Deck 31: Conditioning and Learning: Reinforcement and Punishment

Question 1

The two main types of operant reinforcers are referred to as

A)primary and secondary.
B)fixed and variable.
C)continuous and intermittent.
D)conditioned and unconditioned.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Food,water,pain reduction,sex,and brain stimulation have in common the fact that all are reinforcers.

A)primary
B)negative
C)secondary
D)positive

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Rats are more likely to engage in intracranial self-stimulation if they also self-administer a drug that further increases the sensitivity of the pleasure pathways in the brain.This drug is

A)alcohol.
B)nicotine.
C)LSD.
D)heroin.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Regarding the experiments using intracranial self-stimulation of the pleasure centers,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)When given the choice,rats preferred food,water,or sex to pressing the bar to receive brain stimulation.
B)Some of the rats constantly pressed the lever to get brain stimulation for 15 to 20 hours,collapsing from exhaustion.
C)Psychoactive drugs,such as alcohol and cocaine,activate the same pleasure pathways that are activated by intracranial self-stimulation.
D)Humans have been "wired" for brain stimulation experimentally to restrain uncontrollable outbursts of violence.

Question 5

Intracranial self-stimulation is a very powerful reinforcer because it activates the same pleasure pathways in the brain that are activated by natural primary reinforcers.These pleasure pathways are located in which part of the brain?

A)pineal gland
B)frontal lobes
C)reticular formation
D)limbic system

Question 6

Which type of operant reinforcer is learned with examples of this reinforcer being money and social reinforcers?

A)primary reinforcer
B)secondary reinforcer
C)continuous reinforcer
D)variable reinforcer

Question 7

Intracranial self-stimulation is a very powerful reinforcer because it activates the same pleasure pathways in the brain that are activated by natural reinforcers.

A)primary
B)secondary
C)conditioned
D)unconditioned

Question 8

Primary reinforcers are characterized by all of the following EXCEPT

A)being natural and rooted in biology.
B)being developed through learning very early in life.
C)being capable of producing comfort or ending discomfort.
D)intracranial self-stimulation being one of the most powerful examples of primary reinforcers.

Question 9

Which type of operant reinforcer produces comfort,ends discomfort,or fills an immediate physical need?

A)natural feedback
B)token reinforcer
C)primary reinforcer
D)secondary reinforcer

Question 10

Which of the following might serve as a secondary reinforcer?

A)sex
B)grades
C)food
D)a pain-relieving drug

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a primary reinforcer?

A)intracranial self-stimulation
B)psychoactive drug
C)money
D)sex

Question 12

Every time you open the refrigerator,walk to a drinking fountain,turn up the heat,or order a double fudge sundae,your actions reflect reinforcers.

A)primary
B)latent
C)secondary
D)generalized

Question 13

Which of the following might serve as a secondary reinforcer?

A)intracranial self-stimulation
B)praise
C)food
D)a psychoactive drug

Question 14

Which of the following would be considered a primary reinforcer?

A)praise
B)food
C)money
D)attention

Question 15

Secondary reinforcers are originally neutral,but gain their reinforcing properties by being associated with __________ reinforcers.

A)negative
B)positive
C)primary
D)conditional

Question 16

Secondary reinforcers are

A)almost never effective.
B)reinforcing because they fulfill a biological need.
C)innate.
D)learned.

Question 17

Which of the following is a learned reinforcer that often gains its reinforcing properties by its association with food,water,sex,or pain reduction?

A)primary reinforcer
B)instrumental reinforcer
C)unconditional reinforcer
D)secondary reinforcer

Question 18

Praise,approval,affection,and money are considered reinforcers.

A)secondary
B)primary
C)unconditional
D)negative

Question 19

Which type of operant reinforcer is natural,nonlearned,and rooted in biology with food,water,and sex being obvious examples?

A)primary reinforcers
B)secondary reinforcers
C)conditioned reinforcers
D)latent reinforcers

Question 20

Regarding the experiments using intracranial self-stimulation,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)When rats self-administer nicotine,they are even more likely to engage in intracranial self-stimulation because nicotine further increases the sensitivity of the pleasure pathways.
B)After the rats had pressed the intracranial self-stimulation lever to exhaustion,they were less likely to press the lever again once they were revived.
C)Intracranial self-stimulation involves electrical stimulation of the limbic system of the brain.
D)Intracranial self-stimulation is considered to be a primary reinforcer.

Question 21

Which type of reinforcers gain their ability to promote learning because they are associated with primary reinforcers or can be exchanged for primary reinforcers?

A)secondary reinforcers
B)stimulus reinforcers
C)higher-order reinforcers
D)negative reinforcers

Question 22

Using poker chips that could be exchanged for various privileges to reinforce mentally ill patients for healthy and productive behaviors would be an example of using which of the following to facilitate learning?

A)negative reinforcement
B)classical conditioning
C)extinction
D)tokens

Question 23

Which of the following is a system for managing and altering behavior through the immediate reinforcement of selected responses with poker chips or slips of paper that can be exchanged for food and/or special privileges?

A)a time-out system
B)a token economy
C)systematic desensitization
D)an EMDR program

Question 24

Chimpanzees have been taught to work for tokens to be used in a "Chimp­O­Mat," which dispensed grapes and raisins.In these experiments,the tokens were considered reinforcers.

A)primary
B)secondary
C)stimulus
D)negative

Question 25

You may be unaware of some of the reinforcers that are changing your own behavior.In fact,such automatic associative learning is a hallmark of processing.

A)acquisitional
B)intuitive
C)experiential
D)functional

Question 26

Connie's children earn gold stars during the week for good behavior and completing their chores.If they earn enough gold stars,they are allowed on Sunday to choose one item out of a "grab bag" of small prizes.Connie is using which of the following with her children?

A)primary reinforcers
B)token reinforcers
C)bribes
D)response costs

Question 27

Tokens have reinforcing value because they may be exchanged for primary reinforcers.Thus,they are a type of __________ reinforcer.

A)secondary
B)stimulus
C)higher-order
D)negative

Question 28

In the textbook example regarding "Shaping a Teacher," psychology students would look interested in the teacher's lecture when she was standing on the right side of the room,and they would look bored when she was standing on the left side.The students were shaping the teacher's behavior using reinforcers.

A)social
B)primary
C)token
D)cognitive

Question 29

Because a parent's praise is frequently associated with food,candy,and hugs,this praise becomes a(n) __________ reinforcer.

A)latent
B)primary
C)unconditioned
D)secondary

Question 30

The first grade teacher gives students stickers when they perform well.If they earn five stickers in one day they are exempt from homework.The stickers in this example could also be called

A)token reinforcers.
B)primary reinforcers.
C)bribes.
D)prepotent responses.

Question 31

A type of reinforcer in which the reward is attention or approval from others is called a reinforcer.

A)primary
B)social
C)token
D)cognitive

Question 32

Which of the following reinforcers are used to provide immediate incentives for learning and to avoid the problem of satiation?

A)tokens
B)candy
C)conditional reinforcers
D)primary reinforcers

Question 33

If you would like to train a dog to follow you ("heel")when you take a walk,you could reward the dog with small food treats for staying near you.If you praise the dog each time you give it a treat,praise will become a(n)
__________ reinforcer.

A)primary
B)secondary
C)unconditioned
D)latent

Question 34

Social reinforcers consist of

A)primary and secondary reinforcers.
B)knowledge and ability.
C)the learned desires for attention and approval.
D)positive environment stimuli and a lack of punishment.

Question 35

Printed money has little or no value of its own,but you can exchange it for food,water,lodging,and other necessities.Thus,money would be considered a type of reinforcer.

A)token
B)unconditional
C)higher-order
D)negative transfer

Question 36

Which of the following would be LEAST likely to lose its effectiveness as a reinforcer for a child learning to do household chores?

A)chocolate-chip cookies
B)black cherry ice cream
C)gold stars on a chart
D)an afternoon nap

Question 37

When children engage in negative attention-seeking,they are demonstrating the power of

A)stimulus generalization.
B)social reinforcers.
C)response costs.
D)primary reinforcers.

Question 38

In a drug rehabilitation center,the residents earn points for attending therapy sessions on time,writing in their journals,and performing their designated chores.These points can be used to gain various privileges or tangible items.This drug rehabilitation center is using

A)a time-out system.
B)systematic desensitization.
C)a token economy.
D)an EMDR program.

Question 39

In a behavior modification program at the local school,children were given "good behavior" slips that could be exchanged for candy or toys at the end of the week.Which of the following would be a FALSE statement regarding this type of reinforcement?

A)The "good behavior" slips would be considered token reinforcers.
B)The "good behavior" slips would be considered secondary reinforcers.
C)The "good behavior" slips will lose their reinforcing value more quickly than primary reinforcers.
D)The students can exchange their "good behavior" slips at the end of the week for primary reinforcers.

Question 40

Which of the following are tangible secondary reinforcers,such as money,gold stars,and poker chips that can be exchanged for food,lodgings,and other necessities?

A)token reinforcers
B)social reinforcers
C)unconditioned reinforcers
D)negative reinforcers

Question 41

In laboratory experiments,a recorder,which consists of a moving strip of paper and a mechanical pen,is connected to a Skinner box.Rapid responding by the animal in this experiment will cause the pen on the recorder to

A)draw a steep line.
B)draw a horizontal line.
C)draw small tick marks.
D)leave empty spaces.

Question 42

Elaine is reinforced with a gold star for every math problem on her worksheet that she correctly completes.This is an example of

A)the partial reinforcement effect.
B)a variable interval schedule.
C)a fixed ratio schedule.
D)continuous reinforcement.

Question 43

By a continuous reinforcement schedule,we mean that

A)reinforcements occur continuously regardless of the subject's behavior.
B)responding without pausing is the requirement for reinforcement.
C)each correct response is reinforced.
D)reinforcement continues even when errors are made.

Question 44

Compared to continuous reinforcement,partial reinforcement

A)is more resistant to extinction.
B)makes a response weaker.
C)involves reinforcing some correct and some incorrect responses.
D)involves reinforcing every correct response,but not the incorrect ones.

Question 45

If you want to teach your new puppy to come to you when you call him,it would be best to start out reinforcing your dog on which schedule of reinforcement?

A)fixed ratio
B)continuous
C)intermittent
D)variable interval

Question 46

On a recorder that has a moving strip of paper and a mechanical pen connected to a Skinner box,no response by the animal would be indicated by a(n)

A)steep line.
B)horizontal line.
C)small tick marks.
D)empty space.

Question 47

Responses that are not always followed by reinforcement tend to become more and more resistant to extinction,according to the

A)reinforcement-generalization effect.
B)partial reinforcement effect.
C)Skinner phenomenon.
D)reward-extinction corollary.

Question 48

Which schedule of reinforcement would be most useful when a person or animal is initially learning new responses?

A)fixed ratio
B)fixed interval
C)intermittent
D)continuous

Question 49

When the reinforcer does not follow every response but occurs after a number of responses have been made or after a passage of time,you are using which reinforcement schedule?

A)continuous
B)secondary
C)partial
D)semi-continual

Question 50

Which of the following is NOT a partial schedule of reinforcement?

A)fixed ratio
B)fixed interval
C)variable ratio
D)continuous interval

Question 51

Schedules of reinforcement are defined as the

A)types of reinforcers used,whether primary or secondary.
B)effects of reinforcers used,whether positive or negative.
C)plans for determining which responses will be reinforced.
D)informational feedback provided by the reinforcers used.

Question 52

The reinforcer follows every correct response in which reinforcement schedule?

A)intermittent
B)partial
C)comprehensive
D)continuous

Question 53

In laboratory experiments,a recorder that has a moving strip of paper and a mechanical pen is connected to a Skinner box.When reinforcers are given to the animal,they are indicated on the paper by

A)steep lines.
B)horizontal lines.
C)small tick marks.
D)empty spaces.

Question 54

Philip is in the third grade,and he is reinforced by his mother with a quarter for every "A" he makes on a test,quiz,homework,or class work assignment he brings home.This reinforcement of Phillip's grades illustrates which of the following?

A)the partial reinforcement effect
B)a variable interval schedule
C)continuous reinforcement
D)a fixed ratio schedule

Question 55

In daily life,learning is usually based on a pattern of reinforcement,in which only a portion of all responses are reinforced.This pattern is referred to as reinforcement.

A)incongruent
B)conditional
C)partial
D)semi-continual

Question 56

Plans for determining which responses will be reinforced are known as

A)schedules of reinforcement.
B)successive approximations.
C)token economies.
D)programmed instruction.

Question 57

Which schedule of reinforcement may have long periods of nonreward that make it harder to discriminate between periods of reinforcement and extinction?

A)secondary
B)partial
C)continuous
D)conditional

Question 58

When people engage in various forms of gambling,they can play these "games of chance" uninterrupted for long periods of time because they are being reinforced on which type of reinforcement schedule?

A)partial
B)continuous
C)fixed interval
D)fixed ratio

Question 59

Continuous reinforcement means that the person will be reinforced

A)for every correct or incorrect response.
B)for every correct response.
C)every day that the schedule is being used.
D)continually until the person satiates.

Question 60

According to the partial reinforcement effect,acquiring a response through partial reinforcement makes the response

A)weaker.
B)easier to learn.
C)more resistant to extinction.
D)less resistant to extinction.

Question 61

With which schedule of reinforcement would a person have to make an inconsistent number of correct responses in order to receive a reinforcer? (For example,a reinforcer would be given after three to seven correct responses with the actual number changing randomly. )

A)fixed ratio
B)fixed interval
C)variable ratio
D)variable interval

Question 62

A gambler playing a slot machine is being reinforced on which schedule of reinforcement?

A)fixed ratio
B)variable interval
C)variable ratio
D)continuous

Question 63

Katherine is a telemarketer who receives $25 for every 12 calls she makes.Katherine is on which schedule of reinforcement?

A)fixed interval
B)fixed ratio
C)variable ratio
D)variable interval

Question 64

The first correct response made after a set time period has passed is reinforced with responses made during the time period not being reinforced.This statement describes which schedule of reinforcement?

A)fixed ratio
B)fixed interval
C)variable ratio
D)variable interval

Question 65

All interval schedules of reinforcement are

A)more resistant to stimulus generalization.
B)related to the passage of time.
C)less resistant to extinction than the continuous schedule.
D)better for generating operant responses than ratio schedules.

Question 66

Two schedules of reinforcement that produce the highest rates of response are

A)continuous and fixed interval.
B)fixed interval and variable interval.
C)variable interval and variable ratio.
D)fixed ratio and variable ratio.

Question 67

A corporate pay policy comparable to a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement would

A)pay employees a fixed salary.
B)pay employees on a piece-work basis.
C)involve salary adjustments based on the quality of work performed.
D)pay employees at the end of each day.

Question 68

When you are first learning golf,you may hit three or four very great shots in an entire round with these great shots being somewhat random and unpredictable.You are being reinforced on what kind of partial reinforcement schedule?

A)fixed interval
B)fixed ratio
C)variable ratio
D)variable interval

Question 69

A child who gets rewarded with candy on the average of every third time she asks her grandmother for a "treat" is being rewarded on which schedule of reinforcement?

A)fixed ratio
B)variable ratio
C)fixed interval
D)variable interval

Question 70

A high school student earns $3.00 for every ten boxes of candy he sells door-to-door.His energetic selling reflects

A)fixed ratio reinforcement.
B)respondent conditioning.
C)stimulus generalization.
D)variable interval conditioning.

Question 71

If a person is on a FR-6 schedule,he or she will receive a reinforcer

A)continuously.
B)on the average of every sixth correct response.
C)after making exactly six correct responses.
D)six times for every correct response.

Question 72

On which schedule of reinforcement would a person or animal get rewarded on the average of every fifth response,that is,two correct responses would be made to obtain a reinforcer,sometimes seven responses,sometimes three,and so on with the average being five responses?

A)variable ratio
B)fixed interval
C)fixed ratio
D)variable interval

Question 73

If a person is on a VR-4 schedule,he or she will receive a reinforcer

A)on a continuous schedule.
B)on an average of every fourth response.
C)after making exactly four correct responses.
D)four times for every correct response.

Question 74

Of the schedules listed,which of the following would generate the highest rate of responding as well as be resistant to extinction?

A)variable interval
B)fixed interval
C)continuous
D)fixed ratio

Question 75

The schedule of reinforcement in which a set number of responses must be made for each reward is called

A)fixed ratio.
B)fixed interval.
C)variable ratio.
D)variable interval.

Question 76

Every other response will be rewarded when an animal is on a(n)schedule.

A)continuous
B)VI-4
C)FI-2
D)FR-2

Question 77

Of the reinforcement schedules listed,which is the most addictive and resistant to extinction?

A)fixed interval
B)fixed ratio
C)variable ratio
D)continuous reinforcement

Question 78

The best batters in baseball rarely get a hit more than an average of three out of every 10 times they are at bat.These batters are on which schedule of reinforcement?

A)fixed ratio
B)variable ratio
C)fixed interval
D)variable interval

Question 79

Agricultural workers are paid according to the number of barrels of apples they pick.They are on which schedule of reinforcement?

A)fixed ratio
B)fixed interval
C)variable ratio
D)variable interval

Question 80

Juan is paid $10 for every 15 bags of "nuts and bolts" that he puts together,according to instructions.Juan is on which schedule of reinforcement?

A)fixed interval
B)fixed ratio
C)variable ratio
D)variable interval