Deck 5: Section 2: Learning

Question 1

Which of the following behaviors is a reflex, meaning that it is governed by the nervous system and occurs automatically?

A)studying hard to get good grades
B)throwing a ball on command
C)shivering in response to cold
D)watching TV because it is fun and relaxing

Answer 1

shivering in response to cold

Question 2

Six-year-old Blair liked going to school right up until her first-grade teacher, Ms. Hanemayer, took maternity leave. The substitute teacher, Mrs. Snarly, was strict and scolded Blair on several occasions, making her cry. On one Saturday morning as Blair was helping her father with grocery shopping, she suddenly came face to face with Mrs. Snarly. Blair instantly burst into tears. Blair's crying at just the sight of Mrs. Snarly is an example of:

A)instinctive drift.
B)an unconditioned response.
C)an unconditioned stimulus.
D)a conditioned response.

Answer 2

a conditioned response.

Question 3

Initially, an infant has no response to a nurse's white uniform. But after a couple of painful experiences of getting a vaccination shot from a nurse in a white uniform, the infant will react with fear in response to a nurse in a white uniform who simply walks into the examining room. In this example, the sight of a nurse in a white uniform has become a(n) _____ to the infant.

A)unconditioned response (UCR)
B)conditioned response (CR)
C)conditioned stimulus (CS)
D)unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Answer 3

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Question 4

In his original studies of digestion, Pavlov placed food on a dog's tongue to make the dog salivate. In this situation, the dog's salivating was a(n):

A)conditioned stimulus (CS).
B)unconditioned response (UCR).
C)conditioned response (CR).
D)operant response (OR).

Question 5

When Rani was having problems at school, she often talked things over with her grandfather. Her grandfather, who always smoked a pipe, was warm, reassuring, and always supportive. Years later, Rani still finds the smell of pipe tobacco soothing. In classical conditioning terms, Rani's fondness for the smell of pipe tobacco may be described as a(n):

A)conditioned response.
B)unconditioned response.
C)example of latent learning.
D)example of higher order conditioning.

Question 6

The term "elicit" is used in:

A)operant conditioning and means that the response is emitted in order to obtain a reward or avoid punishment.
B)classical conditioning and means that the stimulus ''draws out'' or causes an existing behavior to occur.
C)observational learning to refer to obtaining an imitative response, such as using a jump rope or swinging a baseball bat.
D)operant conditioning to refer to creating a new response to inescapable punishment, such as passivity or unresponsiveness.

Question 7

If you touch something hot, you will reflexively withdraw your hand. Using Pavlov's terminology, reflexively withdrawing your hand would be termed a(n):

A)unconditioned stimulus (UCS).
B)unconditioned response (UCR).
C)conditioned stimulus (CS).
D)conditioned response (CR).

Question 8

What was Pavlov investigating when he began his studies on the phenomenon that eventually became known as classical conditioning?

A)the development of learned helplessness in dogs given inescapable shock
B)the use of food rewards in training dogs
C)reflexive responses to sound, such as ringing bells
D)the role of saliva in digestion

Question 9

There are two basic types of conditioning: _____ and _____ conditioning.

A)primary; secondary
B)learned; observed
C)classical; operant
D)automatic; independent

Question 10

Who discovered the basic process of classical conditioning?

A)Robert Rescorla
B)B) F. Skinner
C)John B. Watson
D)Ivan Pavlov

Question 11

To produce a learned response in classical conditioning, a(n) _____ are repeatedly paired.

A)neutral stimulus and a stimulus that naturally elicits a response
B)stimulus and a response
C)behavioral response and a natural environmental consequence
D)unconditioned stimulus and a voluntarily emitted behavioral response

Question 12

The process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses is called:

A)stimulus discrimination.
B)stimulus generalization.
C)conditioning.
D)extinction.

Question 13

Six-year-old Blair liked the first grade right up until her teacher, Ms. Havemayer, took maternity leave. The substitute teacher, Mrs. Snarly, was strict and scolded Blair on several occasions, making her cry. On one Saturday morning as Blair was helping her father with grocery shopping, she suddenly came face to face with Mrs. Snarly. Blair instantly burst into tears. For Blair, Mrs. Snarly in the grocery store is an example of a(n):

A)conditioned stimulus.
B)unconditioned response.
C)unconditioned stimulus.
D)conditioned response.

Question 14

Steven Spielberg's classic movie Jaws was a thriller about a great white shark that terrorized tourists at a local beach. Just before the shark's appearance, eerie music began playing. As the unseen shark came closer, the tempo of the music picked up. After the audience had experienced this a few times, the sound of the music triggered the emotional reaction of fear in the audience even though the shark still had not appeared. At that point, the sound of the eerie music was a(n):

A)unconditioned response (UCR).
B)conditioned response (CR).
C)conditioned stimulus (CS).
D)unconditioned stimulus (UCS).

Question 15

In response to a cold temperature, your body will shiver reflexively. Using Pavlov's terminology, the cold temperature would be termed a(n):

A)unconditioned stimulus (UCS).
B)unconditioned response (UCR).
C)conditioned stimulus (CS).
D)conditioned response (CR).

Question 16

If you shine a bright light directly into a person's eye, the pupil of the eye will reflexively constrict. Using Pavlov's terminology, the bright light would be termed the _____, and the pupil constricting would be termed the _____.

A)CS; UCS
B)CR; UCR
C)UCS; UCR
D)CS; CR

Question 17

In response to cutting up an onion, airborne irritants released by the onion will cause your eyes to automatically water or produce tears. Using Pavlov's terminology, the tears would be termed a(n):

A)unconditioned stimulus (UCS).
B)unconditioned response (UCR).
C)conditioned stimulus (CS).
D)conditioned response (CR).

Question 18

Prior to conditioning, a dog does not salivate to the sound of a ringing bell. At this point, the ringing bell is a(n):

A)unconditioned stimulus.
B)unconditioned response.
C)neutral stimulus.
D)conditioned response.

Question 19

Prior to conditioning, a dog will salivate in response to food placed in its mouth. Using classical conditioning terms, the food would be labeled the _____, while the dog salivating would be labeled the _____.

A)conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus
B)conditioned stimulus; conditioned response
C)unconditioned response; unconditioned stimulus
D)unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response

Question 20

Essentially, classical conditioning is a process of learning:

A)that consequences follow a voluntarily emitted behavior.
B)new responses by observing others' behaviors.
C)the relationship between a behavior and a reinforcer.
D)an association between two stimuli.

Question 21

After repeatedly pairing the sound of a bell with food being placed in a dog's mouth, the sound of the bell alone will make the dog salivate. The dog's salivation to the sound of the bell is called the:

A)unconditioned response (UCR).
B)conditioned response (CR).
C)conditioned stimulus (CS).
D)unconditioned stimulus (UCS).

Question 22

After establishing a classically conditioned response to a tone, the experimenter then set up a second trial using a new conditioned stimulus, a red light. He repeatedly paired the new conditioned stimulus (the red light) with the conditioned stimulus from the first trial (the tone). This procedure resulted in the conditioned response being elicited by the red light alone, even though it had never been paired with the unconditioned stimulus. The experimenter has demonstrated:

A)extinction.
B)higher order conditioning (second-order conditioning).
C)learned helplessness.
D)the partial reinforcement effect.

Question 23

Fred's dog was classically conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell. Fred then repeatedly paired the bell with another stimulus, a whistle. Now whenever he blows the whistle, his dog salivates, even though the whistle has never been paired with food. This example illustrates:

A)higher order conditioning (second-order conditioning).
B)spontaneous recovery.
C)a placebo response.
D)biological preparedness.

Question 24

When Micah was 2-years-old he was frightened by his Aunt Mabel's little dog, which had nipped him on the leg. Because of the incident, Micah developed a strong fear of small dogs but not of large dogs. This best illustrates which of the following?

A)spontaneous recovery
B)stimulus discrimination
C)stimulus generalization
D)higher order conditioning

Question 25

If you own a dog that tends to salivate and get excited when you shake a box of dog biscuits, you may have noticed that your dog also drools when you shake a bag of cat food. If so, this would be an example of:

A)stimulus generalization.
B)spontaneous recovery.
C)stimulus discrimination.
D)higher order conditioning.

Question 26

Pavlov found that a conditioned response would be stronger if:

A)the UCS was always presented before the CS.
B)the CR always occurred before the UCR.
C)there were many pairings of the CS and the UCS.
D)the interval between the CS and the UCS was an hour or longer.

Question 27

After repeatedly pairing the sound of a bell with food being placed in a dog's mouth, the sound of the bell alone will make the dog salivate. At this point, the sound of the bell is a(n):

A)conditioned stimulus (CS).
B)unconditioned stimulus (UCS).
C)unconditioned response (UCR).
D)conditioned response (CR).

Question 28

After a dog had been conditioned to salivate to the sight of a triangle, the triangle alone was presented to the dog every three minutes. Over the course of several trials, the amount of saliva secreted by the dog in response to the triangle decreased to zero. At that point, the dog was put back in his cage for the night. What happened the next morning when the triangle was presented to the dog again?

A)Because of latent learning, the dog did not salivate.
B)Spontaneous recovery likely occurred, and the dog salivated in response to the triangle.
C)Learned helplessness developed, and the dog did not respond in any way.
D)Because the triangle was no longer a discriminative stimulus, the dog did not salivate.

Question 29

Every Friday, Dr. Cruz would give a quiz in his psychology class. Students quickly learned to be nervous on Friday mornings, just before each quiz. Halfway through the semester, Dr. Cruz stopped giving quizzes on Fridays and the students' anxiety began to diminish with each passing week in which there was no quiz. The decrease in the students' anxiety may be attributed to the process of:

A)spontaneous recovery.
B)extinction.
C)stimulus generalization.
D)latent learning.

Question 30

Behaviorism was an early school or approach to psychology that was founded by:

A)Edward L. Thorndike.
B)John B. Watson.
C)B) F. Skinner.
D)Albert Bandura.

Question 31

Which of the following has the greatest impact on the strength of the conditioned response?

A)the magnitude of the reinforcer
B)the timing of stimulus presentations
C)the size of the unconditioned response
D)the degree of latent learning during conditioning trials

Question 32

Pavlov found that once he conditioned a dog to salivate in response to a tone, a tone that was slightly higher or lower in pitch would also make the dog salivate. This phenomenon is called:

A)spontaneous recovery.
B)stimulus discrimination.
C)backward conditioning.
D)stimulus generalization.

Question 33

A young child has learned to associate the sight of a nurse's white uniform with the fear and pain of getting an injection. If the young child begins reacting with fear to the sight of any white jacket, what has occurred?

A)stimulus generalization
B)spontaneous recovery
C)stimulus discrimination
D)higher order conditioning

Question 34

In classical conditioning, if the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus, what will occur?

A)stimulus generalization
B)stimulus discrimination
C)extinction
D)spontaneous recovery

Question 35

A young child has learned to associate the sight of a nurse's white uniform with the fear and pain of getting an injection. Using Pavlov's terminology, when the white uniform elicits a fear response, it would be termed a(n):

A)unconditioned stimulus (UCS).
B)unconditioned response (UCR).
C)conditioned stimulus (CS).
D)conditioned response (CR).

Question 36

After a dog had been conditioned to salivate at the sight of meat powder, the meat powder was presented to the dog every three minutes and held just out of the dog's reach. Over the course of several trials, the amount of saliva secreted by the dog decreased to zero, indicating that _____ had occurred.

A)negative reinforcement
B)biological preparedness
C)extinction
D)spontaneous recovery

Question 37

A conditioned stimulus from one learning trial is used in place of an unconditioned stimulus in a new conditioning trial, where it is paired with a second conditioned stimulus. The second conditioned stimulus then comes to elicit the conditioned response, even though it has never been directly paired with the unconditioned stimulus. This is a description of a procedure called:

A)stimulus generalization training.
B)higher order conditioning or second order conditioning.
C)latent learning training.
D)the extinction procedure.

Question 38

The phenomenon of spontaneous recovery provides support for the idea that:

A)a conditioned response that is extinguished is not unlearned or completely eliminated.
B)a conditioned stimulus can return to being a neutral stimulus after extinction.
C)stimulus generalization is a stronger, more easily produced response than stimulus discrimination.
D)it is easier to produce learned associations between natural stimuli than artificial stimuli.

Question 39

Pavlov found that a conditioned response would be stronger if the:

A)UCS was not paired with the CS.
B)interval between the CS and the UCS was no more than a few seconds.
C)UCS always came before the CS.
D)interval between the CS and the UCS was an hour or longer.

Question 40

Your dog tends to salivate and get excited when you shake a box of dog biscuits. However, your dog does not drool when you shake a bag of cat food. This is an example of:

A)stimulus generalization.
B)spontaneous recovery.
C)stimulus discrimination.
D)higher order conditioning.

Question 41

The famous ''Little Albert'' study conducted by John Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrated that:

A)even a baby can be conditioned to salivate to the sound of a bell.
B)it was possible to classically condition an emotional reaction to a previously neutral stimulus.
C)it was possible to operantly condition voluntary behavior in infants if the right reinforcer were presented immediately following the target behavior.
D)all emotional reactions are inborn, naturally occurring reflexes.

Question 42

Which of the following advertising techniques is based on classical conditioning principles?

A)including a $1.00 mail-in rebate in the ad for Brand X
B)a salesperson explaining why Brand X is superior
C)a sexy model using Brand X
D)a picture of a shelf filled with Brand X products

Question 43

Professor Lake is a strong advocate of the behavioral perspective. He would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements?

A)Human behavior is shaped by experience and environmental events.
B)Human behavior can best be explained by genetics and heredity.
C)Most human behavior is the result of unconscious psychological conflicts.
D)The understanding of mental processes is the key to understanding human behavior.

Question 44

What was the conditioned response (CR) in Watson and Rayner's famous ''Little Albert'' study?

A)the loud clanging sound
B)the sight of the white rat
C)fear in response to the loud clanging sound
D)fear in response to the sight of the rat

Question 45

Whenever Kim and Russ become romantic, they always play Ravel's classic instrumental work Boléro in the background. One day, as Kim is walking past a music appreciation class, she realizes that the class is listening to Ravel's Boléro. As she continues to walk down the hall, she smiles to herself as intimate thoughts of Russ cross her mind. Which of the following best represents the unconditioned stimulus in this example?

A)the sound of Ravel's Boléro
B)intimate physical contact with her partner
C)the sight of the musical appreciation classroom
D)sexual arousal in response to the classical work Boléro

Question 46

Which of the following represents a valid criticism of the methodology of Watson and Rayner's ''Little Albert'' study?

A)Using a loud clang as a conditioned stimulus is not an acceptable scientific practice.
B)The behavior of an infant is not representative of adult human behavior.
C)Albert's fear and distress were not objectively measured, but were subjectively evaluated by the experimenters themselves.
D)The experimenters did not evaluate Albert's responsiveness to different stimuli.

Question 47

What happened after ''Little Albert'' was classically conditioned to fear a tame white rat?

A)Stimulus generalization occurred; Albert responded with fear to other furry animals and fuzzy objects.
B)The sight of the hammer produced spontaneous recovery of the unconditioned response.
C)Stimulus discrimination occurred; Albert responded with fear to white rats but not to other furry animals or to fuzzy objects.
D)The conditioned fear response was quickly and easily extinguished.

Question 48

John Watson believed that human emotions were:

A)due to repressed psychological conflicts.
B)the result of natural selection and evolutionary adaptation.
C)operant responses, strengthened through reinforcement and weakened through punishment.
D)reflexive responses that involved the muscles and glands.

Question 49

Which of the following represents a valid criticism of the ethics of Watson and Rayner's ''Little Albert'' study?

A)Watson and Rayner filmed the infant's behavior without permission.
B)Watson and Rayner intentionally induced a lasting fear in an infant, and they did not attempt to extinguish it when the experiment was over.
C)It is unethical to use infants and animals in the same research study.
D)Treatment of the rats, rabbits, and other animals used in the study did not conform to APA regulations.

Question 50

John B. Watson believed that psychology should focus on the study of:

A)consciousness.
B)observable behavior.
C)conditioned stimuli.
D)physiological processes.

Question 51

Modern research on advertising and marketing techniques has shown that:

A)most people are not affected by the use of classical conditioning methods in advertising.
B)attitudes toward a product or a particular brand can be influenced by the use of classical conditioning techniques in advertising campaigns.
C)modern advertising has abandoned the use of classical conditioning techniques, since they have been shown to be ineffective.
D)pairing products with stimuli that naturally elicit fear is the only way in which classical conditioning techniques affect brand preferences or product choices.

Question 52

John Watson had a major impact not only on psychology but also on American business. Which statement best describes Watson's influence on American business?

A)Watson demonstrated the effectiveness of conditioned reinforcers and behavior modification techniques in improving worker productivity.
B)Watson's research on conditioned responses in animals was used to improve veterinary practice and to develop new products for pets and livestock.
C)Watson was a pioneer in using classical conditioning in advertising campaigns so that consumers would associate emotional responses with particular consumer products.
D)Watson's classical conditioning techniques demonstrated the importance of having employees wear uniforms with the company's logo.

Question 53

Which of the following best illustrates classical conditioning?

A)After watching another three-year-old stick out her tongue at the daycare worker, Beth does the same thing.
B)Jenny studied hard to achieve a high grade point average.
C)Because his older brother once locked him in the closet, Allen gets anxious in small, enclosed rooms.
D)Susan gives her daughter five dollars a week to help with chores around the house.

Question 54

What was the unconditioned response (UCR) in Watson and Rayner's famous ''Little Albert'' study?

A)the loud clanging sound
B)the sight of the white rat
C)fear in response to the loud clanging sound
D)fear in response to the sight of the rat

Question 55

It was _____ who made the following claim: ''Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select.''

A)Ivan Pavlov
B)B) F. Skinner
C)Edward L. Thorndike
D)John B. Watson

Question 56

The early school or approach to psychology called behaviorism emphasized the scientific study of:

A)mental processes in humans and animals.
B)the cognitive process involved in human and animal intelligence.
C)observable behaviors rather than mental processes.
D)how associations are formed between mental events and overt behaviors.

Question 57

In the famous study of ''Little Albert,'' John Watson and Rosalie Rayner:

A)used changes in heartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure as their operational definition of fear in the infant.
B)did not extinguish the conditioned emotional reaction in the infant.
C)were criticized for their conclusions because the infant was fearful of many different objects before the study began.
D)successfully removed the infant's conditioned fear of furry animals and fuzzy objects.

Question 58

Steven Spielberg's classic movie Jaws was a thriller about a great white shark that terrorized tourists at a local beach. Just before the shark's appearance, eerie music began playing. As the unseen shark came closer, the tempo of the music picked up. After the audience had experienced this a few times, the sound of the music triggered the emotional reaction of fear in the audience even though the shark still had not appeared. At that point, fear in response to the sound of the eerie music was a(n):

A)unconditioned response (UCR).
B)conditioned response (CR).
C)conditioned stimulus (CS).
D)unconditioned stimulus (UCS).

Question 59

In Watson and Rayner's famous ''Little Albert'' study, what was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?

A)the loud clanging sound
B)the sight of the white rat
C)fear in response to the loud clanging sound
D)fear in response to the sight of the rat

Question 60

Which of the following does NOT illustrate classical conditioning?

A)Whenever Elizabeth smells British Sterling cologne, she feels a tingle of romantic excitement because it reminds her of her boyfriend, who always wears that cologne.
B)The sound of a neighbor's drill sends a shudder up Janeen's spine because it reminds her of the dentist's office.
C)Jack felt energized after drinking three cups of coffee, even though the coffee was actually decaffeinated.
D)Leslie always pays her electric bill on time in order to avoid a late charge.

Question 61

Rats can most easily be classically conditioned to learn an association between which two stimuli?

A)between a flashing light and a taste
B)between a taste and physical discomfort, such as nausea or illness
C)between a loud noise and a taste
D)between a taste and a painful event, such as electric shock

Question 62

Katie loves strong coffee and cheerfully admits that she depends on caffeine to help her wake up every day. One morning her husband served her two cups of decaffeinated coffee without telling her. Nevertheless, she still felt more alert after drinking the decaffeinated coffee. Katie's alertness after drinking decaffeinated coffee is a(n):

A)example of higher order conditioning.
B)example of latent learning.
C)operantly conditioned response to the taste and smell of coffee, and other discriminative stimuli.
D)classically conditioned response to the taste and smell of coffee, and other stimuli associated with it.

Question 63

A psychological and/or physiological response to what is actually a fake treatment or drug is called:

A)spontaneous recovery.
B)an unconditioned response (UCR).
C)an operant response.
D)a placebo response or placebo effect.

Question 64

Bill always starts his day with a cup of strong coffee. Bill stayed overnight at his mother's home, and she made him a cup of coffee when he got up. Later, he was surprised to discover that his mother's coffee was decaffeinated, because he had felt more alert after drinking the coffee. In this example, what are the CS and CR?

A)The CS is the drug caffeine, and the CR is alertness.
B)The CS is the smell and taste of coffee, and the CR is the drug caffeine.
C)The CS is alertness, and the CR is the smell and taste of coffee.
D)The CS is the smell and taste of coffee, and the CR is alertness.

Question 65

In psychologist Robert Rescorla's classical conditioning experiment, one group of rats experienced a tone just before each of 20 shocks. A second group of rats experienced the same number of tone-shock pairings plus an additional 20 shocks with no tone. Rescorla found that the rats in the first group showed a much stronger conditioned fear response than the rats in the second group. How did Rescorla explain this finding?

A)It was an example of the partial reinforcement effect.
B)Spontaneous recovery had occurred in the second group of rats.
C)The tone was a more reliable predictor of the shock for the first group of rats.
D)The interval between the tone and the shock was too great for the second group of rats to acquire a strong conditioned response (CR).

Question 66

Habitual coffee drinkers often experience an almost immediate sense of alertness when they sip a fresh cup of coffee, even though it takes about twenty minutes for the caffeine in the coffee to reach significant levels in the bloodstream. What is the best explanation for this phenomenon?

A)After being repeatedly paired with the drug caffeine, the smell and taste of coffee have become a conditioned stimulus that elicits the conditioned response of alertness.
B)Negative reinforcement of a biologically prepared response is occurring.
C)Coffee drinking reinforces alertness on a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement.
D)The alertness is an example of the spontaneous recovery of a biologically prepared response.

Question 67

Which psychologist studied the development of taste aversions, noting how they seemed to violate the basic principles of classical conditioning?

A)Robert Rescorla
B)John Garcia
C)Edward C. Tolman
D)John B. Watson

Question 68

If Robert Rescorla were having a conversation with John B. Watson, what would Rescorla tell Watson?

A)''John, it is the timing of the stimuli that determines if classical conditioning will occur.''
B)''Animals cannot process information but people can, and that explains the differences between animals and people in classical conditioning.''
C)''John, there is no need to assess the information that the conditioned stimulus provides since classical conditioning only occurs with reflexive behaviors.''
D)''Organisms actively process information about the reliability of a stimulus and determine if the stimulus has predictive value.''

Question 69

In the context of learning and classical conditioning, the cognitive perspective emphasizes the:

A)study of an animal's natural behavior pattern and environment as influences in learning.
B)study of the relationship between outwardly observable behaviors and environmental events, rather than mental processes.
C)role played by mental processes in learning.
D)study of human behavior rather than animal behavior.

Question 70

Your textbook described a classic experiment by Robert Rescorla that involved two groups of rats. One group of rats heard a tone just before each of 20 shocks. The second group of rats experienced the same 20 tone-shock pairings, but also experienced an additional 20 shocks that were not paired with a tone. How did the two groups differ?

A)Because they experienced more shocks, the rats in the second group displayed a much stronger fear response to the tone than did the rats in the first group.
B)As predicted by the basic principles of classical conditioning, there were no differences between the two groups of rats.
C)The rats in the first group developed learned helplessness, while the rats in the second group did not.
D)The rats in the first group displayed a much stronger conditioned fear response to the tone than did the rats in the second group.

Question 71

Your friend Madison became very ill a few hours after eating the fried chicken special in the college cafeteria. Now Madison feels queasy whenever she smells fried chicken. Having read the learning chapter in your psychology class, you explain that:

A)since Madison only experienced one pairing of the fried chicken and illness, her queasy feelings cannot be a classically conditioned response.
B)Madison has experienced a learned taste aversion, which can occur after only one pairing of food and illness.
C)Madison has been negatively reinforced for eating fried chicken, because consuming it led to an aversive consequence.
D)latent learning has occurred and Madison can overcome the queasy feeling by forcing herself to eat the fried chicken.

Question 72

As studies with rats have shown, taste aversions can be produced when the interval between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus is:

A)no less than half a second and no longer than one second.
B)at least five seconds but no longer than 10 seconds.
C)as long as one hour but no longer.
D)as long as 24 hours.

Question 73

Conditioned taste aversions demonstrate:

A)the power of punishment to suppress behavior.
B)that certain stimuli are easier to associate than others.
C)that any neutral stimulus is capable of becoming a conditioned stimulus.
D)that the interval between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus must be only a few seconds, or classical conditioning will not occur.

Question 74

How does the cognitive view of classical conditioning differ from the traditional behavioral perspective?

A)The cognitive view maintains that mental processes as well as external events are an important component in the learning process.
B)The cognitive view holds that learning, including classical conditioning, cannot take place in the absence of reinforcement.
C)The cognitive view asserts that internal processes such as thinking, anticipating, or deciding are not observable and therefore should not be a part of the study of classical conditioning.
D)The cognitive view maintains that all mental processes, including memory and language, are the result of prior conditioning.

Question 75

Which psychologist proposed a cognitive explanation of classical conditioning?

A)Edward C. Tolman
B)Robert Rescorla
C)John Garcia
D)John B. Watson

Question 76

Psychologist John Garcia conditioned rats to have a taste aversion to sweet-tasting water by injecting them with a drug that made them ill. Using classical conditioning terminology, what was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in this experimental situation?

A)the sweet-tasting water
B)the drug
C)getting ill in response to the drug
D)getting ill in response to the sweet-flavored water

Question 77

Psychologist John Garcia conditioned rats to have a taste aversion to sweet-tasting water by injecting them with a drug that made them ill. Using classical conditioning terminology, what was the conditioned response (CR) in this experimental situation?

A)the sweet-tasting water
B)the drug
C)getting ill in response to the drug
D)getting ill in response to the sweet-flavored water

Question 78

From the cognitive perspective, classical conditioning:

A)depends on the information the conditioned stimulus (CS) provides about the unconditioned stimulus (UCS).
B)involves learning to associate any two responses that occur closely in time.
C)depends on developing an understanding of the similarities between conditioned stimuli and unconditioned stimuli.
D)involves learning to associate a behavior with its consequence.

Question 79

In Pavlov's original experiments, dogs were classically conditioned to respond to the ringing of a bell with salivation. According to Robert Rescorla, what had the dogs learned?

A)that the bell was a signal that reliably predicted that food would follow
B)a reflexive association between a ringing bell and food
C)that salivating at the sound of a bell would be reinforced by food
D)learned helplessness because of being restrained by the harness

Question 80

Ever since she foolishly drank too much beer at a rock concert and got sick all over her boyfriend, Sharon becomes nauseous at the smell or taste of beer. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is _____ and the conditioned response is _____.

A)her boyfriend; nausea
B)nausea; loud music
C)nausea; the smell or taste of beer
D)the smell or taste of beer; nausea