversian system erodes, the canals nearest the marrow cavity widened, and the endosteal cortex converts to spongy bone.
B) The remodeling cycle increases because of a decreased ability of the basic multicellular units to resorb and deposit bone.
C) Cartilaginous rigidity increases because of decreasing water content and decreasing concentrations of glycosaminoglycans.
D) Muscle ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis declines, although the regenerative function of muscle tissue is reportedly normal in older adults.

Question 30

Which minerals are stored in bones? (Select all that apply.)

A) Carbonate
B) Phosphate
C) Selenium
D) Magnesium
E) Calcium

Question 31

Which statement describes a neuroregulin?

A) Chemical mediator that initiates signals from the anterior horn cell of the spinal card to the axon of motor nerve branches of groups of muscle fibers
B) Neurotransmitter that provides a means of reporting changes in length, tension, velocity, and tone in muscles
C) Proteoglycan secreted by neurons, which increases acetylcholine receptors
D) Mechanoreceptor that lies parallel to muscle fibers and responds to muscle stretching

Question 32

Which characteristic is true of type II (white fast-motor)muscle fibers?

A) Slow contraction speed
B) Fast conduction velocities
C) Profuse capillary supply
D) Oxidative metabolism

Question 33

Which component is found in synovial fluid?

A) Protein polysaccharides
B) Water
C) Leukocytes
D) Chondrocytes

Question 34

Which four-step process correctly describes muscle contraction?

A) Coupling, contraction, relaxation, excitation
B) Contraction, relaxation, excitation, coupling
C) Relaxation, excitation, coupling, contraction
D) Excitation, coupling, contraction, relaxation

Question 35

Which statements are true regarding osteocytes? (Select all that apply.)

A) An osteocyte is a transformed osteoblast.
B) An osteocyte obtains nutrients from capillaries in the canaliculi.
C) The functioning of an osteocyte is well understood.
D) Osteocytes signal osteoclasts and osteoblasts to form new bone.
E) An osteocyte helps maintain levels of calcium and phosphorus in blood plasma.

Question 36

Which term is used to identify a functional muscle contraction in which the muscle contracts but the limb does not move?

A) Isotonic
B) Isometric
C) Eccentric
D) Concentric

Question 37

Match the stages of wound healing of a bone with the description of each.Stages may be used more than once.
Periosteal and endosteal surfaces of the bone are formed to the size and shape of the bone before an injury.

A)Callus replacement
B)Hematoma formation
C)Remodeling
D)Procallus formation
E)Callus formation

Question 38

In adults,hematopoiesis takes place in which bone marrow cavities? (Select all that apply.)

A) Skull
B) Shoulders
C) Sternum
D) Long bones
E) Pelvis

Question 39

Match the stages of wound healing of a bone with the description of each.Stages may be used more than once.
Fibroblasts,capillary buds,and osteoblasts move into the wound to produce granulation tissue.

A)Callus replacement
B)Hematoma formation
C)Remodeling
D)Procallus formation
E)Callus formation

Question 40

Which factors influence the rate of protein synthesis of skeletal muscles? (Select all that apply.)

A) Insulin
B) Cortisol
C) Parathyroid hormone
D) Growth hormone
E) Amino acid substrates

Question 41

Match the stages of wound healing of a bone with the description of each.Stages may be used more than once.
Osteoblasts continue to restore callus with lamellar bone or trabecular bone.

A)Callus replacement
B)Hematoma formation
C)Remodeling
D)Procallus formation
E)Callus formation

Question 42

Match the stages of wound healing of a bone with the description of each.Stages may be used more than once.
Fibrin and platelets form a meshwork within the initial framework for healing.

A)Callus replacement
B)Hematoma formation
C)Remodeling
D)Procallus formation
E)Callus formation