Deck 1: Section 3: Introduction and Research Methods

Question 1

The first major school of thought in psychology was called structuralism.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Physiology is the idea that mind and body are separate entities.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Wilhelm Wundt defined psychology as the study of consciousness and emphasized the use of experimental methods to study and measure consciousness.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

William James played a key role in establishing psychology in the United States.

Question 5

Charles Darwin was the author of the landmark book on evolution entitled On the Origin of Species.

Question 6

For centuries, philosophers debated which was more important: the inborn nature of an individual or the environmental influences that nurture the individual.

Question 7

The school of thought in psychology called structuralism held that even our most complex conscious experiences could be broken down into elemental structures, or component parts, of sensations and feelings.

Question 8

Williams James's book titled Principles of Psychology provided the basis for the development of a new school of psychology called behaviorism.

Question 9

Wilhelm Wundt wrote a landmark textbook titled Principles of Physiological Psychology in the 1870s and promoted his belief that psychology should be established as a separate scientific discipline.

Question 10

René Descartes promoted a doctrine called interactive monism, an idea that the mind and the body are one entity that produces sensations, emotions, and other conscious experiences.

Question 11

Today psychology is formally defined as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

Question 12

Physiology is a branch of biology that studies the functions and parts of living organisms, including humans.

Question 13

Charles Darwin's book On the Origin of Species had a profound effect on William James and influenced his ideas about the importance of adaptation to environmental changes.

Question 14

Many of the issues that are central to contemporary psychology have been debated for hundreds of years.

Question 15

More than 2,000 years ago the Greek philosopher Aristotle wrote extensively about psychological topics such as sleep, dreams, the senses, and memory.

Question 16

Introspection was not a good method for psychologists to utilize because this method could not be used to study a variety of complex topics, such as learning, development, mental disorders, and personality.

Question 17

William James developed the technique called introspection as a way for people to tap into their unconscious.

Question 18

The four basic goals of psychology are to (1) describe, (2) explain, (3) predict, and (4) control or influence behavior and mental processes.

Question 19

The established science MOST responsible for the emergence of psychology as a scientific discipline was physiology.

Question 20

The event that marked the formal beginning of psychology as a separate experimental science occurred when William James taught the first course in psychology at Harvard University in the early 1870s.

Question 21

Rejecting the study of conscious experience Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow were behaviorists who emphasized the importance of observable behaviors.

Question 22

Francis C. Sumner was the first African American to earn a Ph.D. in psychology.

Question 23

Like earlier psychologists Watson and the behaviorists focused on the study of mental processes and conscious experience.

Question 24

John B. Watson believed that conscious processes were worthy of study for psychology and promoted the use of introspection as a technique for studying such processes.

Question 25

Functionalism stressed the importance of how behavior allows people and animals to adapt to their environments.

Question 26

Harvard University awarded Mary Whiton Calkins her Ph.D., but only after William James intervened on her behalf.

Question 27

The goal of psychologists Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers was to discover the fundamental principles of learning.

Question 28

Both the functionalists and the structuralists thought that psychology should focus on the study of conscious experiences.

Question 29

John Watson and B. F. Skinner were two important American psychologists associated with the school of behaviorism.

Question 30

Both G. Stanley Hall and Mary Whiton Calkins were psychologists who were originally students of Wilhelm Wundt.

Question 31

Harvard University refused to award Mary Whiton Calkins her Ph.D. in psychology because she was a woman and at that time, Harvard was not a coeducational institution.

Question 32

The first American woman to earn an official Ph.D. in psychology and the second woman to be elected president of the American Psychological Association was Margaret Floy Washburn.

Question 33

A young, dynamic psychologist named John Watson said, "Behaviorism, on the contrary, holds that the subject matter of human psychology is the behavior of the human being. Behaviorism claims that consciousness is neither a definite nor a usable concept. The behaviorist, who has been trained always as an experimentalist, holds, further, that belief in the existence of consciousness goes back to the ancient days of superstition and magic."

Question 34

According to Freud glimpses of unconscious impulses were revealed in everyday life in dreams, memory blocks, and slips of the tongue.

Question 35

In compelling experimental demonstrations B. F. Skinner systematically used reinforcement or punishment to shape the behavior of rats and pigeons.

Question 36

Ivan Pavlov demonstrated that dogs could learn to associate a neutral stimulus, such as the sound of a bell, with an automatic response, such as reflexively salivating to food.

Question 37

Psychoanalysis emphasized the role of early childhood experiences and unconscious conflicts in determining behavior and personality.

Question 38

Whereas structuralists were concerned with the study of conscious experiences, functionalists abandoned the study of conscious experiences, favoring the study of overt measurable behavior.

Question 39

Mary Whiton Calkins was the first woman president of the American Psychological Association and the author of a comprehensive textbook on psychology.

Question 40

William James's writings were the basis for a new school of psychology called functionalism.

Question 41

Cross-cultural psychologists have found that Chinese individuals worked harder on a task when they were alone compared to when they worked in groups.

Question 42

Neuroscience, an area within the biological perspective, refers to the study of the nervous system, especially the brain.

Question 43

Cognitive psychologists did not agree with the behavioral perspective in psychology, because cognitive psychologists thought that it was important to investigate how mental processes influence behavior.

Question 44

Cross-cultural psychologists have found that there are no psychological processes that are shared by all humans.

Question 45

Although the biological perspective was important when psychology was first founded, it is of little interest in contemporary psychology.

Question 46

Because humanistic psychology was distinctly different from both psychoanalysis and behaviorism it was sometimes referred to as the "third force" in American psychology.

Question 47

By the late 1980s, cross-cultural psychology had emerged in full force.

Question 48

Like psychoanalysis, humanistic psychology included influential theories of personality and a form of psychotherapy.

Question 49

Carl Rogers emphasized the conscious experiences of his patients, including each person's unique potential for psychological growth and self-direction.

Question 50

Positive psychology is a field of psychological research that focuses on the study of positive emotions and psychological states, positive individual traits, and the social institutions that foster these qualities in individuals and communities.

Question 51

The humanistic perspective of psychology focuses on the motivation of people to grow psychologically.

Question 52

Humanistic psychology was largely founded by the American psychologist B. F. Skinner.

Question 53

Positive psychology focuses on developing therapeutic techniques that increase personal well-being rather than just alleviating the troubling symptoms of psychological disorders.

Question 54

Abraham Maslow, a humanistic psychologist, developed a theory of motivation that emphasized psychological growth.

Question 55

The behavioral perspective of psychology focuses on how behavior is acquired through unconscious influences and early childhood experiences.

Question 56

The emergence of the cognitive perspective in psychology in the 1960s represented a return to psychology's historical roots by focusing on how mental processes influence behavior.

Question 57

Culture is a broad term that refers to the attitudes, values, beliefs, and behaviors shared by a group of people and communicated from one generation to another.

Question 58

Studying the differences among various cultures that exist in the world today and examining their influence on behavior are the fundamental goals of cross-cultural psychology.

Question 59

The development of the first computers in the 1950s was a contributing factor to the cognitive revolution in psychology.

Question 60

Cognitive psychology developed as a reaction against the use of computers in science and industry.

Question 61

To promote greater tolerance and acceptance of cultural differences, ethnocentrism should be encouraged.

Question 62

Norms of social behavior are virtually identical in all developed countries.

Question 63

According to proponents of evolutionary psychology organisms that inherit characteristics that increase their chances of survival in their particular habitat are more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass on their characteristics to their offspring.

Question 64

Psychologists have concluded that it is impossible to apply the principle of natural selection to psychological processes.

Question 65

A clinical psychologist can hospitalize people and order biomedical therapies, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) or electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).

Question 66

According to the text, among psychologists who recently received their doctorate, most chose "clinical psychology" as their specialty area.

Question 67

Evolutionary psychologists emphasize studying the physical bases of human and animal behavior, including the nervous system, endocrine system, immune system, and genetics.

Question 68

Individualistic cultures emphasize the importance of the needs and goals of the group over those of an individual.

Question 69

According to the text, the most common employment setting for psychologists is working for the federal government.

Question 70

Biological psychologists study the relationship between psychological processes and the body's physical systems, including the brain and the rest of the nervous system, the endocrine system, the immune system, and genetics.

Question 71

Cultural norms are unwritten rules of behavior that are acted on with little thought once they have been internalized.

Question 72

Collectivistic cultures are cultures that stress individual goals and achievements over the goals and achievements of the group.

Question 73

Biological psychology refers to the application of the principles of evolution to explain psychological processes and phenomena.

Question 74

Many cultures are neither completely individualistic nor completely collectivistic, but fall somewhere between the two extremes.

Question 75

Psychologists who take the evolutionary perspective apply the principles of evolution, including natural selection, to explain psychological processes and phenomena.

Question 76

Evolutionary psychology is most interested in the evolution of the unconscious into consciousness.

Question 77

A clinical psychologist holds a doctorate in clinical psychology, whereas a psychiatrist holds a medical degree.

Question 78

It is a universal cultural norm that infants and toddlers are not routinely supposed to sleep in the same bed as their parents.

Question 79

Clinical psychologists study people with psychological disorders, while psychiatrists actually treat them.

Question 80

Ethnocentrism is the use of our own culture as the standard for judging other cultures.