Deck 31: Technologies-But They Come With a Slew of Problems- Soil and Grassland Resources

Question 1

Which of the following statements about the Atlantic cod is FALSE?

A) The cod fishery was the economic backbone of colonial New England and Canada.
B) Twenty years after the moratorium on cod fishing, 40,000 people are still out of work and reliant on government support.
C) Cod became the source of New England's early wealth.
D) By 1992, the annual catch had dropped to just 2% of its historic high.
E) None-all of these statements are true.

Answer 1

None-all of these statements are true.

Question 2

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Developing countries are dependent on fish as both a source of protein and revenue.
B) More than half of all fish sold in the global market comes from developing countries.
C) Fish make up the single biggest developing-country export.
D) More than 200 million people around the world earn their living in the fishing industry.
E) None-all of these statements are true.

Answer 2

None-all of these statements are true.

Question 3

Many people consider the open ocean to be an example of a commons because _______.

A) many different fish populations congregate in the open ocean
B) the open ocean is host to an international fishery
C) the open ocean supports high biodiversity
D) the open ocean is the ideal environment for aquaculture
E) fishing is prohibited in the open ocean

Answer 3

the open ocean is host to an international fishery

Question 4

What is the tragedy of the commons? How do fishing technology and the tragedy of the commons intersect to jeopardize global fisheries?

Question 5

The tragedy of the commons states that any resource to which a group of people have free access is likely to become ______ and degraded as each seeks to ______ personal benefit without consideration for the needs of others.

A) overexploited; minimize
B) overexploited; maximize
C) underexploited; minimize
D) underexploited; maximize
E) bountiful; maximize

Question 6

Major issues associated with the fishing technique of bottom trawling include ________.

A) bycatch
B) damaged seabed
C) sediment plume
D) ecosystem damage
E) all of these answers

Question 7

Fisheries have historically harvested apex predators and fish from high trophic levels.

Question 8

Many marine species are accidentally caught and killed in nets. Which of the following marine species' populations have been reduced as a result of bycatch from fishing?

A) dolphins
B) sea turtles
C) sea birds
D) A, B, and C
E) none of these answers

Question 9

What is likely to be the MOST important global impact of bycatch?

A) loss of ocean biodiversity
B) acidification and coral bleaching
C) sediment pollution
D) habitat destruction
E) increase in invasive species

Question 10

What role do fish play in human diets? What drives consumption of fish in poorer and wealthier countries?

Question 11

One of the most serious threats to many marine species is the accidental capture of bycatch. Describe some ways to lessen the impact of bycatch on marine populations.

Question 12

About 28.8% of the global fish stock is considered overfished. The reason fisheries have experienced such pressure is because __________.

A) the growing human population requires protein, leading to a greater demand on fisheries
B) technological advances allow us to fish so efficiently that often every single fish is removed from an area
C) given that no nation can lay legal claim to resources in the open ocean, these resources are more susceptible to overuse and degradation
D) A, B, and C
E) A and B

Question 13

Nontarget species that become trapped in fishing nets and are usually discarded are known as __________.

A) target catch
B) endangered species
C) bycatch
D) depleted fisheries
E) fishing down the food chain

Question 14

The collapse of fish populations is caused by many different factors. Which of the following technological advances aided in this collapse?

A) steam engines
B) flash freezing
C) trawler ships
D) huge nets
E) all of these answers

Question 15

In 1992, the United States banned the practice of _______ to catch fish.

A) long-line fishing
B) pole fishing
C) bottom trawling
D) drift netting
E) dynamite

Question 16

Overfishing of upper-trophic-level fish has led to humans seeking new species to harvest at lower trophic levels. This is called:

A) fishing down the food chain.
B) fishing up the food chain.
C) fishing through the food chain.
D) fishing sustainably.
E) fishing artificially.

Question 17

Overfishing decimated the cod fisheries in North America. How can this information be used to educate other North American fisheries to prevent the same thing from happening?

Question 18

Which statement about fish is FALSE?

A) In poorer nations, the cost of fish is cheaper compared with meat and poultry.
B) More than 15% of the world's population relies on fish as their main source of protein.
C) Even though fish is a popular protein choice, humans consume more beef, pork, and chicken than fish.
D) Many trendy diets are based on fish consumption.
E) The FDA recommends that Americans consume two servings of fish per week.

Question 19

Fishing from lower trophic levels helps the recovery of overfished species in higher trophic levels.

Question 20

In Frenchman Bay, Maine, the objective of David Alves' program is to "turn fishers into fish farmers." What does this mean, and why does he call this the "future of fishing"?

Question 21

The difference between a marine-protected area and a marine reserve is:

A) marine reserves are only found outside of the exclusive economic zone.
B) cultural artifacts are only protected by marine reserves.
C) no fishing is allowed in a marine reserve.
D) a marine-protected area maintains a higher level of ecosystem biodiversity.
E) None of these answers-the terms are interchangeable.

Question 22

Infographic 31.1.

Refer to the graph in Infographic 31.1. Adult cod are quite large and live close to the sea floor. They eat a wide variety of fish, as well as mussels, squid, and crab. Their diet and early life-cycle stages depend on a seabed with a complex structure. Spawning schools of more than a hundred million fish have been observed, and the average female can spawn millions of eggs. How is it possible that in 1992 the Canadian government had to close the cod fishery?

Question 23

Infographic 31.3.

Refer to the Marine Food Pyramid in Infographic 31.3. The overfishing of which trophic level would most greatly affect that ecosystem?

A) TL5
B) TL4
C) TL3
D) TL2
E) Overfishing of any level would have the same effect on the ecosystem.

Question 24

The Marine Trophic Index has decreased dramatically since 1990. What does this statement mean?

A) Invasive species are taking over the oceans.
B) Higher-level predators are declining in numbers.
C) Whale numbers have made a dramatic increase.
D) A, B, and C are true.
E) None of these answers are true.

Question 25

Refer to Infographic 31.4. The figure shows fish catches in the Newfoundland-Labrador Shelf area of the North Atlantic. Describe the shift in the species and amounts taken in 1968, 1990, and 2005.

Question 26

The Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act is the primary law in the United States that governs marine fisheries. The act and subsequent amendments focus on________.

A) rebuilding overfished fisheries
B) protecting ecosystems
C) reducing bycatch
D) catch share programs
E) all of these answers

Question 27

The Marine Stewardship Council defines a sustainable fishery as one that ensures that __________________.

A) fish stocks are maintained at healthy levels
B) the ecosystem is fully functional
C) fishing activity does not threaten biological diversity
D) A, B, and C
E) only A and C

Question 28

Many nations have tried to protect their fisheries by the creation of ______, which extend 200 nautical miles from the coastline and give exclusive rights over marine resources.

A) inclusive economic zones
B) exclusive economic zones
C) exclusive fishing zones
D) marine protection areas
E) marine reserves

Question 29

One of the major problems of managing marine fisheries is the amount of illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing. It is estimated that the revenue from these practices is _______ dollars annually.

A) 1 to 5 million
B) 50 to 100 million
C) 1 to 5 billion
D) 4 to 9 billion
E) 20 to 30 billion

Question 30

As a marine biologist, you notice that the coral reefs around the Florida Keys are depleting rapidly. Which of the following choices would be most effective in protecting the coral reefs?

A) marine reserves
B) exclusive economic zones
C) marine-protected areas
D) conservation easements
E) shelterbelts

Question 31

A fishery is considered "collapsed" when the annual catches fall below _____ of their historic high. The stocks can no longer support the fishery.

A) 10%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 75%
E) 90%

Question 32

A fishery with populations well below historic levels that has reduced reproductive capacity is called ___________.

A) overexploited
B) depleted
C) exhausted
D) finite
E) shrunken

Question 33

Compared with 1950, only ______ of the large fish like tuna, cod, and halibut remain in the oceans.

A) 10%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 75%
E) 90%

Question 34

Infographic 31.3

Refer to the graph in Infographic 31.3. What does the figure show?

A) fish catch in the 1960s containing mostly lower-trophic-level fish, suggesting that higher-trophic-level fish populations had been depleted
B) the size of fish catch that could be harvested in any given year without decreasing the yield in future years
C) the decrease in the size of the bycatch of different trophic levels over time as fishing technology improved
D) a plot of the Marine Trophic Index from 1950 to 2006, which is a measure of the average trophic level of fish taken in a given year and which is an indicator of the status of a marine ecosystem
E) the annual size of the cod harvest from 1950 to 2006

Question 35

What percent of global marine fisheries are overfished?

A) 10.2%
B) 24.6%
C) 28.8%
D) 42.5%
E) 50.9%

Question 36

__________ are discrete regions of ocean that are legally protected from various forms of human exploitation.

A) Marine economic zones
B) Marine sanctuaries
C) Marine buffer zones
D) Marine-protected areas
E) Ocean habitat areas

Question 37

Factors that contribute to the collapse of global fisheries include ________.

A) increased human demand for fish
B) powerful ships with extended ranges
C) flash freezing techniques
D) fishing practices like bottom-trawling
E) All of these answers contribute to the global collapse of fisheries.

Question 38

The Grand Banks area ______________.

A) will be closed to fishing starting in 2030
B) has recovered since the moratorium on fishing was enacted in the early 1990s
C) has never qualified as being a collapsed fishery
D) boasts the largest number of commercial RAS facilities in the world
E) was once a prolific cod fishery in the Atlantic

Question 39

More than half of the world's fisheries are at ___________, the amount of fish that can be harvested without decreasing the yield in future years.

A) overexploitation yield
B) maximum sustainable yield
C) depletion yield
D) bycatch yield
E) fishery maximum yield

Question 40

Infographic 31.3.

Refer to Infographic 31.3. What can cause a marine food pyramid to look like the one shown in the figure? What effects can it have on the fishing industry and on the ability of top-trophic-level fish to recover?

Question 41

To become commercially viable, recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) will have to overcome several challenges. Choose the correct matching of a challenge that RAS has to overcome with its solution.

A) most commercially important marine fish would not reproduce in captivity - development of a hormone supplement for the fish that tricks captive fish into breeding as they would in the wild
B) since fish raised in RAS setups are typically higher-trophic-level species, they still consume wild caught fish, maintaining the pressure on fisheries - locate RAS operations near coastal areas where it is easy to obtain wild caught fish
C) RAS operations generate a lot of waste - experiment with a variety of alternative feeds that make the fish produce less waste
D) RAS has high start-up and operating costs - employ carefully calibrated microbial communities that convert the fish waste into fuel-grade methane which offsets some of the energy costs
E) A and D

Question 42

Table 31.1.

Refer to Table 31.1. Even though aquaculture may help balance fisheries collapse, there are several problems associated with net pen and pond aquaculture. Select three problems, and describe a possible solution for each.

Question 43

Which of the following is TRUE regarding recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS)?

A) In blind tests, tasters were easily able to distinguish between wild caught fish and those grown in the laboratory fish farm.
B) The types of microbes used in the RAS to manage liquid and solid waste are not found in oceans.
C) Scaled-up RAS operations have proven already to be commercially viable.
D) Fish harvested from RAS operations will need to be shipped thousands of miles across the globe, increasing the environmental footprint of fish consumption.
E) In RAS, the type of fish grown can be chosen based on economic opportunity rather than location.

Question 44

Compare and contrast fishing and open-water aquaculture. Discuss the benefits and challenges of both approaches in obtaining fish protein for our diets.

Question 45

Many countries have exclusive economic zones (EEZs). How are these EEZs supposed to protect fish populations, and what are the problems with EEZs?

Question 46

The difference(s) between fishing and aquaculture is(are) ___________.

A) fish populations in aquaculture operations are typically more genetically uniform than wild fish captured by fishing fleets
B) unlike fish harvested from the ocean, aquaculture operations have historically been much smaller, producing just enough fish to feed a family or a small village
C) the size of the catch in fishing is limited by the size of the wild population, whereas in aquaculture, fish production is primarily limited by the size of the area in which organisms can be grown
D) unlike fishing operations, aquaculture produces higher concentrations of waste that can pollute aquatic ecosystems in which they are housed
E) All of these answers are differences between fishing and aquaculture.

Question 47

Net pen and open pond aquaculture are technologically simple and inexpensive to set up and operate. However, they pose some significant environmental challenges. For the following three challenges-displacement of native habitat, generation of large volumes of waste, and potential escape of non-native species-explain why they are a problem and how the challenge can be addressed to make net pen and open pond aquaculture systems more sustainable.

Question 48

Which of the following is a benefit of recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) in comparison with net or pen aquaculture?

A) Food in RAS systems is controlled by natural processes of the fish life cycle.
B) Fish require less food per pound.
C) Fish convert their food into flesh at a much higher rate.
D) A, B, and C are benefits.
E) Only B and C are benefits.

Question 49

Which of the following is NOT a problem associated with net pen and pond aquaculture?

A) use of antibiotics and pesticides
B) disruption of human life in coastal communities
C) escape of non-native or GMO species
D) large amounts of waste released into the environment
E) increased rates of disease and parasites relative to wild fish

Question 50

Explain the difference between a marine-protected area and a marine reserve.

Question 51

Aquaculture can deplete lower-tropic-level fish because:

A) the fish are not raised in their typical environment.
B) the fish are caught and used to feed the farmed fish.
C) the pollution from the underwater pens kills the fish.
D) harvesting the farmed fish with nets also catches lower-tropic-level fish.
E) None of these answers-aquaculture does not affect any other tropic level outside of the farmed fish.

Question 52

Which statement about aquaculture is TRUE?

A) Despite technological advances, fish farms still lag behind traditional fisheries in production.
B) Most fish species are able to reproduce in captivity, which made adoption of these species to aquaculture that much easier.
C) Aquaculture was only recently developed and practiced.
D) In 2009, aquaculture provided more than half of all seafood consumed worldwide.
E) The United States has the highest levels of seafood produced by aquaculture in the world.

Question 53

How is aquaculture similar to a tree plantation?

Question 54

The ability to spawn, hatch, and raise fish to adulthood in a laboratory setting is known as ________.

A) an ocean-based aquaculture system
B) genetic engineering
C) hormone-free aquaculture
D) aquapod aquaculture
E) a recirculating aquaculture system

Question 55

Aquaculture _____________.

A) is fishing without the use of trawl nets and thus without bycatch
B) refers to the marine resources, including fish, that are found within 200 nautical miles from the coastline of any given nation, where that nation has exclusive rights
C) refers to finding a use for nontarget species that become trapped in fishing nets and are usually discarded
D) is farming fish by rearing fish in tanks, ponds, or ocean net pens
E) refers to a fishery that ensures that fish stocks are maintained at healthy levels, the ecosystem is fully functional, and fishing activity does not threaten biological diversity

Question 56

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding aquaculture?

A) Aquaculture provides a reliable protein source and thus needed nutrition for a growing human population.
B) As aquaculture grows in scale, the reduced pressure on natural fisheries is better for ocean biodiversity as it reduces bycatch.
C) The dense concentration of farmed fish makes it easier to prevent disease outbreaks from occurring, and thus food security is always assured.
D) Aquaculture is more energy efficient, as it uses less fossil fuels and produces more fish per unit area than open-water fishing operations.
E) All of these answers are true statements about aquaculture.

Question 57

Fisheries management is based on many decades of reproducible science.

Question 58

Aquaculture and fisheries both ___________________.

A) are sources of food and livelihood for people
B) exploit renewable natural resources
C) have significant potential for environmental degradation
D) require significant energy resources
E) All of these answers are correct.

Question 59

Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) are best suited in __________.

A) urban centers of wealthy countries, as locations close to larger markets could help make RAS operations more likely to be economically viable
B) water-poor regions, as RAS operations have a small water footprint since they use only a limited amount of freshwater
C) tropical regions, as the breeding cycle of fish is best suited to the seasons in these regions
D) poor countries, as the start-up costs for RAS are low, and because they create a lot of jobs
E) rural areas with access to a lot of open space, as RAS operations have a large land footprint that is not compatible with built-up urban areas

Question 60

One of the major problems with the aquaculture of fish is convincing the public that farm-raised fish taste as good as wild caught.

Question 61

How can recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) address the environmental challenges posed by net pen and open pond aquaculture? What constrains RAS, given all these advantages?

Question 62

If recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) facilities become available on a larger-scale, they could potentially lead to __________.

A) restoration of coastal mangrove swamps
B) sustainable, local production of seafood
C) a loss of income for those relying on net pen farms
D) A, B, and C
E) Only A and B

Question 63

Which of the following is an obstacle that recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) will need to overcome if they are to become more widespread?

A) efficiency
B) expensive start-up costs
C) productivity
D) sustainability
E) all of these answers

Question 64

The difference between recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) and net pen aquaculture operations is that ___________.

A) unlike net pen aquaculture, RAS operations are very limited to the type of fish they can culture, as most fish, especially the commercially profitable species, do not do well in enclosed facilities
B) RAS facilities are more habitat friendly compared with net pen farms, which displace mangrove swamps and other wetland ecosystems in coastal areas
C) in contrast to net pen aquaculture, RAS operations are low tech and easy to set up
D) since RAS operations are very labor intensive, they are better suited than net pen systems for developing countries, where labor is cheap and the market for farm-raised fish is large
E) net pen aquaculture, being biosecure, poses a much lower risk regarding the escape of non-native species than does an RAS operation