Question 1

The use of harsh or excessive punishment with children has been shown to lead to

Accepted Answer

A) long-term mental health problems. 
B) increased aggressiveness by the children toward others. 
C) avoidance and escape behaviors. 
D) all of these. 
A) long-term mental health problems. 
B) increased aggressiveness by the children toward others. 
C) avoidance and escape behaviors. 
D) all of these. D

Question 2

If you would like to train a dog to follow you ("heel")when you take a walk,you could reward the dog with small food treats for staying near you.If you praise the dog each time you give it a treat,praise will become a(n)
__________ reinforcer.

Accepted Answer

A) primary 
B) secondary 
C) unconditioned 
D) latent 
A) primary 
B) secondary 
C) unconditioned 
D) latent B

Question 3

Regarding punishment,which of the following statements is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A) Punishment tells a person or animal that a response was "wrong." 
B) Punishment does not teach new behaviors. 
C) Punishment tells a person or animal what the "right" response is. 
D) Punishment becomes less effective when reinforcement is missing. 
A) Punishment tells a person or animal that a response was "wrong." 
B) Punishment does not teach new behaviors. 
C) Punishment tells a person or animal what the "right" response is. 
D) Punishment becomes less effective when reinforcement is missing. C

Question 4

You work with a loud and obnoxious person and have learned to "go in the opposite direction" whenever you see him coming down the hall,so you will not have to get into a conversation with him.Your behavior illustrates

Accepted Answer

A) avoidance learning. 
B) stimulus generalization. 
C) latent learning. 
D) response chaining. 
A) avoidance learning. 
B) stimulus generalization. 
C) latent learning. 
D) response chaining.

Question 5

Continuous reinforcement means that the person will be reinforced

Accepted Answer

A) for every correct or incorrect response. 
B) for every correct response. 
C) every day that the schedule is being used. 
D) continually until the person satiates. 
A) for every correct or incorrect response. 
B) for every correct response. 
C) every day that the schedule is being used. 
D) continually until the person satiates.

Question 6

Brides-to-be who plan their weddings down to the last detail are exhibiting the human capacity to be

Accepted Answer

A) first-person observers. 
B) intuitive thinkers. 
C) cognitive time travelers. 
D) self-actualized. 
A) first-person observers. 
B) intuitive thinkers. 
C) cognitive time travelers. 
D) self-actualized.

Question 7

A dog is placed in a two-compartment cage and is shocked while in one of the compartments.The dog quickly learns to jump to the other compartment.This reflects _______ learning.

Accepted Answer

A) escape 
B) place 
C) latent 
D) respondent 
A) escape 
B) place 
C) latent 
D) respondent

Question 8

The drawbacks of using punishment become more of a problem as the punishment

Accepted Answer

A) is varied in the types used. 
B) increases in severity. 
C) is used intermittently. 
D) becomes contingent on the target response. 
A) is varied in the types used. 
B) increases in severity. 
C) is used intermittently. 
D) becomes contingent on the target response.

Question 9

On which schedule of reinforcement would a person or animal get rewarded on the average of every fifth response,that is,two correct responses would be made to obtain a reinforcer,sometimes seven responses,sometimes three,and so on with the average being five responses?

Accepted Answer

A) variable ratio 
B) fixed interval 
C) fixed ratio 
D) variable interval 
A) variable ratio 
B) fixed interval 
C) fixed ratio 
D) variable interval

Question 10

Any consequence that reduces the occurrence of a target behavior is,by definition,a

Accepted Answer

A) reinforcer. 
B) negative reinforcer. 
C) punisher. 
D) stimulus control. 
A) reinforcer. 
B) negative reinforcer. 
C) punisher. 
D) stimulus control.

Question 11

Food,water,pain reduction,sex,and brain stimulation are all considered to be primary reinforcers.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

Children should want to behave well

Accepted Answer

A) if you did not "spoil" them by "sparing the rod." 
B) if you show visible anger regarding their misbehavior. 
C) in order to get your praise. 
D) because they fear the punishment they will receive. 
A) if you did not "spoil" them by "sparing the rod." 
B) if you show visible anger regarding their misbehavior. 
C) in order to get your praise. 
D) because they fear the punishment they will receive.

Question 13

The first grade teacher gives students stickers when they perform well.If they earn five stickers in one day they are exempt from homework.The stickers in this example could also be called

Accepted Answer

A) token reinforcers. 
B) primary reinforcers. 
C) bribes. 
D) prepotent responses. 
A) token reinforcers. 
B) primary reinforcers. 
C) bribes. 
D) prepotent responses.

Question 14

The most common error in the use of punishment for training or discipline is that it is

Accepted Answer

A) seldom severe enough to be effective. 
B) often accompanied by no explanation. 
C) relied on to the exclusion of other methods. 
D) administered unfairly. 
A) seldom severe enough to be effective. 
B) often accompanied by no explanation. 
C) relied on to the exclusion of other methods. 
D) administered unfairly.

Question 15

Punishment works best when it occurs as the response is being made,or immediately afterward.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

When the reinforcer does not follow every response but occurs after a number of responses have been made or after a passage of time,you are using which reinforcement schedule?

Accepted Answer

A) continuous 
B) secondary 
C) partial 
D) semi-continual 
A) continuous 
B) secondary 
C) partial 
D) semi-continual

Question 17

When children engage in negative attention-seeking,they are demonstrating the power of

Accepted Answer

A) stimulus generalization. 
B) social reinforcers. 
C) response costs. 
D) primary reinforcers. 
A) stimulus generalization. 
B) social reinforcers. 
C) response costs. 
D) primary reinforcers.

Question 18

Whenever Aria is angry with her son and daughter,she slaps them in the face.She has been using this type of harsh punishment excessively for the last two years.This type of punishment

Accepted Answer

A) can lead to long-term mental health problems. 
B) has not been shown to increase aggressiveness in children. 
C) typically leads to fewer problem behaviors in children. 
D) does not cause escape or avoidance behaviors by children. 
A) can lead to long-term mental health problems. 
B) has not been shown to increase aggressiveness in children. 
C) typically leads to fewer problem behaviors in children. 
D) does not cause escape or avoidance behaviors by children.

Question 19

Which of the following behaviors is the LEAST likely to reoccur?

Accepted Answer

A) Mike visited a cattle farm and touched an electric fence. 
B) Sam reached across the table to get the salt and had his hand slapped by his mother. 
C) Philip was being the class clown and was spanked by the teacher for disrupting class. 
D) Peter was fighting with his brother,so his mother took away his video game. 
A) Mike visited a cattle farm and touched an electric fence. 
B) Sam reached across the table to get the salt and had his hand slapped by his mother. 
C) Philip was being the class clown and was spanked by the teacher for disrupting class. 
D) Peter was fighting with his brother,so his mother took away his video game.

Question 20

The onset of an unpleasant event that reduces the frequency of a target behavior is referred to as

Accepted Answer

A) positive punishment. 
B) negative punishment. 
C) negative reinforcement. 
D) response cost. 
A) positive punishment. 
B) negative punishment. 
C) negative reinforcement. 
D) response cost.

Exam 31: Conditioning and Learning: Reinforcement and Punishment

The use of harsh or excessive punishment with children has been shown to lead to

If you would like to train a dog to follow you ("heel")when you take a walk,you could reward the dog with small food treats for staying near you.If you praise the dog each time you give it a treat,praise will become a(n) __________ reinforcer.

Regarding punishment,which of the following statements is FALSE?

You work with a loud and obnoxious person and have learned to "go in the opposite direction" whenever you see him coming down the hall,so you will not have to get into a conversation with him.Your behavior illustrates

Continuous reinforcement means that the person will be reinforced

Brides-to-be who plan their weddings down to the last detail are exhibiting the human capacity to be

A dog is placed in a two-compartment cage and is shocked while in one of the compartments.The dog quickly learns to jump to the other compartment.This reflects _______ learning.

The drawbacks of using punishment become more of a problem as the punishment

On which schedule of reinforcement would a person or animal get rewarded on the average of every fifth response,that is,two correct responses would be made to obtain a reinforcer,sometimes seven responses,sometimes three,and so on with the average being five responses?

Any consequence that reduces the occurrence of a target behavior is,by definition,a

Food,water,pain reduction,sex,and brain stimulation are all considered to be primary reinforcers.

Children should want to behave well

The first grade teacher gives students stickers when they perform well.If they earn five stickers in one day they are exempt from homework.The stickers in this example could also be called

The most common error in the use of punishment for training or discipline is that it is

Punishment works best when it occurs as the response is being made,or immediately afterward.

When the reinforcer does not follow every response but occurs after a number of responses have been made or after a passage of time,you are using which reinforcement schedule?

When children engage in negative attention-seeking,they are demonstrating the power of

Whenever Aria is angry with her son and daughter,she slaps them in the face.She has been using this type of harsh punishment excessively for the last two years.This type of punishment

Which of the following behaviors is the LEAST likely to reoccur?

The onset of an unpleasant event that reduces the frequency of a target behavior is referred to as

Introduction

How to Study Psychology

Introducing Psychology: Psychology, Critical Thinking, and Science

Introducing Psychology: Psychology Then and Now

Introducing Psychology: the Psychology Experiment

Introducing Psychology: Non-Experimental Research Methods

Psychology in Action: Thinking Critically About the Media

Brain and Behavior: Neurons and the Nervous System

Brain and Behavior: Brain Research

Brain and Behavior: Hemispheres and Lobes of the Cortex

Brain and Behavior: Sub-Cortex and Endocrine System

Psychology in Action: Handedness

Human Development: Heredity and Environment

Human Development: Emotional and Social Development in Childhood

Human Development: Language and Cognitive Development in Childhood

Human Development: Adolescence and Adulthood

Psychology in Action: Well-Being and Happiness

Sensation and Perception: Sensory Processes

Sensation and Perception: Vision

Sensation and Perception: The Other Senses

Sensation and Perception: Perceptual Processes

Sensation and Perception: Perception and Objectivity

Psychology in Action: Extrasensory Perception

Consciousness: States of Consciousness

Consciousness: Sleep and Dreams

Consciousness: Psychoactive Drugs

Psychology in Action: Exploring and Using Dreams

Conditioning and Learning: Types of Learning

Conditioning and Learning: Classical Conditioning

Conditioning and Learning: Operant Conditioning

Psychology in Action: Behavioral Self-Management

Memory: Memory Systems

Memory: Forgetting

Memory: Exceptional Memory and Improving Memory

Psychology in Action: Mnemonics

Cognition and Intelligence: Imagery, Concepts, and Language

Cognition and Intelligence: Problem Solving

Cognition and Intelligence: Creative Thinking and Intuition

Cognition and Intelligence: Intelligence

Psychology in Action: Enhancing Creativity

Motivation and Emotion: Overview of Motives and Emotions

Motivation and Emotion: Motivation in Detail

Motivation and Emotion: Emotion in Detail

Psychology in Action: Emotional Intelligence

Human Sexuality: Sexual Development and Orientation

Human Sexuality: Gender Development, Androgyny, and Gender Variance

Human Sexuality: Sexual Behavior, Response, and Attitudes

Psychology in Action: Sexual Problems

Personality: Overview of Personality

Personality: Trait Theories

Personality: Psychoanalytic and Humanistic Theories

Personality: Behavioral and Social Learning Theories

Psychology in Action: Understanding Shyness

Health, Stress, and Coping: Health Psychology

Health, Stress, and Coping: Stress, Frustration, and Conflict

Health, Stress, and Coping: Defenses, Helplessness, and Depression

Health, Stress, and Coping: Stress and Health

Psychology in Action: Stress Management

Psychological Disorders: Normality and Psychopathology