Deck 29: Conditioning and Learning: Classical Conditioning

Question 1

During and after conditioning,the bell served as which of the following in Ivan Pavlov's experiment with the dogs?

A)conditioned response
B)unconditioned stimulus
C)conditioned stimulus
D)unconditioned response

Answer 1

C

Question 2

After pairing the conditioned stimulus (CS)and unconditioned stimulus (US)in a series of conditioning trials,the organism learns to respond to the CS alone.This learned behavior is then termed the

A)neutral stimulus.
B)latent stimulus.
C)unconditioned response.
D)conditioned response.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

In Pavlov's experiments with dogs,the unconditioned response was the

A)food.
B)bell.
C)salivation to the food.
D)salivation to the bell.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Learning that involves the pairing of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli is called

A)operant conditioning.
B)vicarious learning.
C)observational learning.
D)classical conditioning.

Question 5

In Pavlov's experiments with dogs,the conditioned response was the

A)food.
B)bell.
C)salivation to the food.
D)salivation to the bell.

Question 6

Pavlov's most famous experiment involved teaching dogs to do which of the following behaviors to a new stimulus?

A)salivate
B)blink
C)bark
D)regurgitate

Question 7

In Pavlov's experiments with dogs,salivation to the food was the

A)conditioned response.
B)unconditioned stimulus.
C)conditioned stimulus.
D)unconditioned response.

Question 8

In Pavlov's experiments,the meat powder (food)placed on the dog's tongue was the

A)conditioned stimulus.
B)unconditioned stimulus.
C)conditioned response.
D)unconditioned response.

Question 9

In Pavlov's experiments with dogs,the conditioned stimulus was the

A)food.
B)bell.
C)salivation to the food.
D)salivation to the bell.

Question 10

In Pavlov's experiments with dogs,salivation to the bell was the

A)conditioned response.
B)unconditioned stimulus.
C)conditioned stimulus.
D)unconditioned response.

Question 11

In classical conditioning,a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with another stimulus that naturally elicits a reflex response.This neutral stimulus will become known as the

A)unconditioned stimulus.
B)conditioned stimulus.
C)reflexive stimulus.
D)latent stimulus.

Question 12

In Pavlov's experiments with dogs,the bell (prior to conditioning)was the

A)neutral stimulus.
B)unconditioned stimulus.
C)conditioned response.
D)unconditioned response.

Question 13

Classical conditioning is most often used to condition

A)reflexes.
B)short-term behavior.
C)negative behavior.
D)positive behavior.

Question 14

When a stimulus acquires the power to elicit a response as a result of being paired with a stimulus that already produces the response,then which of the following has occurred?

A)operant conditioning
B)instrumental learning
C)respondent conditioning
D)insight learning

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the unusual events that occurred in Pavlov's laboratory that led him to the discovery of classical conditioning?

A)Dogs salivated after meat powder was placed in their mouths.
B)Dogs sometimes salivated before the meat powder was placed in their mouths.
C)Salivation existed in dogs as an unlearned reflex.
D)Dogs salivated if and only if they were given a reward.

Question 16

In Pavlov's experiments with dogs,the unconditioned stimulus was the

A)food.
B)bell.
C)salivation to the food.
D)salivation to the bell.

Question 17

The unconditioned stimulus,by definition,leads to a(n)

A)conditioned response.
B)conditioned stimulus.
C)unconditioned response.
D)classic response.

Question 18

To determine whether or not conditioning has occurred in the traditional Pavlovian experiment,an experimenter would present the

A)bell alone.
B)meat powder alone.
C)bell,followed by the meat powder.
D)meat powder,followed by the bell.

Question 19

Ivan Pavlov has been credited with the initial discovery of

A)operant conditioning.
B)reinforcement.
C)classical conditioning.
D)vicarious conditioning.

Question 20

A type of learning was discovered when the dogs in a lab learned to salivate to a bell.Which of the following is NOT one of the names by which this type of learning is known?

A)instrumental conditioning
B)Pavlovian conditioning
C)respondent conditioning
D)classical conditioning

Question 21

The conditioning of which of the following behaviors may be useful for distinguishing locked-in individuals from those with more severe brain damage as well as distinguishing the severely brain-damaged individuals who are minimally conscious from those who are in a vegetative state?

A)tongue placement
B)movement tics
C)eye blinks
D)lucid dreaming

Question 22

Mike and Jeff are brothers who have just moved with their parents into a beautiful old house.Mike soon discovers that if he flushes the toilet while Jeff is taking a shower,it will cause the water in the shower to become scalding hot.Naturally,Jeff screams as his reflexes cause him to leap backward in pain.After Mike has repeated this procedure several times,Jeff has begun to twitch involuntarily every time he hears any toilet flush.In this example,the sound of the flushing toilet would be the

A)conditioned response (CR).
B)conditioned stimulus (CS).
C)unconditioned response (UR).
D)unconditioned stimulus (US).

Question 23

At a party,a friend of yours keeps popping balloons with a lighted cigarette.By the time he is about to pop the fifth balloon,you notice that your muscles tense and you squint each time the cigarette nears the balloon.Obviously,

A)the cigarette is a US.
B)the popping sound is a US.
C)squinting is a reinforcer.
D)shaping has occurred.

Question 24

Regarding eye blink conditioning,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Eye blink conditioning is an example of the type of learning known as operant or instrumental conditioning.
B)Patients in a vegetative state are not likely to be conditioned to make the eye blink or to recover any mental functions.
C)Patients who are at least minimally conscious can be conditioned to make the eye blink and may recover some mental functions.
D)Currently,some minimally conscious patients are misdiagnosed and are not offered appropriate therapy.

Question 25

Mollie loved to eat her grandmother's pecan pie.However,as her grandmother got older,she had difficulty picking out all the pecan shells,so some of the pieces got cooked into the pie.When Mollie would bite into a piece of pecan shell in the pie,she would grab her jaw in pain.After several visits eating "pecan­shell" pie,Mollie would grab her jaw before she even put a bite of pie in her mouth.The pain (of biting a pecan shell)is the

A)conditioned response (CR).
B)conditioned stimulus (CS).
C)unconditioned response (UR).
D)unconditioned stimulus (US).

Question 26

Your dog has learned to run to his food dish whenever he sees you go to the closet in the laundry room where you keep his dry food.Your dog learned this association through

A)instrumental learning.
B)classical conditioning.
C)observational learning.
D)operant conditioning.

Question 27

Although Sydney was not feeling very well,she went to her favorite Chinese restaurant for lunch.After eating the food,she became very sick.Upon going to the doctor,she found out that it was a stomach virus that had made her sick,not the food.However,the next time she went to the Chinese restaurant and smelled the food,she immediately felt nauseous.In this story,the unconditioned response (UR)was

A)the smell of the Chinese food.
B)the stomach virus.
C)getting sick due to the stomach virus.
D)getting sick to the smell of the Chinese food.

Question 28

Michael is 12 years old and is undergoing chemotherapy treatment.After his first chemotherapy treatment,Michael experienced nausea and vomiting.After several treatments,Michael now experiences anticipatory nausea as soon as he enters the treatment room and before he receives the chemotherapy.In this classical conditioning example, Michael's initial chemotherapy treatment would be considered the

A)conditioned response.
B)unconditioned response.
C)conditioned stimulus.
D)unconditioned stimulus.

Question 29

If the sound of a clap occurs just before a puff of air is delivered to the eye,the person will,after several repetitions,learn to blink to the sound of the clap.Blinking to the sound of the clap would be considered a

A)neutral stimulus.
B)conditioned response.
C)spontaneous response.
D)conditioned stimulus.

Question 30

Mina is ten years old and is undergoing chemotherapy.When she goes into the treatment center for her fourth treatment,Mina experiences nausea before the treatment even begins.Her nausea had been triggered by the sight of the treatment room.In this example,the treatment room was the

A)conditioned stimulus.
B)unconditioned stimulus.
C)conditioned response.
D)unconditioned response.

Question 31

Every time Lisa's dog heard the sound of the electric can opener he began to salivate because he associated the sound with the food.In this example,the sound of the can opener is a

A)conditioned response (CR).
B)unconditioned response (UR).
C)conditioned stimulus (CS).
D)unconditioned stimulus (US).

Question 32

The proper order of events required for classical conditioning to occur is

A)CS---US---UR.
B)US---CS---CR.
C)US---UR---CS.
D)CS---UR---CR.

Question 33

After repeatedly pairing the appearance of a nurse in green scrubs with the painful experience of getting a vaccination,the patient will react every time they see a nurse in green grubs enter the room.In this example,the nurse in the green scrubs is a(n)

A)conditioned response (CR).
B)conditioned stimulus (CS).
C)unconditioned response (UR).
D)unconditioned stimulus (US).

Question 34

Which of the following is the appropriate sequence for classically conditioning an eyeblink response to an auditory stimulus?

A)deliver a puff of air to the eyelid,sound the tone
B)sound the tone,deliver a puff of air to the eyelid
C)follow the eyeblink response with a mild shock
D)follow the eyeblink response with a soft drink

Question 35

During classical conditioning,the sound of a clap is paired with a puff of air as air is delivered to the eye.The clap is referred to as the stimulus.

A)conditioned
B)unconditioned
C)latent
D)instrumental

Question 36

Which of the following would most likely be acquired by classical conditioning?

A)a rat learning to run through a maze correctly
B)a person learning to blink to the word "psychology"
C)a pigeon learns to peck a key of a toy piano
D)a rat learns to press a bar to receive food

Question 37

Mike and Jeff are brothers who have just moved with their parents into a beautiful old house.Mike soon discovers that if he flushes the toilet while Jeff is taking a shower,it will cause the water in the shower to become scalding hot.Naturally,Jeff screams as his reflexes cause him to leap backward in pain.After Mike has repeated this procedure several times,Jeff has begun to twitch involuntarily every time he hears any toilet flush.In this example,jumping backward to the pain of the hot water would be the

A)conditioned response (CR).
B)conditioned stimulus (CS).
C)unconditioned response (UR).
D)unconditioned stimulus (US).

Question 38

A conditioned stimulus comes to evoke a response because it has been repeatedly paired with a(n)

A)unconditioned response.
B)conditioned response.
C)unconditioned stimulus.
D)neutral stimulus.

Question 39

You have learned through direct experience that when the lights blink in your old building that the elevator will soon malfunction,so it is best to take the stairs.This association of stimuli illustrates

A)instrumental learning.
B)operant conditioning.
C)classical conditioning.
D)observational learning.

Question 40

Eye blink conditioning can be accomplished with individuals in

A)a minimally conscious state.
B)a vegetative state.
C)both a minimally conscious and a vegetative state.
D)neither a minimally conscious nor a vegetative state.

Question 41

The perspective that explains learning as a mental expectancy of an upcoming association between two events is known as

A)the law of effect.
B)the interactional view.
C)the informational view.
D)latent learning.

Question 42

Classical conditioning occurs when the

A)unconditioned stimulus (US)is followed by,or associated with,a conditioned response (CR).
B)unconditioned stimulus (US)is preceded by the conditioned response (CR).
C)neutral stimulus (NS)is followed by,or associated with,an unconditioned stimulus (US).
D)unconditioned response (UR)occurs at the same time as the conditioned response (CR).

Question 43

In classical conditioning,which of the following extends learning one or more steps beyond the original conditioned stimulus?

A)the law of effect
B)response chaining
C)higher-order conditioning
D)instrumental conditioning

Question 44

To observe conditioning,one could ring a bell and squirt lemon juice into Johnny's mouth.By repeating this procedure several times,you could condition Johnny to salivate to the bell.Conditioning will be most rapid if the US follows immediately after the CS.In this example,the CS would be

A)the lemon juice.
B)the bell.
C)salivation to the bell.
D)salivation to the lemon juice.

Question 45

In higher-order conditioning,a well-learned CS serves as which type of stimulus in a new pairing situation?

A)neutral stimulus
B)unconditioned stimulus
C)discriminating stimulus
D)dual conditioned stimulus

Question 46

To observe conditioning,one could ring a bell and squirt lemon juice into Johnny's mouth.By repeating this procedure several times,you could condition Johnny to salivate to the bell.Conditioning will be most rapid if the US follows immediately after the CS.In this example,the US would be

A)the lemon juice.
B)the bell.
C)salivation to the bell.
D)salivation to the lemon juice.

Question 47

To test the presence of classical conditioning,you would omit the

A)CS.
B)US.
C)CR.
D)S+.

Question 48

In his experiments,Pavlov found that conditioning worked best if the CS was presented

A)just before the US.
B)at the same time as the US.
C)just after the US.
D)instead of the US.

Question 49

In a television commercial,an advertiser shows a party scene with many college-age students having a great time.The advertiser's product,a new lite­beer,is prominently displayed in the scene.This advertiser is hoping that his product will become associated with fun.Therefore,when a college student is in a store,he or she will associate this new beer will good feelings and fun.The advertiser is depending on which of the following to sell his product?

A)higher-order conditioning
B)shaping
C)response chaining
D)extinction

Question 50

Justin became fearful of doctors and nurses because doctors and nurses were paired with painful shots.Justin's doctor has his office in a round brick building.Now any round brick building will elicit fear and crying from Justin.
Becoming fearful of round brick buildings because they were associated with his doctor is an example of

A)shaping.
B)extinction.
C)vicarious conditioning.
D)higher-order conditioning.

Question 51

Advertisers often try to use higher-order conditioning by

A)pairing images which evoke good feelings with pictures of their products.
B)sounding loud tones at key points in the advertisement.
C)reducing fear or anxiety as they repeatedly show the same commercial.
D)repeating the same slogan over and over again.

Question 52

Three-year-old Josh has been classically conditioned to salivate to a bell.We now clap our hands and then ring the bell.Little Josh will soon learn to salivate when we clap our hands because of

A)the law of effect.
B)shaping.
C)higher-order conditioning.
D)instrumental conditioning.

Question 53

A nurse elicits fear and anxiety as a result of being present when a child received a shot.If this same nurse is paired with a thermometer,the child may also learn to fear the thermometer.This situation demonstrates

A)higher-order conditioning.
B)operant conditioning.
C)spontaneous recovery.
D)vicarious conditioning.

Question 54

For optimal conditioning,the minimum delay between the CS and US should be

A)a half second to five seconds.
B)15 to 30 seconds.
C)40 to 50 seconds.
D)one to two minutes.

Question 55

Those who advocate the information view of conditioning believe the end product of conditioning to be

A)"stamped­in" responses.
B)mental expectations about events.
C)automatic stimulus-response chains.
D)response chains.

Question 56

In higher-order conditioning,the

A)US is used as if it were a CS.
B)US is used as if it were a CR.
C)CS is used as if it were a UR.
D)CS is used as if it were a US.

Question 57

During training,a conditioned response must be established and strengthened during the period known as

A)acquisition.
B)the instrumental step.
C)shaping.
D)latent learning.

Question 58

Regarding the informational view,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Pavlov believed that classical conditioning involved higher mental processes,such as mental expectancies.
B)Many psychologists believe that classical conditioning has cognitive origins because it is related to information that might aid survival.
C)According to this informational view,we look for associations among events and thoughts about how the events are interconnected.
D)During classical conditioning,the brain learns to expect that the US will follow the CS.

Question 59

The term for the initial phase of conditioning when the CS and US are paired is termed

A)acquisition.
B)the instrumental step.
C)shaping.
D)latent learning.

Question 60

Which of the following involves using a well-learned conditioned stimulus (CS)as an unconditioned stimulus (US)?

A)acquisitional training
B)higher-order conditioning
C)shaping
D)extinction

Question 61

To produce extinction in the traditional Pavlovian experiment,an experimenter would present the

A)visual stimulus,then the bell,followed by the meat powder.
B)olfactory stimulus,then the bell,followed by the meat powder.
C)bell,followed by the meat powder.
D)bell alone.

Question 62

According to the informational view,the brain learns to anticipate the future event of the US following the CS. Thus,this view explains classical conditionig in terms of

A)reinforcement.
B)instrumental conditioning.
C)a mental expectancy.
D)a consequence.

Question 63

In terms of the informational view,classical conditioning occurs when we

A)expect that a certain response will be reinforced at certain times.
B)learn that a response was right and therefore worth repeating.
C)experience contingent responses.
D)expect the US will follow the CS.

Question 64

In classical conditioning,the tendency to respond to stimuli similar to (but not identical to)a conditioned response is called

A)stimulus generalization.
B)spontaneous recovery.
C)transfer of training.
D)vicarious conditioning.

Question 65

Which of the following is the weakening of a conditioned response through the removal of the connection between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus?

A)stimulus generalization.
B)extinction.
C)spontaneous recovery.
D)stimulus discrimination.

Question 66

Mitzi's cat has learned to meow every time it hears the can opener because Mitzi opened the cat food using an electric can opener.The cat food now comes in pull-top cans,so the cat never receives food after hearing the can opener.Mitzi's cat stops meowing to the can opener,illustrating that which of the following has taken place?

A)shaping
B)extinction
C)a spontaneous recovery
D)negative reinforcement

Question 67

After having a "fender­bender" at a particular intersection near work,Nancy had to go safely through this intersection every day for two weeks before she stopped tensing up as she neared this intersection.Being able to go through this intersection without becoming tense shows that Nancy's fear has undergone which of the following?

A)extinction
B)shaping
C)a spontaneous recovery
D)latent learning

Question 68

After a response has been extinguished,it will often reappear after a short time has passed.This is called

A)adaptiveness.
B)expectation checking.
C)an extinction recovery.
D)a spontaneous recovery.

Question 69

Presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus will result in

A)reinforcement.
B)generalization.
C)spontaneous recovery.
D)extinction.

Question 70

Through behavioral therapy,Jennifer was able to extinguish her fear of dogs and to actually pet a dog without tensing up.However,Jennifer has a new neighbor with a large dog that growled at her the first time she tried to pet it.Now,Jennifer's fearfulness toward all dogs has returned.This reoccurrence of her past fear is an example of

A)latent learning.
B)response chaining.
C)spontaneous recovery.
D)stimulus control.

Question 71

In a classic experiment,Little Albert,a very young boy,was conditioned to be afraid of a white rat.He also became fearful of white furry rabbits and bearded men.This is an example of

A)stimulus discrimination.
B)stimulus generalization.
C)extinction.
D)shaping.

Question 72

The reappearance of a previously extinguished response is known as

A)a stimulus generalization.
B)a spontaneous recovery.
C)shaping.
D)latent learning.

Question 73

What is meant by the statement,"Classical conditioning is a reversible process"?

A)A conditioned response can be extinguished.
B)An involuntary response will reverse during conditioning.
C)The conditioned response (CR)is the reverse of the unconditioned response (UR).
D)The conditioned response (CR)may elicit the unconditioned stimulus (US).

Question 74

Three-year-old Johnny was classically conditioned to salivate to a bell that was paired with lemon juice.Johnny also salivates to the sound of a ringing telephone and to a doorbell,even though they were never used as conditioning stimuli.Johnny's salivation to the ringing telephone and to the doorbell illustrate

A)stimulus discrimination.
B)stimulus generalization.
C)extinction.
D)shaping.

Question 75

Three-year-old Johnny was classically conditioned to salivate to a bell that was paired with lemon juice.After this conditioned response was extinguished,the experimenter presented the bell the following day,and Johnny responded by salivating again to the bell,at least at first.Johnny's return to the learned response is known as

A)latent learning.
B)response chaining.
C)spontaneous recovery.
D)stimulus control.

Question 76

After Pavlov had conditioned his dogs to salivate to the bell,he repeatedly presented the bell without presenting the food.As a result,which of the following occurred?

A)stimulus generalization
B)stimulus discrimination
C)a spontaneous recovery
D)extinction

Question 77

Gina likes to upset Tim by scratching her fingernails against the chalkboard as she enters their classroom.Now,whenever Gina enters a classroom that Tim is in,he automatically tenses up because he expects her to scratch the chalkboard.This explanation of Tim's behavior is consistent with

A)the informational view.
B)the interactionism theory.
C)the law of effect.
D)shaping.

Question 78

When the conditioned stimulus (CS)is not followed by the unconditioned stimulus (US),which of the following will eventually occur?

A)stimulus generalization
B)shaping
C)extinction
D)latent conditioning

Question 79

If you ring the bell many times and do not follow it with lemon juice,Johnny's expectancy that the bell will precede the lemon juice will weaken.As it does,he will lose his tendency to salivate when he hears the bell because which of the following has occurred?

A)stimulus generalization
B)extinction
C)spontaneous recovery
D)stimulus discrimination

Question 80

When you are about to get a shot with a hypodermic needle,your muscles tighten and there is a catch in your breathing because you have learned to expect that getting poked with a needle will be painful.This explanation of your behavior is consistent with

A)the informational view.
B)the interactionism theory.
C)the law of effect.
D)shaping.