Deck 2: Frameworks for Understanding and Attaining Behavior Change

Question 1

What is a potential intervention strategy for someone in contemplation ?

A) Raise awareness of the health problem, provide possible ways changes could be made, and personalize benefits of changing.
B) Encourage self-reevaluation, help develop a vision for change, and increase confidence in ability to adopt recommended changes.
C) Encourage participation in support groups, help client set achievable goals, and reinforce small changes that have already been achieved, stating small goals lead to success.
D) Encourage self-management skills, remove cues for undesirable behaviors and add cues for desirable ones, and consider reward possibilities.
E) Identify and plan for potential difficulties, increase problem-solving skills, and incorporate more challenging dietary changes if the client is motivated.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

You are designing a nutrition intervention to increase fruit and vegetable intake based on the Health Belief Model. How could you address the construct perceived benefits in your nutrition intervention?

A) Incorporate lessons highlighting the nutritional superiority of diets high in fruits and vegetables (e.g., more energy, increased fullness, lower risk of disease) compared to diets low in fruits and vegetables.
B) Incorporate lessons reporting the risks associated with consuming diets low in fruits and vegetables (e.g., heart disease, cancer, constipation).
C) Incorporate food demonstrations on how to prepare dishes containing fruits and vegetables and taste testing.
D) Incorporate lessons describing how to purchase fruits and vegetables on a budget and plan meals for the entire family.
E) Provide handouts for participants to take home, so they can check off the number of servings of fruits and vegetables they eat daily.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which approach is referred to as "nondirective" or "patient-centered"?

A) Motivational Interviewing
B) Solution-Focused Therapy
C) Client-Centered Therapy
D) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
E) Stages of Change

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which is true of the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT)?

A) It integrates stages of change and processes of change and describes behavior change as a process of passing through a sequence of distinct motivational stages.
B) It posits an individual's health behavior is directly influenced by intention to engage in that specific behavior.
C) It proposes that cognitive factors influence an individual's decision to make and maintain a specific health behavior change.
D) It describes the dynamic interaction between personal factors, behavior, and the environment and how each aspect affects behavior change.
E) It is based on the premise that many behaviors are learned, so it is possible to learn new ones.

Question 5

Benefits of using theoretical behavior change theories and models include

A) assisting in the goal-setting process for promoting and sustaining self-directed behavior change.
B) proposing that solely cognitive factors influence an individual's decision to make and maintain a specific health behavior change.
C)   providing a framework for the creation of recipes, tip sheets, and educational materials to foster cues to action at home.
D) presenting a road map for understanding health behaviors and providing outcome measure to assess effectiveness of interventions.
E) serving as an evaluation method to assess the effectiveness of a nutrition counselor in the design and implementation of interventions.

Question 6

Which is true of the Health Belief Model (HBM)?

A) The HBM integrates stages of change and processes of change and describes behavior change as a process of passing through a sequence of distinct motivational stages.
B) The HBM posits an individual's health behavior is directly influenced by intention to engage in that specific behavior.
C) The HBM proposes that cognitive factors influence an individual's decision to make and maintain a specific health behavior change.
D) The HBM describes the dynamic interaction between personal factors, behavior, and the environment and how each aspect affects behavior change.
E) The HBM is based on the premise that many behaviors are learned, so it is possible to learn new ones.

Question 7

Wyatt was recently diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. His family is concerned about his health because Wyatt is in denial that he has diabetes and is not willing to see a registered dietitian. Wyatt is likely in which stage of change?

A) Precontemplation
B) Contemplation
C) Preparation
D) Low motivation to comply
E) Self-liberation

Question 8

Which of the following is true of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)?

A) The premise of CBT is that negative self-talk and irrational ideas are self-promoting behaviors and the most frequent source of people's emotional problems.
B) CBT is based on the assumption that many behaviors are biological, so it is difficult to learn new ones.
C) CBT is based on the assumption that behavior is learned, and by altering the environment or internal factors, new behavior patterns develop.
D) CBT is based on the law of effect, which states that behaviors can be changed by their negative effect.
E) The premise of CBT is that counselors help their clients to concentrate on solutions that have worked for them in the past and identify strengths to be expanded on and used as resources.

Question 9

One of the goals of cognitive therapy is to help clients identify negative self-talk and replace it with positive self-talk. Which of the following statements is an example of a client using positive self-talk?

A) I am a fool for eating pizza for dinner.
B) Next time, I will eat breakfast before going out to lunch.
C) I can't believe I ate that; I am going to gain weight.
D) I have no willpower.
E) I'm so mad at myself for eating that cupcake.

Question 10

Which of the following is true about Solution-Focused Therapy?

A) It posits an individual's health behavior is directly influenced by intention to engage in that specific behavior.
B) It proposes that cognitive factors influence an individual's decision to make and maintain a specific health behavior change.
C) It describes the dynamic interaction between personal factors, behavior, and the environment and how each aspect affects behavior change.
D) It is based on the premise that many behaviors are learned, so it is possible to learn new ones.
E) It places focus on strategies that have worked for clients in the past and identify strengths to be expanded on and used as resources.

Question 11

Albert Bandura describes self-efficacy as the

A) likelihood of performing a specific behavior.
B) likelihood of not performing a specific behavior.
C) confidence to perform a specific behavior.
D) confidence to not perform a specific behavior.
E) intention to change a specific behavior.

Question 12

Which counseling approach integrates client-centered counseling and complements the Transtheoretical Model?

A) Motivational Interviewing
B) Solution-Focused Therapy
C) Client-Centered Therapy
D) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
E) Social Cognitive Therapy

Question 13

You are employing Motivational Interviewing (MI) with a client who is ambivalent to eat more home-prepared meals. What could you say or ask this client that aligns with the spirit of MI?

A) Why do you eat out so much?
B) You should eat at home more because your meals will be healthier.
C) What are the pros and cons of eating more meals at home?
D) I understand how you feel. I eat out a lot, too.
E) You need to eat at home more. Home prepared meals are less in calories, fat, and sodium.

Question 14

Which model's core constructs include stages of change , processes of change , decisional balance, and self-efficacy ?

A) Social Cognitive Theory
B) Theory of Planned Behavior
C) Transtheoretical Model
D) Motivational Interviewing
E) Self-Efficacy

Question 15

The Transtheoretical Model (TTM)

A) integrates stages of change and processes of change and describes behavior change as a process of passing through a sequence of distinct motivational stages.
B) posits an individual's health behavior is directly influenced by intention to engage in that specific behavior.
C) proposes that cognitive factors influence an individual's decision to make and maintain a specific health behavior change.
D) describes the dynamic interaction between personal factors, behavior, and the environment and how each aspect affects behavior change.
E) is based on the premise that many behaviors are learned, so it is possible to learn new ones.

Question 16

Which is true of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)?

A) The TPB integrates stages of change and processes of change and describes behavior change as a process of passing through a sequence of distinct motivational stages.
B) The TPB posits an individual's health behavior is directly influenced by intention to engage in that specific behavior.
C) The TPB proposes that cognitive factors influence an individual's decision to make and maintain a specific health behavior change.
D) The TPB describes the dynamic interaction between personal factors, behavior, and the environment and how each aspect affects behavior change.
E) The TPB is based on the premise that many behaviors are learned, so it is possible to learn new ones.

Question 17

What is true of self-efficacy?

A) Self-efficacy is an independent model of behavior change.
B) Self-efficacy is a client-centered counseling approach that can be used to increase a client's motivation.
C) Self-efficacy is described as a perceived personal susceptibility to a disease or condition.
D) Self-efficacy cannot be modified or strengthened by nutrition interventions.
E) There is a strong correlation between the attainment of health behavior changes and self-efficacy.

Question 18

You are designing a nutrition intervention on healthy eating guided by the Social Cognitive Theory. How would you address the construct observational learning in your intervention?

A) Provide participants with a handout on MyPlate.
B) Send participants a text message weekly after the session to provide tips on healthy eating.
C) Include a PowerPoint presentation on healthy eating.
D) Include a hands-on group activity requiring participants to build a healthy meal based on MyPlate.
E) Include a PowerPoint presentation that includes Motivational Interviewing.

Question 19

The constructs attitudes , subjective norms , and perceived behavioral control are part of which theory/model?

A) Health Belief Model
B) Transtheoretical Model
C) Theory of Planned Behavior
D) Social Cognitive Theory
E) Cognitive Behavioral Theory

Question 20

Which of the following is true of Motivational Interviewing (MI)?

A) MI is a comprehensive theory of change.
B) In MI, counselors must resist the righting reflex.
C) MI is a nondirective style of counseling.
D) In MI, motivation is viewed as a personality trait that cannot be changed.
E) MI is useful in later stages of change when motivation is low.

Question 21

Describe the Health Belief Model including the six core constructs.

Question 22

Describe the concept of decisional balance and the relationship between decisional balance and stages of change .

Question 23

Who would benefit most from Motivational Interviewing?

A) A man in the contemplation stage for drinking water.
B) A woman in the termination stage for eating healthy.
C) A man in the maintenance stage for eating healthy.
D) A woman in the action stage for eating fruits and vegetables.
E) A man in the preparation stage for eating healthy who has already made some dietary changes.

Question 24

Explain the concept of self-efficacy and the relationship between self-efficacy and behavior change.

Question 25

In Motivational Interviewing, nutrition counselors should resist the righting reflex.

Question 26

According to the Transtheoretical Model, all individuals begin in precontemplation and move toward action for any given behavior.

Question 27

List and briefly describe the six stages of change of the Transtheoretical Model.

Question 28

List and describe the four counseling skills of Motivational Interviewing.

Question 29

Motivational Interviewing (MI) can be used during brief encounters. Which of the following could be addressed during the planning phase of a brief encounter?

A) The nutrition counselor could recommend changes they feel the client would be successful making.
B) The nutrition counselor could offer strategies they know will help the client make changes.
C) The nutrition counselor could discuss how the plan of action will fit into the client's life.
D) The nutrition counselor could discuss potential barriers and provide the client with ideas on how to address these barriers.
E) The nutrition counselor could assess the client's confidence to make changes and elicit why the client selected that response.

Question 30

Motivational Interviewing can be employed in brief interventions.

Question 31

Compare and contrast how nutrition counselors previously assisted clients in improving their eating behaviors with how this is achieved today.

Question 32

Describe the goal of solution-focused therapy and when this approach could be used with a client.

Question 33

Which of the following is true of Motivational Interviewing during brief encounters?

A) During the engaging phase, it is not important to ask the client what the client is hoping to get out of the session.
B) During the focusing phase, it is important for the nutrition counselor to select a topic to focus on during the session.
C) During the evoking phase, the nutrition counselor should elicit the client's own ideas and feelings about why and how the change can occur.
D) During the planning phase, the nutrition counselor should devise a step-by-step plan for the client to follow after the session.
E) During the summarizing phase, the nutrition counselor should summarize the thoughts and feelings of the client, the action plan, and the next steps to take.

Question 34

Motivational Interviewing (MI) can be used during brief encounters. What is true of the engaging phase during a brief encounter?

A) Since the encounter is brief, limited time should be dedicated to building a trusting relationship.
B) Since the encounter is brief, the nutrition counselor should offer advice early on in the session.
C) Since the encounter is brief, the nutrition counselor does not need to summarize the agenda and time allotted for the session.
D) For brief encounters, the goal may be to encourage a client to think about changing health behaviors and to accept a referral.
E) MI should not be employed in brief encounters since brief interventions do not allow for the full development of this approach.

Question 35

You are a nutrition counselor working with a client who is in precontemplation . Describe the type of intervention you would provide and why.

Question 36

What are the four core counseling skills of Motivational Interviewing?

A) Engaging, focusing, evoking, and planning
B) Evaluate importance and confidence, clarify values, change roles, and typical day strategy
C) Open-ended questions, affirmations, reflective listening, and summaries
D) Assess stage of change, open-ended questions, reflective listening, and summaries
E) Assess stage of change, open-ended questions, affirmations, and reflective listening

Question 37

Intervention strategies need to be adjusted as individuals move through the stages of change.

Question 38

Nutrition-related behaviors are easily changed when nutrition counselors dispense facts and diets.