Deck 67: Therapies: Behavior Therapies

Question 1

When a neutral stimulus is followed by an unconditioned stimulus that consistently produces an unlearned reaction,called the unconditioned response,the previously neutral stimulus begins to produce this response directly.This process is called

A)classical conditioning.
B)operant conditioning.
C)social learning.
D)observational learning.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

A form of learning in which simple responses (especially reflexes)are associated with new stimuli is called

A)operant conditioning.
B)social learning.
C)classical conditioning.
D)rational-emotive behavior therapy.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Basic assumptions of behavior modification include which of the following?

A)Gaining insight into one's problems brings relief from symptoms and ultimately changes one's behavior.
B)Emotional disturbances are the result of past experiences that must be understood and resolved before personal growth can be achieved.
C)Learned responses cause problems;therefore,behavior can be changed by relearning.
D)Emotional disturbances are caused by a loss of meaning in one's life.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Juanita has a fear of flying.She does not feel that she needs to probe into her past or look deeply into her emotions and conflicts;she simply wants to conquer her fear and get on a plane as quickly as possible so she can go to her son's wedding in Hawaii.Juanita should most likely see a(n)therapist.

A)client-centered
B)behavior
C)existential
D)brief psychodynamic

Question 5

Psychologists using which type of therapy assume that if people have learned responses that cause problems,they can relearn more appropriate responses?

A)psychoanalysis
B)applied behavior analysis
C)client-centered therapy
D)existential therapy

Question 6

During aversion therapy,which of the following is being used to associate discomfort with the undesirable habit?

A)operant conditioning
B)classical conditioning
C)social learning
D)insight learning

Question 7

Dr.Mensa believes that deep insight into his clients' problems is often unnecessary for improvement.Instead,he tries to directly alter their troublesome actions using various techniques.Dr.Mensa is most likely a(n)therapist.

A)client-centered
B)behavior
C)existential
D)psychodynamic

Question 8

Which of the following is a type of action therapy that uses learning principles to help a person make constructive changes?

A)existential therapy
B)person-centered therapy
C)behavior therapy
D)brief psychodynamic therapy

Question 9

Therapists using applied behavior analysis would view mental disorders as

A)biochemical imbalances that can be corrected by using somatic approaches.
B)maladaptive responses that were learned and can be unlearned.
C)an expression of repressed impulses that can be freed through catharsis.
D)the result of only temporary blockages to a natural tendency for growth.

Question 10

Behavior modification refers to any use of which of the following to directly alter human behavior?

A)selective perception and reflection
B)REBT and EMDR
C)classical and operant conditioning
D)brief psychodynamic therapy and token economies

Question 11

Behavior therapy is considered a(n)-oriented approach.

A)action
B)insight
C)cathartic
D)psychodynamic

Question 12

Any use of classical or operant conditioning to directly alter human behavior is called

A)behavior modification.
B)somatic therapy.
C)insight therapy.
D)Gestalt psychotherapy.

Question 13

Which of the following would NOT be considered a behavior therapy?

A)aversion therapy
B)somatic therapy
C)desensitization
D)applied behavior analysis

Question 14

Jake is being trained in how to utilize therapies based on classical and operant conditioning.Jake is most likely training to become a

A)psychoanalyst.
B)behavior therapist.
C)humanistic psychotherapist.
D)Gestalt therapist.

Question 15

Aversion therapy,desensitization,and token economies are part of therapy.

A)existential
B)somatic
C)behavior
D)psychodynamic

Question 16

Classical conditioning can be used to associate discomfort with a bad habit.More powerful versions of this approach are called

A)aversion therapy.
B)logotherapy.
C)systematic desensitization.
D)analysis of resistance.

Question 17

For a child,the sight of a needle (CS)is followed by an injection (US),which causes fear (UR).Eventually the sight of the needle (CS)may produce a learned fear of the needle (CR).This illustrates

A)classical conditioning.
B)operant conditioning.
C)social learning.
D)observational learning.

Question 18

Carena has a bad habit of biting her fingernails and pulling at her cuticles until her fingers bleed and have sores.Her therapist is teaching her how not to bite and pick at her fingernails using various learning principles.Her therapist is using

A)behavior modification.
B)humanistic therapy.
C)psychoanalysis.
D)existential therapy.

Question 19

Michael's therapist is helping Michael to discover what led to his fear of closed spaces so that by understanding his condition he can decrease his fear of small spaces.Abby's therapist is trying to help Abby to alleviate her fear of small spaces by gradually exposing her to smaller and smaller spaces.Regarding the type of therapist,Michael's therapist is a(n)

A)behavior therapist,while Abby's therapist is an insight therapist.
B)insight therapist,while Abby's therapist is a behavior therapist.
C)cognitive therapist,while Abby's therapist is a psychoanalyst.
D)psychoanalyst,while Abby's therapist is a cognitive therapist.

Question 20

Behavior modification involves

A)applying nondirective techniques such as unconditional positive regard to clients.
B)psychodynamic approaches to specific behavior disturbances.
C)the use of learning principles,such as classical and operant conditioning to change behavior.
D)the use of insight therapy to change upsetting thoughts and beliefs.

Question 21

The owner of a chicken ranch ends a pet dog's habit of stealing and eating eggs by allowing the dog to "find" and eat several eggs laced with Tabasco sauce.The ranch owner's approach is similar to

A)covert sensitization.
B)aversion therapy.
C)operant conditioning.
D)desensitization techniques.

Question 22

The process of suppressing an undesirable habit,such as smoking or drinking,by associating it with a painful or uncomfortable stimulus is known as

A)resistance.
B)systematic desensitization.
C)aversion therapy.
D)transference.

Question 23

Which of the following pioneered a type of aversive therapy in which clients receive painful electric shocks while they are drinking alcoholic beverages?

A)Francine Shapiro
B)Fritz Perls
C)Roger Vogler
D)Joseph Wolpe

Question 24

The most widely used aversion therapy for smoking is

A)a nauseating drug called Antabuse.
B)response-contingent shocks.
C)rapid smoking.
D)systematic desensitization.

Question 25

Aversion therapy for smoking involves rapid smoking which seems to work because

A)of the added expense of purchasing so many cigarettes.
B)excessive smoking is unpleasant due to nicotine being toxic.
C)the smoker feels smelly and dirty.
D)the process is based on supportive reinforcement.

Question 26

Helga paints her fingernails with a bitter-tasting substance so that every time she begins to bite her fingernails,she will experience a bitter taste.This method to alleviate nail biting would be considered

A)aversion therapy.
B)systematic desensitization.
C)transference.
D)somatic therapy.

Question 27

Not many physicians who treat lung cancer patients are smokers.This observation helps explain the effectiveness of

A)systematic desensitization.
B)aversion therapy.
C)covert reinforcement.
D)the mirror technique.

Question 28

A learned dislike or negative emotional response to some stimulus is called a(n)

A)desensitization.
B)spontaneous recovery.
C)conditioned aversion.
D)extinction.

Question 29

In breaking the smoking habit,the technique known as rapid smoking would be considered a type of

A)aversion therapy.
B)logotherapy.
C)desensitization.
D)operant conditioning therapy.

Question 30

To alleviate bed wetting,special sheets connected to an alarm are placed on the child's bed.When the child's full bladder releases the first droplets of urine onto the special sheet,the alarm will sound and awaken the child.Through this pairing of a loud alarm with a full bladder,the child will learn to awaken to the full bladder.This illustrates the use of which of the following in alleviating a problem behavior?

A)transference
B)classical conditioning
C)operant conditioning
D)observational learning

Question 31

Aversion therapy has been used to successfully treat all of the following EXCEPT

A)smoking.
B)phobias.
C)sneezing.
D)compulsive hair-pulling.

Question 32

Snapping a rubber band around your wrist every time you have a negative thought would be similar to

A)logotherapy.
B)rational-emotive behavior therapy.
C)aversion therapy.
D)Gestalt therapy.

Question 33

Clients are told to smoke continuously,taking a puff every six to eight seconds until they cannot stand it anymore during the aversion technique known as

A)Antabuse.
B)EMDR.
C)rapid smoking.
D)covert sensitization.

Question 34

If you are eating an apple and bite a large green worm in half,you may not be able to look at an apple for several months without feeling ill because you have developed a(n)

A)systematic desensitization.
B)spontaneous recovery.
C)conditioned aversion.
D)extinction.

Question 35

Tommy has been an emergency room doctor for six years.After the horrible injuries he has seen from car accidents,Tommy does not drive without using a seat belt.This situation with Tommy illustrates the effectiveness of which of the following?

A)systematic desensitization
B)aversion therapy
C)covert reinforcement
D)the mirror technique

Question 36

Regarding aversion therapy for smoking cigarettes,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Behaviorists have found that electric shock and nauseating drugs are not required to make smokers uncomfortable.
B)Without the help of a therapist,most people quit too soon for rapid smoking to succeed.
C)A trained therapist should be present during the rapid smoking procedure because it can be dangerous due to the toxic nature of nicotine.
D)Rapid smoking is an example of the use of operant conditioning in causing extinction of the smoking habit.

Question 37

When electric shock is used to make the sight and smell of alcohol a conditioned stimuli for an aversion response,the electric shock serves as the

A)conditioned response.
B)unconditioned stimulus.
C)higher-order stimulus.
D)unconditioned response.

Question 38

Aversion therapy has been used to successfully treat all of the following EXCEPT

A)smoking,gambling,and alcoholism.
B)hiccups,sneezing,and vomiting.
C)stuttering,nail-biting,and bed-wetting.
D)acute stress and post-traumatic stress disorders.

Question 39

By using which of the following could Alba learn to associate a negative emotional response with her undesirable habit of compulsive hair-pulling?

A)operant conditioning
B)escape training
C)aversion therapy
D)conditioned helplessness

Question 40

Which of the following utilizes classical conditioning in helping an individual to suppress an undesirable response by associating it with uncomfortable stimuli?

A)aversion therapy
B)desensitization
C)somatic therapy
D)brief psychodynamic therapy

Question 41

Roger Vogler and his associates helped alcoholics to stop drinking by linking the alcohol with immediate discomfort by using

A)covert sensitization.
B)EMDR.
C)transference.
D)response-contingent shocks.

Question 42

According to the behavior therapists,the best way to cure Ken's fear of snakes is to

A)try systematic desensitization.
B)hold a nonpoisonous snake up to his face.
C)use aversion therapy.
D)find out the cause of his fear.

Question 43

If you have a specific phobia,a behavioral therapist would most likely use which of the following to treat it?

A)systematic desensitization
B)aversion therapy
C)covert sensitization
D)logotherapy

Question 44

Systematic desensitization is primarily used to

A)alleviate phobias and strong anxieties.
B)overcome delusions and hallucinations.
C)get people accustomed to experiencing anxiety.
D)decrease depersonalization.

Question 45

A teacher with stage fright,a student with test anxiety,a salesperson who fears people,or a newlywed with an aversion to sexual intimacy would most likely be treated using

A)aversion therapy.
B)transference.
C)confrontation.
D)systematic desensitization.

Question 46

Part of Roger Vogler's aversion therapy with alcoholics involves

A)the use of nauseating drugs.
B)administering an electric shock to their hand.
C)token economies.
D)systematic desensitization.

Question 47

Fears can be unlearned by approaching feared situations in a series of ordered steps called

A)the aversion series.
B)adaptation steps.
C)inhibition states.
D)a fear hierarchy.

Question 48

Gradually approaching a feared stimulus while maintaining relaxation describes the therapy technique known as

A)aversive conditioning.
B)systematic desensitization.
C)confrontation.
D)transference.

Question 49

Regarding aversion therapy,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Although its use is legal,aversive therapy for alcoholism is considered unethical by the APA.
B)Even though aversive therapy for alcoholism is unpleasant,its long-term benefits justify its use.
C)Commercial aversion programs for alcohol abuse have attracted many willing customers,who volunteer for the procedure.
D)The aversive therapy involving response-continent shocks for the treatment of alcohol abuse was pioneered by Roger Vogler and associates.

Question 50

Using the aversive therapy for alcohol abuse pioneered by Roger Vogler and associates,the shocks would be administered

A)as the person orders the alcoholic beverage.
B)as the person is beginning to take a drink of alcohol.
C)after the person has finished their first alcoholic beverage.
D)after the person is intoxicated.

Question 51

Which of the following disorders is usually treated using systematic desensitization?

A)phobias
B)bipolar disorder
C)paranoia
D)paraphilic disorders

Question 52

Response-contingent shock paired with an undesirable habit would most likely be used in which of the following?

A)desensitization
B)a token economy
C)reciprocal inhibition
D)aversion therapy

Question 53

Aversion therapy for the control of alcoholism has made use of

A)response-contingent shocks.
B)a hierarchy of fear stimuli.
C)tokens and other symbolic rewards.
D)reciprocal deinhibition.

Question 54

For which of the following conditions would systematic desensitization NOT be helpful?

A)a teacher with stage fright
B)a student with test anxiety
C)a newlywed with an aversion to sexual intimacy
D)a person who wants to stop smoking or drinking

Question 55

An important step in overcoming a phobia is to construct a hierarchy which involves

A)an ordered list of fear-provoking stimuli.
B)covert sensitization.
C)a list of possible causes of the phobia.
D)making a list of situations that produce pleasure or relaxation.

Question 56

In behavior modification,the term "response­contingent" means

A)containing the response.
B)linked to a response.
C)being followed by the response.
D)positive reinforcement.

Question 57

Systematic desensitization is described as

A)a guided reduction in fear,anxiety,or aversion attained by gradually approaching a feared stimulus while maintaining relaxation.
B)the removal of the individual from a situation in which reinforcement occurs.
C)the process of rephrasing or repeating thougths and feelings expressed by clients so they can become aware of what they are saying.
D)the technique of having a client say anything that comes to mind,regardless of how embarrassing or unimportant it may seem.

Question 58

Rex is undergoing systematic desensitization for his fear of flying.He will be relaxing to each item on a list of fear- provoking situations,arranged from least disturbing to most frightening.This list is called the

A)aversion series.
B)adaptation steps.
C)reciprocal inhibition states.
D)fear hierarchy.

Question 59

Both aversion therapy and systematic desensitization are based on conditioning.

A)classical
B)operant
C)resistance
D)instrumental

Question 60

Systematic desensitization involves

A)transference and resistance.
B)reflection and empathy.
C)a hierarchy and relaxation.
D)confrontation and rational thinking.

Question 61

As Janine goes through the series of steps in the fear hierarchy for her fear of closed spaces,she will gradually undergo

A)adaptation.
B)role reversal.
C)disinhibition.
D)aversion.

Question 62

Juan has claustrophobia,so Juan's therapist gradually exposes Juan to smaller and smaller places while Juan relaxes to each step in the hierarchy,beginning with the lowest fear­producing item.Juan's phobia is being treated with

A)aversive conditioning.
B)confrontation.
C)rational-emotive behavior therapy.
D)systematic desensitization.

Question 63

Regarding systematic desensitization,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Clients progress through the fear hierarchy from the most frightening item to the least disturbing one.
B)Relaxation is often achieved during systematic desensitization through the tension-release method.
C)Any change from complete relaxation on an item of the fear hierarchy is a signal that the client must relax again before continuing to the next item.
D)After clients have practiced relaxation once a day for a week or two,they will begin to be able to tell when their bodies (or a group of muscles)are tense and will begin to be able to relax on command.

Question 64

The tension-release method is a procedure

A)that involves the cathartic release of emotion through physical exercise.
B)utilized during REBT to change distortions in thought and emotion.
C)for systematically achieving deep relaxation of the body.
D)that uses aversive stimuli to interrupt or prevent upsetting thoughts.

Question 65

The concept of reciprocal inhibition refers to the fact that

A)fears can be gradually adapted to new situations.
B)the occurrence of one emotional state can prevent the occurrence of another.
C)disinhibition works even when a patient vividly imagines steps of the hierarchy.
D)punishment inhibits undesirable responses.

Question 66

Curtis is undergoing systematic desensitization to overcome his fear of heights.Relaxing to each step in the his fear hierarchy allows Curtis to gradually undergo

A)adaptation.
B)disinhibition.
C)role reversal.
D)stimulus control.

Question 67

Learning exercises that produce total relaxation while experiencing disturbing items in a hierarchy of fear-provoking situations is based on

A)reciprocal inhibition.
B)aversion conditioning.
C)vicarious conditioning.
D)cognitive therapy.

Question 68

In order to achieve deep-muscle relaxation,Gayle tenses the muscles in her right arm until they tremble,holds them tight as she slowly counts to ten and then lets go.She allows her hand and arm to go limp and to relax completely.She repeats this procedure three times for her right arm,then proceeds to do the same sequence with her left arm,then her right leg,left leg,abdomen,chest,shoulders,chin,neck,and face.Gayle is using a procedure known as

A)EMDR.
B)REBT.
C)covert sensitization.
D)the tension-release method.

Question 69

Which of the following involves using one emotional state to block another,such as it being impossible to be anxious and relaxed at the same time?

A)stimulus control
B)reciprocal inhibition
C)role reversal
D)vicarious opposition

Question 70

The key to systematic desensitization is

A)relaxation.
B)reflection.
C)transference.
D)rational confrontation.

Question 71

Harriet,a student nurse,was at first extremely uncomfortable at the sight of blood.After a month of working in the emergency room,she is no longer upset when confronted with serious injuries.Harriet has undergone

A)time out.
B)shaping.
C)desensitization.
D)trial-and-error learning.

Question 72

Which of the following occurs when relaxation is induced to block fear during systematic desensitization?

A)systematic adaptation
B)vicarious opposition
C)stimulus control
D)reciprocal inhibition

Question 73

Jamie is a child who is afraid of the high diving board.Jamie's fear is treated through systematic desensitization using a rank ordered series of steps.This series of steps is known as

A)the adaptation sequence.
B)a fear hierarchy.
C)reciprocal inhibition.
D)aversion therapy.

Question 74

A procedure for systematically achieving deep relaxation of the body is known as

A)EMDR.
B)REBT.
C)covert sensitization.
D)the tension-release method.

Question 75

George is extremely afraid to ride elevators.His therapist treats George's fear by gradually getting him accustomed to riding in elevators.The therapist begins by teaching George to relax.He then learns to relax while standing close to the elevator and then to relax while standing in an elevator with the doors open,and so on.The two processes taking place in the reduction of George's fear are

A)desensitization and reciprocal inhibition.
B)desensitization and reflection.
C)adaptation and aversion therapy.
D)reciprocal inhibition and EMDR.

Question 76

Desensitization is considered a(n)therapy.

A)existential
B)exposure
C)cognitive
D)rational-emotive behavior

Question 77

Jaime has gone through a series of steps that helped her gradually adapt and overcome her fear of the high diving board.When she has conquered her fear,we say that which of the following has occurred?

A)catharsis
B)role reversal
C)desensitization
D)adaptive extinction

Question 78

Katie is very afraid of deep water.According to behavior therapists,the best way to alleviate Katie's fear is to

A)throw her into the deep end of the pool.
B)help her relax while she gradually becomes accustomed to deeper water.
C)explore how she originally became afraid of water.
D)substitute more rational thoughts for her distorted obsessive thoughts about drowning.

Question 79

In desensitization,a person

A)constructs a hierarchy,is taught exercises that produce deep relaxation,and then tries to perform the least disturbing item on the list.
B)is taught exercises that produce deep relaxation and then is exposed to the highest fear-producing stimulus.
C)attempts to discover the reasons why she or he is fearful of a particular stimuli and then to face these fears one by one.
D)is exposed to response-contingent shocks whenever he or she tries to engage in a bad habit,such as smoking or drinking alcohol.

Question 80

Lamont's therapist helps him construct a list of fear­producing situations involving heights.His therapist then teaches Lamont exercises that produce deep relaxation.Once Lamont is relaxed,he attempts the first item on the list,which is "standing on a chair." The first item is repeated until Lamont feels no anxiety.He then proceeds to the second item "climbing a small stepladder." During the next six weeks,this procedure continues until Lamont performs the last item of "flying in an airplane." Lamont and his therapist are using

A)aversive conditioning.
B)systematic desensitization.
C)rational-emotive behavior therapy.
D)rational confrontation.