Deck 43: Molecules and Solids

Question 1

The frequency of a microwave absorbed by a molecule when changing from the J = 3 to J = 4 rotation energy state is 4.61 × 10¹¹ Hz.The moment of inertia of the molecule (in kg ⋅ m²)is

A)5.70 × 10−⁴⁵
B)1.45 × 10−⁴⁶
C)1.12 × 10−⁴⁴
D)2.91 × 10−⁴⁶
E)9.11 × 10−⁴⁶

Answer 1

1.45 × 10−⁴⁶

Question 2

The force constant of HCl is 480 N/m.If the atomic masses are 1 u and 35 u (1 u = 1.66 × 10−²⁷ kg),find the fundamental frequency (in Hz).

A)6.4 × 10¹³
B)9.2 × 10¹³
C)7.7 × 10¹³
D)8.7 × 10¹³
E)1.4 × 10¹³

Answer 2

8.7 × 10¹³

Question 3

Which of the following refer to the basic categories associated with the energy of a single molecule in a gaseous phase?

A)nuclear,electronic,interval
B)electronic,translation,rotation,vibration
C)ionic,covalent,hydrogen,Van der Waals
D)translation,rotation,vibration
E)dipole-dipole,covalent,ionic,translation

Answer 3

electronic,translation,rotation,vibration

Question 4

An experiment determines that there are 49 allowed rotational energies for a diatomic molecule whose moment of inertia is 2 × 10−⁴⁶ kg ⋅ m².The maximum rotational kinetic energy (in eV)is

A)0.6
B)0.2
C)0.4
D)0.8
E)1.0

Question 5

Assume a diatomic molecule can be considered to be two point masses separated by a distance r.The center of mass of the system is located a distance x from m₁,equal to

A)m₁r/(m₁ + m₂)
B)m₂r/(m₁ + m₂)
C)(m₁ + m₂)r/m₁
D)(m₁ + m₂)r/m₂
E)r(m₂/m₁)

Question 6

The rotation spectrum of the HCl molecule has been observed in the far infrared,around 50 × 10−⁶ m.The spacing between successive lines in the spectrum corresponds to radiation of wavelength equal to 5 microns (1 μm = 10−⁶ m).Determine the frequency of the photon associated with this transition.

A)6 × 10¹⁴ Hz
B)6 × 10¹² Hz
C)6 × 10¹¹ Hz
D)6 × 10¹³ Hz
E)6 × 10¹⁰ Hz

Question 7

A diatomic molecule consists of two point masses,m₁ and m₂,separated by a distance r.Find the moment of inertia through the center of mass about an axis perpendicular to the molecular axis.

A)m₁m₂r²/(m₁ + m₂)
B)[(m₁m₂/m₁)+ m₂]r²
C)(m₁ + m₂)/m₁m₂r²
D)(m₁ + m₁)r² /m₁m₂
E)m₁m₂r²/m₁

Question 8

How many degrees of freedom does a diatomic molecule have?

A)3
B)6
C)5
D)7
E)9

Question 9

The rotation spectrum of the HCl molecule suggests a photon in the far infrared (around 5.0 × 10−⁶ m)can excite the first rotational level.From this data,the moment of inertia of the HCl molecule (in kg ⋅ m²)is

A)2.8 × 10−⁴⁸
B)2.8 × 10−⁴⁹
C)2.8 × 10−⁴⁷
D)2.8 × 10−⁴⁶
E)2.8 × 10−⁴⁵

Question 10

The rotational kinetic energy of a diatomic molecule can take the form

A)(1/2)mω²
B)(1/2)Iω²
C)[m₁m₂/(m₁ + m₂)]r₂ω²
D)(1/2)mv²
E)1/2 μω²

Question 11

The moment of inertia of a CO molecule is 1.46 × 10−⁴⁶ kg ⋅ m².What is the wavelength of the photon emitted if a rotational transition occurs from the J = 3 to the J = 2 state?

A)4.36 × 10−⁴ m
B)8.71 × 10−⁴ m
C)17.4 × 10−³ m
D)5.53 × 10−⁴ m
E)2.90 × 10−⁴ m

Question 12

The fundamental frequency of HF is 8.72 × 10¹³ Hz.The energy associated with a transition from the 10th to the 9th vibrational quantum number (in eV)is

A)3.61
B)0.361
C)0.060 5
D)0.605
E)0.182

Question 13

The energy released when an atom takes an electron is called

A)internal energy
B)dissociation energy
C)binding energy
D)electron affinity
E)ionization energy

Question 14

The dissociation energy of the hydrogen molecule is approximately 5 eV.What is the temperature of a monatomic molecule whose kinetic energy is equal to 5.000 eV?

A)28990 K
B)57970 K
C)38650 K
D)23190 K
E)12880 K

Question 15

A diatomic molecule consists of two point masses,m₁ and m₂,separated by a distance r.If x is the distance from m₁ to the center of mass,find the moment of inertia in terms of x about an axis perpendicular to the molecular axis through the center of mass.

A)0
B)m₁m₂ r²/m₁ + m₂
C)m₁(r − x)² + m₂x²
D)m₁x² + m₂(r − x)²
E)m₂x² + m₁r²

Question 16

A molecule makes a transition from the J = 1 to the J = 0 rotational energy state.The wavelength of the emitted photon is 2.6 × 10−³ m.What is the moment of inertia of the molecule (in kg ⋅ m²)?

A)2.9 × 10−⁴⁶
B)5.7 × 10−⁴⁵
C)1.1 × 10−⁴⁴
D)1.5 × 10−⁴⁶
E)9.1 × 10−⁴⁶

Question 17

The fundamental frequency of CO is 6.42 × 10¹³ Hz.If the atomic masses are 12 u and 16 u (1 u = 1.66 × 10−²⁷ kg),find the force constant (in N/m)for the diatomic molecule.

A)970
B)1 530
C)1 850
D)480
E)47

Question 18

A diatomic molecule consists of two point masses,m₁ and m₂,separated by a distance r.If x is the distance from m₁ to the center of mass,find the moment of inertia in terms of x about an axis parallel to the molecular axis through the center of mass.

A)0
B)m₁x² + m₂(r − x)²
C)m₁m₂ r²(m₁m₂)
D)m₁(r − x)² + m₂x²
E)m₁x² + m₂r²

Question 19

An oxygen molecule has a moment of inertia of 5 × 10−⁴⁶ kg ⋅ m².Calculate the bond length (in nm).Recall that the atomic mass of oxygen is 16 u (1 u = 1.66 × 10−²⁷ kg).

A)0.3
B)0.1
C)0.2
D)0.4
E)0.5

Question 20

Assume the angular momentum of a diatomic molecule is quantized according to the relation
)What are the allowed rotational kinetic energies?

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Question 21

In comparing vibrational and rotational levels in molecules,we find that the energy separation between adjacent energy levels is

A)the same in rotational and vibrational levels.
B)greater in rotational than in vibrational levels.
C)greater in vibrational than in rotational levels.
D)directly proportional with one rotational level for each vibrational level.
E)inversely proportional with one rotational level for each vibrational level.

Question 22

The difference between donor and acceptor atoms in a doped semiconductor is that

A)the donor energy level lies halfway between the valence band and the acceptor level.
B)the donor energy level lies near the valence band and the acceptor energy level lies near the conduction band.
C)donor energy levels cannot exist unless acceptor energy levels are present.
D)the donor energy level lies near the conduction band and the acceptor energy level lies near the valence band.
E)the acceptor energy level lies halfway between the conduction band and the donor energy level.

Question 23

In the Lennard-Jones model of the hydrogen molecule,the potential is given by
)In this model,the minimum internuclear separation,r₀,is

A) .
B) .
C) .
D) .
E) .

Question 24

When a molecule jumps from a rotational energy level characterized by the rotational quantum number J to one characterized by J − 1,the difference in energy of levels J and J − 1,E_J − EJ _{− 1},is

A) .
B) .
C) .
D) .
E) .

Question 25

The energy of a molecule can normally be divided into the following categories:

A)rotational and vibrational
B)translational,rotational and vibrational
C)electronic,translational,rotational,and vibrational
D)rotational
E)electronic

Question 26

If an electric field is applied to a metal

A)very few electrons are excited into the conduction band.
B)electrons having energies near the Fermi energy require only a small amount of additional energy from the applied field to reach nearby empty energy states.
C)electrons having energies near the bottom of the band require only a small amount of additional energy from the applied field to reach nearby empty energy states.
D)the principal mode of conduction is through the motion of holes in the filled part of the band.
E)the Fermi energy E_f becomes equal to the applied electric field E.

Question 27

The wave functions of some molecules are a combination of wave functions with different values of the orbital quantum number
)The wave function of PF₅ combines s,p and d states in an sp³d hybrid orbital.We would expect such an overlap of wave functions in individual molecules to represent

A)ionic bonding
B)metallic bonding.
C)covalent bonding.
D)Van der Waal's bonding.
E)hydrogen bonding.

Question 28

Because HF,hydrogen fluoride,is a covalent gaseous molecule at room temperature,we might reasonably expect that at room temperature HCl,hydrogen chloride,is

A)a covalent gaseous molecule.
B)a covalent solid.
C)a metallic gas.
D)a metallic solid.
E)an ionic solid.

Question 29

When a voltage ΔV is applied to a p-n junction diode at absolute temperature T,the current voltage relationship is

A) .
B) .
C) .
D) .
E) .

Question 30

When calculating the rotational kinetic energy of a diatomic molecule,with atoms of mass m₁ and m₂,the moment of inertia about an axis passing through the molecule's center of mass,with r the atomic separation,is

A) .
B) .
C) .
D) .
E) .

Question 31

The diagram below shows the distance between the nuclei,p_A and p_B,and the electrons,e₁ and e₂,in a hydrogen molecule.We would expect the electrostatic potential energy of this molecule to be

A) .
B) .
C) .
D) .
E) .

Question 32

The Fermi energy corresponds to

A)the maximum energy electrons can have in a metal at T = 0 K.
B)the maximum energy electrons can have in a metal at T = 0 C.
C)the minimum energy electrons can have in a metal at T = 0 K.
D)the number of electrons per unit volume between E and E + dE.
E)the minimum energy electrons can have in a metal at T = 0 C.

Question 33

The Fermi energy of a metal at a temperature T is 7.0 eV.What is the average energy (in eV)of a conduction electron at that temperature?

A)2.8
B)7.0
C)3.5
D)4.2
E)4.7

Question 34

To find the number of electrons per unit volume with energy between E and E + dE in a metal we must multiply the number of allowed states per unit volume with energy E by

A)the probability that a state is unoccupied, .
B)the probability that a state is occupied, .
C)the probability that a state is unoccupied, .
D)the probability that a state is occupied, .
E)dE alone.

Question 35

The Fermi temperature is

A)a characteristic temperature of an electron gas at a physical temperature of absolute zero.
B)a characteristic temperature of an electron gas at a physical temperature of 0° Celsius.
C)the temperature of the electron gas in absolute degrees.
D)related to the Fermi energy by the relation E_F = (3/2)kT.
E)independent of the Fermi energy.

Question 36

The Fermi temperature of copper is 80 000 K.The corresponding Fermi energy (in eV)is

A)7
B)5
C)3
D)1
E)4

Question 37

The energy gap for germanium is 0.670 eV at room temperature.What wavelength must a photon have (in nm)to excite the electron to the conduction band?

A)640
B)1 090
C)1 850
D)2 200
E)925

Question 38

When a molecule jumps from a rotational energy level characterized by the rotational quantum number J to one characterized by J + 1,the change in energy,EJ _{+ 1} − E_J,is

A) .
B) .
C) .
D) .
E) .

Question 39

An energy band in a solid consists of

A)an infinite number of levels,with each level corresponding to a point in a box.
B)a large number of energy levels so closely spaced that they may be regarded as a continuous band.
C)an infinite number of wave functions,with each wave function corresponding to a point in a box.
D)a large number of electrons so closely spaced that they may be regarded as a continuous band of electric charge.
E)an infinite number of electrons,with each electron corresponding to a point in a box.

Question 40

Ellis and Randy are looking at a molecular absorption spectrum.The spectral lines appear to fall into two groups with a gap in the middle.Ellis says that this must be an absorption spectrum for transitions between the v = 0 and v = 1 vibrational states of a diatomic molecule.Randy says the gap in the middle must occur because a ΔJ = 0 transition is forbidden.Which one,if either,is correct,and why?

A)Ellis,because rotational levels are separated by greater energy differences than vibrational levels.
B)Randy,because rotational levels are separated by greater energy differences than vibrational levels.
C)Ellis,because the ΔJ = 0 transition is the most prominent spectral line in transitions between vibrational levels.
D)Neither,because rotational levels are separated by greater energies that vibrational levels and ΔJ = 0 transitions are not forbidden.
E)Both,because vibrational levels are separated by greater energy differences than rotational levels and ΔJ = 0 transitions are forbidden.

Question 41

The energy gap for a semiconductor is 1.25 eV.Of the frequencies given below,what is the minimum frequency photon than can move an electron from the valence band to the conduction band?

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Question 42

Solid argon has a density of 1650 kg/m³.The atomic weight of argon is 40.0.Assuming each atom occupies a cubical volume,what is the distance between the argon atoms?

Question 43

An LED emits light of wavelength 600 nm.What is its band gap?

A)1.11 eV
B)1.54 eV
C)1.99 eV
D)2.07 eV
E)2.33 eV

Question 44

In the hydrogen molecule,H₂,the separation between the protons is 10−¹⁰ m.If the molecule is in its first rotational energy state,what is the angular velocity of the molecule about its center of mass?

Question 45

What is the energy of the first rotational state of the hydrogen (H₂)molecule? The separation between the protons is 10−¹⁰ m and the mass of each proton is 1.67 × 10−²⁷ kg.(h = 6.626 × 10−³⁴ J ⋅ s and 1 eV = 1.6 × 10−¹⁹ J. )

Question 46

The smallest object one can distinguish using the electron microscope is on the order of one nanometer (1 nm = 10−⁹ m).How many atoms of gold are contained in a cube whose edge is 1 nm long? The atomic mass of gold is 197 and its density is 19.3 g/cm³.