Deck 8: Section 5: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

Charles Darwin:

A)contended that nonhuman animals do not experience emotions.
B)believed that anthropomorphism was the best methodology for scientifically investigating emotions in nonhuman animals.
C)believed that the capacity to experience emotion is an evolved trait that humans share with lower animals.
D)argued that emotional expression in humans is completely different from the instinctive displays of nonhuman animals.

Answer 1

believed that the capacity to experience emotion is an evolved trait that humans share with lower animals.

Question 2

Bae walked into a haunted house and immediately encountered an individual who appeared to have most of his face missing. Which brain structure was likely activated immediately when Bae encountered this frightening face?

A)the hypothalamus
B)the amygdala
C)the cerebellum
D)the medulla

Answer 2

the amygdala

Question 3

High blood levels of the hormone ghrelin:

A)cause negative energy balance and loss of weight.
B)stimulate appetite and eating behavior.
C)cause a loss of appetite and suppression of normal eating behavior.
D)increase the sensitivity of stomach receptors, promote satiation, and reduce or stop eating behavior.

Answer 3

stimulate appetite and eating behavior.

Question 4

MOST researchers conclude that basic emotions consist of:

A)happiness, disgust, rage, and relaxation.
B)guilt, pride, embarrassment, and envy
C)regret, fear, guilt, contentment, rage, resentment, pity, and joy.
D)sadness, happiness, disgust, fear, surprise, and anger.

Question 5

Glucose is:

A)the hormone produced by fat cells that signals the hypothalamus to regulate hunger and eating behavior.
B)the neurotransmitter that promotes satiation and produces feelings of fullness as you eat.
C)also called the "hunger hormone" because its presence in the lining of the stomach strongly stimulates appetite.
D)also called blood sugar and is the primary source of energy in your body.

Question 6

According to the _____ perspective, our ancestral heritage may influence patterns of human behavior, such as eating behavior or the expression of emotions.

A)cognitive-appraisal theory
B)evolutionary
C)anthropomorphic approach
D)evolutionary perspective

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a valid criticism of Maslow's theory of motivation?

A)Maslow's initial studies on self-actualization were based on limited samples and often relied on the life stories of acquaintances and biographies and autobiographies of historical figures he selected.
B)The concept of self-actualization is vague and almost impossible to define in such a way that it could be empirically measured or tested.
C)Despite the claim that self-actualization is an inborn motivational goal, most people do not experience or achieve self-actualization.
D)Because of Maslow's influence, psychology was encouraged to focus on the motivation and development of psychologically healthy people.

Question 8

Marshall sleeps, on average, five hours per night. Compared to adults who sleep seven to eight hours a night, Marshall is 50 percent more likely to:

A)be underweight.
B)lose weight but gain it back.
C)be obese.
D)have a high basal metabolic rate.

Question 9

Karen has a BMI of 28, which means that she is:

A)underweight.
B)in the healthy weight range.
C)overweight, but not obese.
D)obese.

Question 10

Emotions such as feelings of contentment:

A)involve intense physical reactions.
B)are characterized by decreased physical arousal.
C)cause spikes in physical and emotional arousal.
D)have no effect on the body.

Question 11

In a study comparing normal-weight versus obese individuals, researchers found that the obese participants had significantly:

A)fewer dopamine receptors in their brains.
B)lower levels of the neurotransmitter neuropeptide Y (NPY) in various brain areas, most notably the hypothalamus.
C)more dopamine receptors in their brains.
D)higher levels of the neurotransmitter neuropeptide Y (NPY) in various brain areas, most notably the hypothalamus.

Question 12

As a result of a genetic mutation, ob/ob mice lack the ability to produce:

A)CCK.
B)neuropeptide Y.
C)leptin.
D)ghrelin.

Question 13

Fleeting facial expressions that can serve as nonverbal cues indicating deception are called:

A)motor tics.
B)anthropomorphisms.
C)physiological indicators.
D)microexpressions.

Question 14

Cholecystokinin is:

A)a hormone that strongly stimulates appetite.
B)a neurotransmitter that promotes the production of growth hormone by the pituitary gland.
C)both a hormone and a neurotransmitter that increases the sensitivity of stretch receptors in the stomach, promotes satiation, and reduces or stops eating behavior.
D)a neurotransmitter manufactured throughout the brain that triggers eating behavior.

Question 15

The desire to engage in tasks that the person finds inherently satisfying and enjoyable, novel, or optimally challenging is called _____ motivation.

A)intrinsic
B)extrinsic
C)acquired
D)dominance

Question 16

Psychologists define the term _____ as a complex psychological state that involves subjective experience, a physiological response, and a behavioral or expressive response.

A)motivation
B)emotion
C)self-efficacy
D)anthropomorphism

Question 17

It was _____ who wrote, "It is quite true that man lives by bread alone-where there is no bread. But what happens to man's desires when there is plenty of bread and when his belly is chronically filled? At once other (and "higher") needs emerge and these, rather than physiological hungers, dominate the organism. And when these in turn are satisfied, again new (and still "higher") needs emerge, and so on. That is what we mean by saying that the basic human needs are organized into a hierarchy of relative prepotency."

A)William James
B)Paul Ekman
C)Abraham Maslow
D)Charles Darwin

Question 18

According to the evolutionary perspective, many wild animals overeat when food is available. What explains this trend?

A)Weaker but rapidly multiplying species tend to overeat, which makes them less agile but less vulnerable to larger predators, who reproduce more slowly.
B)Overeating promotes an insulating layer of fat that traps body heat and allows the species to survive in a wider range of cold climates.
C)Overeating helps build energy reserves for times when food may be scarce or unavailable.
D)Species that engage in overeating have evolved so that they have high basal metabolic rates and do not hibernate, qualities that utilize the excess calories and promote survival.

Question 19

Which three characteristics are commonly associated with motivation?

A)self-fulfillment, self-actualization, and self-efficacy
B)activation, persistence, and intensity
C)autonomy, competence, and relatedness
D)drive, incentive, and arousal

Question 20

Measures of achievement motivation are correlated with all of the following EXCEPT:

A)productivity and worker output.
B)relationship satisfaction.
C)job performance.
D)academic success.

Question 21

Focus on Neuroscience: Emotions and the Brain described a PET-scan study by researcher Antonio Damasio and his colleagues. The study found that, when participants recalled an emotionally charged memory:

A)internal brain changes occurred after the participant reported subjectively feeling the emotion.
B)there was an increase in brain levels of the neurotransmitter neuropeptide Y (NPY).
C)there was an increase in brain levels of the neurotransmitter cholecystokinin (CCK).
D)internal brain changes occurred before the participant reported subjectively feeling the emotion.

Question 22

_____ argued that the differences in emotional experience between animals and humans are a matter of degree, not kind.

A)William James
B)Abraham Maslow
C)Charles Darwin
D)B) F. Skinner

Question 23

Psychologist Peter Gollwitzer developed an approach that helps people achieve their goals. What are the two key strategies of Gollwitzer's approach?

A)creating mastery experiences and developing self-efficacy
B)meeting basic needs and achieving self-actualization
C)developing competence and achieving autonomy
D)forming goal intentions and creating implementation intentions

Question 24

When Graham was taking his first ride up the steep slope at the beginning of the Mighty Mouse Roller Coaster ride, he became aware of his high level of physiological arousal. He then began to feel very fearful. The sequence of events in Graham's emotional experience reflects _____ theory of emotion.

A)Schachter and Singer's two-factor
B)Walter Cannon's theory
C)the James-Lange
D)the instinct or evolutionary

Question 25

Research indicates that children who are born blind and deaf will:

A)be unable to express the basic emotions.
B)only display extreme emotions, such as anger and exuberance.
C)express emotions such as joy, anger, and pleasure using the same facial expressions as other children.
D)display the social smile at birth but show no other signs of emotional expression.