Deck 9: Physical,cognitive,and Identity Developments in Adolescence

Question 1

A coping style which has been linked to higher levels of depression among adolescent girls and women is

A)rumination.
B)distraction.
C)support seeking.
D)withdrawal.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

What does Savin-Williams 2005)argue about the nature of sexual orientation?

A)Sexual orientation is a fluid concept for up to 20% of teens.
B)Sexual orientation is determined in utero.
C)Sexual orientation is determined earlier for boys than for girls.
D)Homosexuality might be fostered if children have homosexual teachers.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Brain developments in the adolescent period include which of the following?

A)Continued myelination .
B)Rapid synaptogenesis in late adolescence.
C)Rapid pruning in early adolescence.
D)Continue lateralization.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

It's a typical day for Tessa,a counselor who works with teenagers.Marcus explains to her that he came to school high on drugs because he can get away with it.He believes his teachers are clueless when it comes to spotting kids on drugs.Which form of adolescent egocentrism might Elkind use to describe Marcus' view of the world?

A)Personal audience.
B)Imaginary fable.
C)Invincibility fable.
D)Personal egocentrism.

Question 5

Which of the following elements is most closely associated with the concept of the imaginary audience?

A)A sense of invulnerability.
B)A sense of pride.
C)A sense of destiny.
D)A sense of shame.

Question 6

Rasheed is a 19-year-old college student whose family is making financial sacrifices to pay for his education.So far,his grade point average is not high enough to allow him entrance into the pre-med program,the course of study he intends to pursue.He also works part time as a youth counselor,a job he really likes.He is considering changing his major to education.According to Marcia's categories of identity status,which category would you assign to Rasheed with regard to his vocational identity?

A)Diffusion.
B)Moratorium.
C)Foreclosed.
D)Achieved.

Question 7

Yvonne is a 13-year-old 8th grader who is a new student in an urban middle school.She recently moved into the area with her mother and her three siblings.The family moved to be nearer to Yvonne's grandparents after the breakup of her parents' relationship.Yvonne is tall for her age and is bothered by the looks and sexual comments about her breasts from boys in her school.She has made few friends at the new school.Which of the following is not true with regard to Yvonne's level of moodiness?

A)Yvonne's of moodiness is likely to increase because adolescence is a period of greater mood disruptions.
B)Yvonne's moodiness is likely to increase because adolescents generally experience more intense and more volatile emotions.
C)Yvonne's moodiness is likely to increase because her parents recently separated.
D)Yvonne's moodiness is likely to increase because she has higher expectations for academic success than her male peers.

Question 8

Tessa,a counselor who works with teenagers,meets with Olivia,who attempted suicide after her boyfriend broke up with her.Olivia says she feels that there is no choice but for her to end her life.Ronnie believes that she is destined to die young.This will make her boyfriend mourn for her forever.How would Elkind describe Olivia's view of the world?

A)As a personal audience.
B)As a personal fable.
C)As an imaginary audience.
D)As an invincibility fable.

Question 9

Which of the following is true with regard to the way coping styles relate to depression?

A)Distraction serves to block out positive feelings,making the person feel more depressed.
B)Rumination serves to increase the intensity of thoughts about positive experiences and helps to reduce feelings of depression.
C)Distraction shortens episodes of depression by shortening the time spent focusing on negative events and thus lessening their intensity.
D)Self-focusing activates memories of events,allowing the person to resolve problems and feel less depressed.

Question 10

Which of the following statements is not true with regard to the onset of menarche?

A)Girls who have a higher proportion of body fat are likely to have earlier onset of menarche.
B)Girls who have better health care are likely to have earlier onset of menarche.
C)Girls whose close relatives had early onset of menarche are more likely to experience similar timing of events.
D)Girls who are very athletic are likely to have earlier onset of menarche.

Question 11

Currently available evidence is strongest for _________ influences on the development of gender identity,and there is no reliable evidence for _________ causes after birth.

A)environmental / genetic
B)psychological / environmental
C)prenatal / environmental
D)peer / parenting

Question 12

Pubertal processes begin when certain changes occur in the endocrine system.Which of the following explains the beginning of this process?

A)Sexual development comes under the control of the thyroid.
B)The pituitary begins to stimulate other glands to release hormones into the bloodstream.
C)The adrenal gland influences the growth of secondary sex characteristics.
D)The hypothalamus controls the development of secondary sex characteristics.

Question 13

Studies show that formal operational thinking is

A)easily grasped by all students by the time they enter high school.
B)easily grasped by average students by the time they enter college.
C)demonstrated by all normal adults.
D)is more common among older adolescents and adults,particularly in domains where they have experience in thinking about abstract concepts.

Question 14

Which of the following most accurately reflects Erikson's view of identity?

A)Identity begins to develop in adolescence and must be fully resolved before the next stage of psychosocial development can begin.
B)People must go through a traumatic crisis in order to have a solid identity.
C)One's identity provides the answer to the question "Who am I?"
D)Identity provides a foundation for making mature commitments to adult roles and belief systems.

Question 15

Dennis is a 17-year-old who comes to a counselor because he feels sexually attracted to males,which is at odds with his religious beliefs.Although he has felt this way for a long time,he is still struggling to understand why.Based upon the information presented in this chapter,which of these explanation has some research support?

A)Homosexual orientation usually results from being reared by a parent or parents of the same sex.
B)Homosexual orientation results from being exposed to early sexual abuse.
C)Homosexual orientation is at least partly determined by heredity.
D)Homosexual orientation is a personal choice made by the individual.

Question 16

Yvonne is a 13-year-old 8^th grader who is a new student in an urban middle school.She recently moved into the area with her mother and her three siblings.The family moved to be nearer to Yvonne's grandparents after the breakup of her parents' relationship.Yvonne is tall for her age and is bothered by the looks and sexual comments about her breasts from boys in her school.She has made few friends at the new school.What does this example illustrate about the ease of the adolescent transition for early-maturing girls like Yvonne?

A)Early-maturing girls are more likely to be admired by others and have higher self-esteem than late-maturing girls.
B)Early-maturing girls are more likely to be rejected by girls who are less mature.
C)Early-maturing girls are more confident about their sexuality than late-maturing girls.
D)Early-maturing girls are neither more confident nor more likely to be rejected than late-maturing girls.

Question 17

Allie's 8^th grade academic work is a little more advanced than what she is used to.She is having a hard time keeping up,particularly in science,which is her first period course.The teacher moves very fast,despite the fact that most of the students look glassy-eyed from too little sleep.What is a puberty-related biological explanation for the students' behavior in science class?

A)Sexual dimorphism.
B)Early menarche.
C)Androgen imbalance.
D)Delayed phase preference.

Question 18

Which of the following is not an illustration of formal operational thought?

A)Alyssa classifies information about the main branches of the US government by drawing a diagram of various departments within each branch.
B)Cody generates all the possible combinations of numbers from a seven digit telephone number.
C)Cai writes a paper discussing how satire is used in a popular comic strip to promote deeper thinking.
D)Farouk creates a story about a society that is free from war,suffering,and death.

Question 19

According to Erikson,what are the processes involved in the development of identity?

A)Foreclosure and achievement.
B)Exploration and commitment.
C)Exploration and moratorium.
D)Diffusion and commitment.

Question 20

Which of the following is the best example of a characteristic form of adolescent egocentrism?

A)Fourteen-year-old Breanna believes that her pastor is hypocritical because he lives in a nice house.She thinks it should be sold to feed the poor.
B)Fourteen-year-old Erika buys gifts for other members of her family based on what she likes to receive.She doesn't worry about what her family members' preferences are.
C)Fourteen-year-old Derek can not understand the concept of probability when his math teacher introduces statistics.
D)Fourteen-year-old Jordan believes he is a superior student despite having a learning disability.

Question 21

Steinberg and Scott 2003)argue that when teenagers are found guilty of a crime,it may be that their culpability is mitigated in comparison to that of typical adults.Which of these is not one of the reasons they argue teenagers are probably less culpable than adults?

A)Diminished capacity.
B)Compelling circumstances.
C)Uncharacteristic behavior.
D)Fluctuating hormone levels.
Chapter 9 Essay Questions
See answer key for potential essay answers)

Question 22

Colin is applying for the pre-med major.Colin worked in the health science area for several years before returning to college.He is very serious about doing well in school.According to Marcia's categories of identity status,which placement would you assign to Colin with regard to his vocational identity?

A)Diffusion.
B)Moratorium.
C)Foreclosed.
D)Achieved.

Question 23

Imagine yourself a clinician asked to evaluate a 14-year-olds' competence to stand trial as an adult.How would you make this decision? What data from developmental research would be relevant? ,

Question 24

Give three examples of adolescent egocentrism that might be apparent in a counseling situation with an adolescent.,

Question 25

What are the characteristics of formal operations and how does this kind of thinking differ from concrete operational thinking? ,

Question 26

Beth comes from a working class family.Since her father is disabled and unemployed,Beth needed to take a full-time job right after high school to help her mother provide for two younger children.Fortunately,she got a job as a receptionist in her uncle's real estate business.The secretarial skills she learned in high school help pay the family's bills.According to Marcia's categories of identity status,which placement would you assign to Beth with regard to her vocational identity?

A)Diffusion.
B)Moratorium.
C)Foreclosed.
D)Achieved.

Question 27

Brain growth during adolescence appears to be influenced by the hormonal changes of puberty.What effects do these hormonal changes seem to have?

A)They affect the onset and offset of genes that influence cortisol levels.
B)They flow over the brain,causing a general excitation of neurons.
C)They cause an increase in blood flow to the brain.
D)They lead to secondary dimorphism of brain structures.

Question 28

Which of these is the best summary of developmental trends in the formation of identity?

A)Individuals progress through stages in the following sequence: diffused,foreclosed,moratorium,achieved.
B)Individuals experience recurrent cycles of foreclosed to achieved status.
C)There is a general decline in foreclosures and diffusions over time while achievements increase over time.
D)Individuals generally achieve the same level of identity formation in all identity domains,for example,career,family,religion,etc.

Question 29

Which of these statements reflect findings from research on gender differences in identity formation?

A)Males focus on establishing intimacy before they focus on the construction of identity.
B)Females focus on establishing intimacy before they focus on the construction of identity.
C)Both males and females focus on constructing an identity before focusing on the establishment of intimacy.
D)Both males and females focus on the construction of an identity and the establishment of intimacy simultaneously.

Question 30

Most theories of racial,ethnic or sexual identity include which of the following ideas?

A)Realizing the significance of race,ethnicity or sexual orientation plays a critical role.
B)There is a necessary phase of active involvement in one's cultural group.
C)Individuals must turn against the values of the dominant culture before their identity can form.
D)Most individuals are in diffusion and do not reach achievement.

Question 31

When counseling adolescents who are unsure of their sexual identity,helpers should keep in mind that

A)the most important thing is to bring the adolescent to disclose to others.
B)once an adolescent begins to question his or her sexual identity,it is virtually certain that he or she will be a homosexual or bisexual adult.
C)the majority of gender-minority youth experience both same-sex and other-sex attractions in the process of coming out.
D)family is not an important source of support for these youth.

Question 32

Which of the following is true of American teenagers' knowledge of HIV/AIDS?

A)The majority are well-informed and understand the risks of unprotected sex.
B)Only a minority are well-informed and understand the risks of unprotected sex.
C)Most believe that oral and anal sex are risk factors,but may not understand that vaginal intercourse is also a risk.
D)The majority have a realistic view of the risks they take.

Question 33

Explain what most theories of racial or sexual-orientation development would need to include in order for them to be developmental in nature.,
e.g.,vocation,ideology,gender)follow similar underlying developmental processes.Phinney argues that identity development is more complex for members of ethnic minorities because they have to confront and integrate more aspects of themselves.Phinney contends that ethnic identity development parallels the four identity status proposed by Marcia that hopefully lead to identity achievement.Other researchers have claimed the same is true for homosexual/bisexual identity.Thus,in all domains the individual resolves conflicts,engages in exploration,and makes a commitment to one's choices and groups.For example,a young person may initially "foreclose" on her racial identity and later move to "identity achievement" after a healthy period of exploration and commitment.

Question 34

When working with youth whose racial or ethnic heritage is biracial or multiracial,counselors are likely to find that

A)the majority of adolescents identify with the minority category of their racial or ethnic identity.
B)the majority of adolescents identify as White.
C)about half of adolescents identify with no racial or ethnic category.
D)adolescents shift identity back and forth depending on the circumstances,rarely settling on one or the other for long.