Deck 13: Human Development: Heredity and Environment

Question 1

Which of the following is found in the nucleus of every human cell and contains a record of all the instructions needed to make a human?

A)DNA
B)neuropeptides
C)myelin
D)neurilemma

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Dianne is a psychologist who is interested in the progressive changes that people show in their physical,cognitive,emotional,and social abilities from conception to death.Dianne is most likely a psychologist.

A)social
B)behavioral
C)comparative
D)developmental

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The study of changes in behavior from conception to death encompasses the field known as

A)gerontology.
B)thanatology.
C)developmental psychology.
D)social psychology.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

According to the text,what conclusion can be drawn in the nature-nurture debate?

A)Heredity is the most important because we inherit our potential for development as well as our limitations.
B)Environment is the most important because influences,such as learning,nutrition,disease,and culture affect our ability to develop to our potential.
C)It is the interaction between heredity and environment that is important in determining who we become.
D)Neither heredity nor environment is important;only our own behavior determines who we are.

Question 5

The uniting of the egg and sperm is referred to as

A)development.
B)transformation.
C)conception.
D)developmental sequencing.

Question 6

The chemical molecules making up DNA are

A)organic acids.
B)organic bases.
C)ribosomes.
D)molecular ganglia.

Question 7

The importance of heredity stems from the fact that it

A)is not subject to environmental influences.
B)determines the overall health of the organism.
C)sets the limits of development by providing a framework of potentials and limitations.
D)is more fragile than the environment and,consequently,can be more changeable.

Question 8

Learning to dance or to use a computer is primarily a matter of

A)nurture.
B)nature.
C)heredity.
D)maturation.

Question 9

Achieving sexual maturity is mostly governed by

A)nurture.
B)nature.
C)the environment.
D)evolutionary senescence.

Question 10

Identical twins are less alike as adults than they were as children,which demonstrates the influence of

A)heredity.
B)nature.
C)polygenic factors.
D)the environment.

Question 11

The genetic transmission of physical and psychological characteristics from parents to offspring is known as

A)development.
B)heredity.
C)nurture.
D)maturation.

Question 12

Conception occurs when the

A)egg is released from the ovary.
B)egg and sperm unite.
C)fertilized egg makes its first division.
D)embryo implants into the uterine lining.

Question 13

When psychologists attribute development to nature,they are referring to the effects of

A)mother/infant bonding.
B)heredity and genetics.
C)environmental influences.
D)evolutionary selection.

Question 14

Psychologists generally resolve the nature-nurture debate by agreeing that

A)heredity and environment are interacting and inseparable factors in development.
B)heredity is more important because it precedes the effects of experience.
C)environment is more important because its effects are less flexible than those of heredity.
D)environment is more important because most behaviors of interest to psychologists are learned.

Question 15

Even when they are reared apart,identical twins are strikingly alike in motor skills,physical development,and appearance,which demonstrates the powerful influence of

A)heredity.
B)nurture.
C)senescence.
D)the environment.

Question 16

Developmental psychologists are interested in changes in behavior that occur from

A)conception on to death (the womb to the tomb).
B)birth to adolescence (infant to teen).
C)birth to adulthood (child to grown-up).
D)conception to senescence.

Question 17

Developmental psychology is the study of

A)the language,personality,and emotions of children and adolescents.
B)the stages of life and the important tasks of each.
C)progressive changes in behavior and abilities from conception to death.
D)the role of maturation in the unfolding of human potential.

Question 18

A major scientific milestone was reached with the completion of the entire sequencing of three billion chemical base pairs of human DNA.This project was known as the Project.

A)Manhattan
B)Nature-Nurture
C)Human Genome
D)Polygenic Mapping

Question 19

The long,ladder-like chains of chemical molecules that act as a code for genetic information are known as

A)DNA.
B)gametes.
C)ribosomes.
D)neurilemmas.

Question 20

The code for genetic information consists of

A)the sperm and ovum.
B)the presence of neurotransmitters,especially acetylcholine.
C)the order of the molecules making up DNA.
D)molecular ganglia.

Question 21

The overall pattern of physical development from conception to death is known as the

A)human growth sequence.
B)senescence pattern.
C)adaptation sequence.
D)zone of proximal development.

Question 22

Specific areas on a strand of DNA that carry hereditary information are called

A)myelins.
B)genes.
C)neurilemmas.
D)ribosomes.

Question 23

James has one brown-eye gene and one blue-eye gene.His wife Carolyn also has one brown-eye gene and one blue-eye gene.What is the chance that their child could have blue eyes?

A)one chance in two
B)one chance in three
C)one chance in four
D)no chance (zero out of four)

Question 24

Traits that are determined by many genes working in combination are called characteristics.

A)dominant
B)recessive
C)polymorphic
D)polygenic

Question 25

One's skin color is controlled by the expression of many genes working together in combination.Thus,skin color is a __________ characteristic.

A)dominant
B)recessive
C)polygenic
D)sex-linked

Question 26

Which combination could produce a blue-eyed child?

A)The father is brown-eyed,and the mother is blue-eyed.
B)The father is blue-eyed,and the mother is brown-eyed.
C)Both father and mother are brown-eyed.
D)Each of these could produce a blue-eyed child.

Question 27

Within the nucleus of every human cell are 46 thread-like structures that hold the coded instructions of heredity. These 46 structures are called

A)gametes.
B)DNA organic acids.
C)chromosomes.
D)genes.

Question 28

The part of a chromosome that contains instructions that affect a particular process or personal characteristic is called a(n)

A)isotope.
B)gene.
C)soma.
D)autosome.

Question 29

All the genetic information that passes from the two parents to the child is contained within the nucleus of every cell in that child's body in the form of 46

A)genes.
B)zygotes.
C)chromosomes.
D)gametes.

Question 30

Morgan has albinism,a recessive condition resulting in a lack of skin pigment.If neither of Morgan's parents have albinism,how did Morgan develop this condition?

A)Morgan received a dominant gene for the condition from each parent.
B)Morgan received a recessive gene for the condition from each parent.
C)Morgan received two dominant genes for the condition from one of her parents.
D)Morgan received two recessive genes for the condition from one of her parents.

Question 31

Both parents carry one recessive gene for sickle cell anemia,but they do not have sickle cell anemia themselves.What is the chance that their child could have sickle cell anemia?

A)one chance in two
B)one chance in three
C)one chance in four
D)no chance (zero out of four)

Question 32

How many genes have been shown to play a role in determining one's height?

A)only two
B)four
C)appoximately 10
D)almost 200

Question 33

Chromosomes are made up of

A)zygotes.
B)gametes.
C)genes.
D)phenotypes.

Question 34

Regarding the mechanisms of heredity,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Most of our characteristics are controlled by single genes.
B)Heredity determines eye color,skin color,and susceptibility to some diseases.
C)Genes can switch on or off at certain ages or developmental stages.
D)Genetic instructions influence intelligence,personality traits,and sexual orientation.

Question 35

Bruce has a dominant gene for brown eyes and a recessive gene for blue eyes.Bruce's eye color would be

A)green
B)brown
C)blue
D)impossible to predict

Question 36

Which of the following words means "colored body"?

A)gene
B)chromosome
C)zygote
D)gamete

Question 37

In the nucleus of every human cell,except for the sperm and ova,are chromosomes.

A)24
B)36
C)46
D)60

Question 38

A gene whose influence will be expressed each time the gene is present is known as a gene.

A)recessive
B)dominant
C)polygenic
D)sex-linked

Question 39

A gene whose influence will be expressed only when it is paired with a second gene of the same type is known as a __________ gene.

A)recessive
B)dominant
C)polygenic
D)gender-linked

Question 40

Within the nucleus of each sperm and each ovum there are chromosomes.

A)23
B)36
C)46
D)60

Question 41

The average American infant first crawls at age

A)six months.
B)10 months.
C)12 months.
D)14 months.

Question 42

The average American infant first walks alone at age

A)seven months.
B)nine months.
C)12 months.
D)15 months.

Question 43

The orderly sequence in the development of motor abilities from crawling to walking is a result of

A)cultural influences.
B)maturation.
C)attachment or bonding.
D)imitation or modeling.

Question 44

The average American infant is first able to sit alone,without support,around age

A)two months.
B)four months.
C)seven months.
D)11 months.

Question 45

If you were to observe the development of psychomotor abilities in infants across cultures,you would find the most similarities in the

A)ages at which each ability appears.
B)child-rearing practices used to foster development.
C)sequence in which abilities appear.
D)relationship between intellectual and psychomotor development.

Question 46

Samantha went from sitting to standing to walking and never crawled.Her motor development would be

A)considered still orderly.
B)described as an abnormal cephalocaudal development.
C)described as an abnormal proximodistal development.
D)out of sequence due to excessive training by the parents.

Question 47

The physical growth and development of the body,brain,and nervous system is called

A)readiness.
B)maturation.
C)mobility.
D)heredity.

Question 48

Regarding the capabilities of the neonate,which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

A)Neonates can lift their heads.
B)Neonates can turn over.
C)Neonates are born with some basic survival skills.
D)Neonates are characterized by all of these skills.

Question 49

The broad outlines of the human growth sequence are virtually universal.This fact is evidence of the effect of which of the following on development?

A)heredity
B)temperament
C)environment
D)motor primacy

Question 50

In the human growth sequence,an extremely variable period that is characterized by marked physiological and psychological deterioration is known as

A)the neonatal period.
B)the germinal period.
C)pubescence.
D)senescence.

Question 51

When an individual develops from a zygote to an embryo to a fetus to a neonate and so on until one's death,this overall pattern of physical development is known as the

A)human growth sequence.
B)senescence pattern.
C)adaptation sequence.
D)zone of proximal development.

Question 52

Carol is seven years old,and her brother is 10 years old.According to the human growth sequence,Carol and her brother are in the period known as

A)early childhood.
B)middle childhood.
C)pubescence.
D)senescence.

Question 53

In the human growth sequence,which of the following is a CORRECT match between the period and age range?

A)embryonic------first two weeks after conception
B)neonatal---------two to eight weeks after conception
C)fetal-------------eight weeks after conception to birth
D)germinal--------from birth to a few weeks after birth

Question 54

Lance is a newborn infant.During the first weeks following birth,Lance would be referred to as a(n)

A)embryo.
B)neonate.
C)zygote.
D)fetus.

Question 55

Maturation is defined as the

A)physical growth and development of the body,brain,and nervous system.
B)organism's ability to adapt to changing conditions.
C)sum of all the external conditions affecting development.
D)transmission of physical and psychological characteristics from parent to offspring.

Question 56

In the human growth sequence,the period from a few weeks after birth until the child is walking securely would be known as

A)the fetal period.
B)the neonatal period.
C)infancy.
D)toddlerhood.

Question 57

In the development of motor skills,such as sitting,standing,and walking,the major force guiding the emergence of these skills seems to be

A)assimilation.
B)scaffolding.
C)learning.
D)maturation.

Question 58

Regarding the rate and order of maturation,which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)Rate varies but order is almost universal.
B)Both rate and order vary.
C)Rate and order are invariant.
D)Rate is almost universal but order varies.

Question 59

In the human growth sequence,a child who is between the ages of 15 to 18 months and two to two and half years old would be

A)in the pubescence period.
B)in the senescence period.
C)referred to as a neonate.
D)referred to as a toddler.

Question 60

In the human growth sequence,the germinal,embryonic,and fetal periods make up the period.

A)prenatal
B)neonatal
C)postnatal
D)senescence

Question 61

Regarding the motor skills of babies,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)It is not unusual for many of the motor skills to appear one to two months earlier than average or several months later.
B)The order of maturation of motor skills is almost universal.
C)Babies tend to tune their motor skills over time,making their movements smoother and more effective.
D)Babies who substitute rolling,creeping,or shuffling for crawling are considered to be developmentally delayed.

Question 62

The grasping,rooting,and sucking reflexes of infants are best described as

A)fixed action patterns.
B)instincts.
C)conditioned reflexes.
D)adaptive reflexes.

Question 63

Regarding the motor skills of babies,which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)Motor skills simply emerge at the appropriate developmental ages.
B)Behaviors in infants are sudden and dramatic;one day,they are sitting without support,and the next day they are standing holding on to the furniture.
C)Babies tend to tune their motor skills over time,making their movements smoother and more effective.
D)Maturation is the only factor behind developing motor skills.

Question 64

Betsy notices that her infant gained control of the muscles in his upper arms and then his lower arms,wrist,hands,and and,finally his fingers.This pattern she observed is referred to as the

A)proximodistal pattern.
B)cephalocaudal pattern.
C)zone of proximal development.
D)one-step-ahead pattern.

Question 65

Which of the following reflexes are related to feeding?

A)Moro and rooting reflexes
B)rooting and sucking reflexes
C)Moro and sucking reflexes
D)Babinski and orienting reflexes

Question 66

When a nipple touches the infant's mouth,the sucking reflex helps the infant obtain needed food.Like other reflexes,this is a(n)action.

A)completely learned
B)teratogenic
C)transformational
D)genetically programmed

Question 67

Psychologist Gloriayn Rovee-Collier placed babies on their backs under a colorful crib mobile and tied a ribbon around the baby's ankle,connecting it to the mobile.Whenever the babies spontaneously kicked their legs,the mobile jingled and rattled.Within minutes,infants as young as what age learned to control their movements and kick faster to move the mobile more?

A)three months
B)six months
C)nine months
D)12 months

Question 68

Which reflex helps a baby find a bottle nipple or breast?

A)rooting
B)Babinski
C)grasping
D)Moro

Question 69

Proximodistal means from

A)the center of the body to the extremities.
B)the past to the future.
C)the head to the toes.
D)birth to death.

Question 70

Amy lifts her head,then learns to crawl,then to walk with the development progressing from her head to her feet. This progression illustrates

A)the cephalocaudal pattern.
B)the proximodistal pattern.
C)habituation.
D)assimilation.

Question 71

Which of the following is an adaptive infant reflex that is elicited by pressing an object into the neonate's palm and aids the neonate's survival by helping him or her to avoid falling?

A)Moro reflex
B)rooting reflex
C)Babinski reflex
D)grasping reflex

Question 72

Cephalocaudal means from

A)the center of the body to the extremities.
B)the past to the future.
C)the head to the toes.
D)birth to death.

Question 73

When a nipple touches the infant's mouth,rhythmic nursing occurs.This rhythmic nursing is known as the __________ reflex.

A)rooting
B)sucking
C)grasping
D)Moro

Question 74

Muscular control spreads in a pattern from the center of the body to the extremities,according to the

A)proximodistal pattern.
B)cephalocaudal pattern.
C)zone of proximal development.
D)scaffolding pattern.

Question 75

If touched on the cheek,neonates will turn their head in that direction.This is called the

A)Moro reflex.
B)rooting reflex.
C)orientation response.
D)Babinski response.

Question 76

Muscular control spreads in a pattern from head to toe,according to the

A)zone of proximal development.
B)adaptive gradient.
C)cephalocaudal pattern.
D)proximodistal pattern.

Question 77

Bobby touches his newborn brother's palm,and his little brother takes hold of Bobby's finger and will not let go.This is known as the reflex.

A)grasping
B)rooting
C)Babinski
D)Moro

Question 78

Regarding the grasping reflex,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)The grasping reflex is considered an adaptive infant reflex.
B)The grasping reflex aids survival by helping infants avoid falling.
C)The grasping reflex is elicited for the first time as a baby attempts to stand by holding onto objects.
D)The grasping reflex can be so strong that many infants can hang from a raised bar,like little trapeze artists.

Question 79

If an infant is startled by a loud sound or if his or her position is abruptly changed,the infant will make movements similar to an embrace.This is called the reflex.

A)grasping
B)rooting
C)Babinski
D)Moro

Question 80

Gabe,at first,holds the beach ball by pulling the ball to his body with his arms.With increasing age,he begins to hold the ball with his hands and later with his fingertips.This progression of development illustrates

A)the cephalocaudal pattern.
B)the proximodistal pattern.
C)habituation.
D)assimilation.