Deck 1: The Science of Child Development

Question 1

The four stages of Piaget's cognitive development theory are,in chronological order:

A)sensorimotor,preoperational,concrete operational,and formal operational.
B)preoperational,sensorimotor,formal operational,and concrete operational.
C)formal operational,concrete operational,preoperational,and sensorimotor.
D)concrete operational,formal operational,sensorimotor,and preoperational.

Answer 1

sensorimotor,preoperational,concrete operational,and formal operational.

Question 2

The French philosopher,Jean Jacques Rousseau,believed that

A)the human infant is born a tabula rasa.
B)infants were born with an innate sense of justice and morality.
C)experience molds each human into a unique individual.
D)parents should teach their children rationality and self-control.

Answer 2

infants were born with an innate sense of justice and morality.

Question 3

Viewing infants as tabula rasas suggests that

A)infants will develop naturally unless the environment interferes.
B)experience will mold infants into unique individuals.
C)nature is more important than nurture.
D)infants are born with a sense of morality.

Answer 3

experience will mold infants into unique individuals.

Question 4

Weaknesses of longitudinal studies include all of the following EXCEPT:

A)cohort effects.
B)selective attrition.
C)practice effects.
D)inability to examine individual development over time.

Question 5

If parents believe that children are tabula rasas at birth,they are likely to

A)leave their children alone so their virtuous natures can unfold.
B)be very permissive with their children.
C)assume that nothing they do will have any influence on their children's development.
D)plan their children's experiences from the moment of their birth.

Question 6

The idea that the mind of the human infant is a tabula rasa at birth reflects the belief that

A)experience molds each person into a unique individual.
B)children should be left alone so that their good natures can unfold.
C)heredity plays a major role in an individual's development.
D)infants cannot think because their minds are blank.

Question 7

Heather believes her 12-month-old daughter will develop optimally if Heather gives her freedom to grow naturally and does not try to shape her development.Heather's beliefs about child rearing are most similar to those of

A)Sigmund Freud.
B)Erik Erikson.
C)John Locke.
D)Jean Jacques Rousseau.

Question 8

Telling a child that she doesn't have to fold the laundry because she cleaned up her room is an example of

A)positive reinforcement.
B)negative reinforcement.
C)positive punishment.
D)negative punishment.

Question 9

Children who are attractive tend to have more friends than children who are not as attractive.That is,attractiveness is associated with having more friends.This is an example of a

A)positive correlation.
B)negative correlation.
C)cause-and-effect relationship.
D)manipulated independent variable.

Question 10

The view that development is a result of the unfolding of a specific and prearranged scheme or plan within the body is characteristic of

A)Konrad Lorenz's ethological theory.
B)Sigmund Freud's psychodynamic theory.
C)Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory.
D)Arnold Gesell's maturational theory.

Question 11

Locke's view that children are a blank slate on which experience writes,is an illustration of which theme in child development?

A)continuity-discontinuity
B)nature-nurture
C)active-passive child
D)connections between developmental domains

Question 12

__________________ uses developmental research to promote healthy development,particularly for vulnerable children and families.

A)Family policy
B)Applied developmental science
C)A quasi-experimental design
D)The Index of Social Health for Children and Youth (ISHCY)

Question 13

An organized set of ideas that is designed to explain development is referred to as a

A)theory.
B)critical period.
C)tabula rasa.
D)case history.

Question 14

According to this theory,development reflects a specific and prearranged scheme or plan within the body.

A)maturational theory
B)ethological theory
C)psychodynamic theory
D)psychosocial theory

Question 15

Detailed,systematic observations of individual children are referred to as

A)blank slates.
B)baby biographies.
C)mental tests.
D)critical periods.

Question 16

When 4-year-old Caryn realizes that taking another child's toy is wrong,she is demonstrating which component of personality according to Freud?

A)id
B)ego
C)superego
D)self-concept

Question 17

__________________ based his ideas about child development on evolutionary theory and was interested in age-trends in children's beliefs and feelings.

A)John Locke
B)Jean Jacques Rousseau
C)G.Stanley Hall
D)Alfred Binet

Question 18

In child development,an organized set of ideas that is designed to explain and make predictions about development is known as a(n)

A)hypothesis.
B)scientific observation.
C)systematic observation.
D)theory.

Question 19

These systematic,detailed observations of individual children done by scientists,including Darwin,in the nineteenth century paved the way for today's objective,analytic research.

A)child logs
B)baby biographies
C)field notes
D)infant observations

Question 20

Rashid is 7 years old and is working hard to learn basic skills and how to work well with others.According to Erikson's theory,Rashid is in what stage of psychosocial development?

A)autonomy versus shame and doubt
B)initiative versus guilt
C)industry versus inferiority
D)identity versus identity confusion

Question 21

If an ego could talk,it might say

A)"I want to eat NOW!"
B)"Do you think that is the right and honorable way to act?"
C)"Let's see if we can discuss this issue calmly and rationally."
D)"Is that what your mother would do?"

Question 22

The moral agent in a child's personality is the

A)ego.
B)superego.
C)primitive instincts.
D)id.

Question 23

Creating an emotional bond with the mother is sometimes called

A)self-efficacy.
B)adapting.
C)imprinting.
D)maturation.

Question 24

An evolutionary perspective is most closely associated with which of the following theories?

A)psychosocial
B)psychodynamic
C)maturational
D)ethological

Question 25

Sigmund Freud's psychodynamic theory

A)emphasizes the influence of early experiences on later development.
B)suggests that learning is the key to understanding development.
C)suggests that behavior should be considered in context.
D)emphasizes the importance of maturation.

Question 26

___________ theory states that child development occurs according to a prearranged scheme or plan within the body.

A)Psychodynamic
B)Ecological
C)Maturational
D)Cognitive developmental

Question 27

Gesell's maturational theory most closely fits with the ideas of

A)Jean Jacques Rousseau.
B)Erik Erikson.
C)John Locke.
D)John Watson.

Question 28

Erikson emphasized

A)psychological and social aspects of development.
B)biological and physical aspects of development.
C)environmental influences on development.
D)cognitive development.

Question 29

Hedy lives according to the philosophy "If it feels good,do it." Hedy's personality appears to be dominated by her

A)ego.
B)imprinting.
C)superego.
D)id.

Question 30

Erikson proposed a _________ theory in which development consists of a sequence of stages,each defined by a unique crisis or challenge.

A)biological
B)learning
C)psychosocial
D)cognitive-developmental

Question 31

Psychosocial theory is associated with

A)Arnold Gesell.
B)Sigmund Freud.
C)Erik Erikson.
D)Albert Bandura.

Question 32

Jill was the first moving object a newly hatched chick saw.The chick later followed her around,just as if Jill were the chick's mother.The chick's behavior is a result of

A)maturation.
B)tabula rasa.
C)self-efficacy.
D)imprinting.

Question 33

The first of Erikson's stages focuses on the issue of

A)industry vs.inferiority.
B)autonomy vs.shame and doubt.
C)trust vs.mistrust.
D)identity vs.identity confusion.

Question 34

Freud based his psychodynamic theory on

A)his patients' case histories.
B)observations of his children.
C)correlational research studies.
D)experimental research studies.

Question 35

During recess Melissa noticed that another girl dropped the doll she was playing with.According to Freud's theory,Melissa's ___________ would tell her to grab the doll and keep it as her own whereas her ___________ would tell her that taking another girl's doll would be wrong.

A)id;ego
B)superego;ego
C)superego;id
D)id;superego

Question 36

Raeann believes that babies are born with tendencies to form emotional bonds with their caregivers because it makes them more likely to survive.Raeann's beliefs fit most closely with __________ theory.

A)maturational
B)psychodynamic
C)learning
D)ethological

Question 37

The id

A)wants immediate gratification of bodily desires.
B)provides a sense of morality.
C)works to resolve conflicts.
D)presses for socially acceptable actions.

Question 38

When a particular type of learning can take place only during a specific time period,not before or after that period,there is a(n)___________ for learning that behavior.

A)instinct
B)critical period
C)blank slate
D)emotional bond

Question 39

Which of the following theories has a biological perspective?

A)Freud's psychosexual theory
B)Bandura's social cognitive theory
C)Gesell's maturational theory
D)Erikson's psychosocial theory

Question 40

According to ethologists,some behaviors can only be learned

A)when the behavior is reinforced and opposing behaviors are punished.
B)through observational learning.
C)during a critical period when the organism is biologically programmed to learn that behavior.
D)when the conflict between biological drives and society's standards is resolved.

Question 41

Who was the first theorist to use learning theory to explain child development?

A)Sigmund Freud
B)John Watson
C)Jean Piaget
D)Konrad Lorenz

Question 42

B.F.Skinner is most closely associated with which of the following concepts?

A)imprinting
B)self-efficacy
C)operant conditioning
D)observational learning

Question 43

Jaraan was never really able to answer the question "Who am I?" as a teenager.Erikson would predict that during young adulthood,Jaraan will

A)be likely to view his life as satisfactory and worth living.
B)establish a loving relationship with another person.
C)develop the ability to try new things and handle failure.
D)have difficulty forming intimate relationships.

Question 44

Nate watched another boy pull a girl's hair.Nate is most likely to imitate the boy's behavior if

A)the boy is not very popular.
B)a teacher sends Nate to time-out.
C)the girl smiled at the boy after he pulled her hair.
D)the boy is not very smart.

Question 45

Amanda noticed that whenever other children asked a question in class,their teacher seemed to get mad at them.Amanda decided not to ask her teacher for help,even though she needed it and her teacher had never seemed to be angry with her.Amanda's behavior was shaped by

A)positive reinforcement.
B)negative reinforcement.
C)observational learning.
D)self-efficacy.

Question 46

Whenever Krysia hung up her coat and put away her backpack after school,she was excused from setting the table,a chore she detests.Krysia's parents were using __________ to modify her behavior.

A)self-efficacy
B)punishment
C)negative reinforcement
D)positive reinforcement

Question 47

Seth failed to put away his bicycle at night as he was supposed to.His father told him that he would not be allowed to ride his bicycle for one week.Seth's father tried to change Seth's behavior by using

A)punishment.
B)extinction.
C)positive reinforcement.
D)negative reinforcement.

Question 48

A consequence that decreases the future likelihood of the behavior that it follows is called

A)positive reinforcement.
B)negative reinforcement.
C)self-efficacy.
D)punishment.

Question 49

Nehama believes that we could totally understand why children behave as they do if we would just look at the rewards and punishments they've received for their behaviors in the past.Nehama looks at child development as a(n)__________ theorist does.

A)ecological
B)cognitive-developmental
C)psychodynamic
D)learning

Question 50

One difference between Skinner's operant conditioning and Bandura's social cognitive theory is that

A)Bandura believes children play an active role in their own development,while Skinner sees them as being passively shaped by the environment.
B)Skinner views reinforcement and punishment as being important while Bandura does not.
C)Skinner believes that self-efficacy influences behavior while Bandura does not.
D)Bandura emphasizes rewards and punishment while Skinner does not.

Question 51

Erikson's theory suggests that 16-year-old Glenn is likely to be facing the challenge of

A)realizing that he is an independent person.
B)establishing an intimate relationship with another person.
C)developing a sense of trust in the world.
D)developing a sense of his own identity.

Question 52

Carol begged her father for some candy when they were in the grocery store.Eventually,Carol's father gave in and bought Carol some candy.According to theories of operant conditioning,what is likely to happen the next time Carol and her father go to the grocery store?

A)Carol will not beg for candy because her father punished her begging the last time that they were in
The store.
B)Carol will not beg for candy because her father reinforced her begging the last time that they were in
The store.
C)Carol will beg for candy because her father reinforced her begging the last time they were in the store.
D)Carol will beg for candy because her father punished her begging the last time they were in the store.

Question 53

Six-year-old Sarah had been watching her older brother and sister in swim meets for several years.Sarah believed she was a good swimmer,too,and eagerly entered her first swim meet shortly after she turned 6.Bandura would say that __________ played a role in Sarah's desire to imitate her siblings.

A)genetic factors
B)self-efficacy
C)punishment
D)negative reinforcement

Question 54

A reward that consists of taking away something unpleasant is called

A)positive reinforcement.
B)negative reinforcement.
C)extinction.
D)punishment.

Question 55

When 8-year-old Chris brought home a report card with all A's,his parents gave him one dollar for each "A." Chris's parents were attempting to use __________ to shape Chris's future behavior.

A)negative reinforcement
B)positive reinforcement
C)punishment
D)self-efficacy

Question 56

Frank was watching a Saturday morning cartoon in which the main character kicked someone and took away a toy.Frank then walked across the room and kicked his brother Joe and took away Joe's toy just as the cartoon character had done on the TV show.According to social cognitive theory,Frank has just demonstrated

A)observational learning or imitation.
B)punishment for aggressive behavior.
C)reinforcement for sharing toys.
D)imprinting.

Question 57

Experience plays the most important role in which of the following theories?

A)maturational
B)cognitive-developmental
C)ethological
D)learning

Question 58

The cognitive-developmental perspective is mainly concerned with

A)experience.
B)personality.
C)thinking.
D)context.

Question 59

In Erikson's psychosocial theory,

A)outcomes of earlier stages influence how well children deal with the challenges of later stages.
B)each stage is self-contained and has no influence on other stages.
C)physical aspects of development are more important than social aspects of development.
D)the same challenges are faced over and over again in each stage.

Question 60

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development,development is

A)the result of a natural unfolding of biological plans.
B)determined by the resolution of conflicts between one's biological drives and society's standards of right and wrong.
C)the result of children's attempts to understand their worlds.
D)determined by children's resolution of psychological and social crises.

Question 61

One example of a theory with a learning perspective is

A)Erikson's theory.
B)Bandura's social cognitive theory.
C)Piaget's theory.
D)Freud's theory.

Question 62

Which shows the correct sequence of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

A)preoperational,concrete operational,formal operational,and sensorimotor
B)sensorimotor,concrete operational,preoperational,and formal operational
C)sensorimotor,preoperational,concrete operational,and formal operational
D)concrete operational,formal operational,sensorimotor,and preoperational

Question 63

The nature-nurture issue is concerned with

A)the connection of development in one domain to development in other domains.
B)the role that children play in influencing their own development.
C)the roles that biology and environment play in development.
D)how early development is related to later development.

Question 64

Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development focused on

A)the resolution of psychological crises.
B)improvements in mental hardware and software.
C)children's creation of "theories" that help them understand their worlds.
D)adaptive behaviors that are learned during critical periods.

Question 65

Michael and Lisa are new parents and they believe that their actions will influence their new son.They don't think that their son's behavior will influence their parenting.Michael and Lisa's views of parenting are consistent with the ________ position of the ________ issue.

A)nature;nature-nurture
B)passive;active-passive child
C)connection;connection of domains
D)continuity;continuity-discontinuity

Question 66

Ximena and Chris believe that they don't need to worry about parenting their new son,Brant,because he was born with a good nature and his good nature will determine his outcomes in life.Chris and Ximena's views of parenting are consistent with the __________ of the __________ issue.

A)nature;nature-nurture
B)passive;active-passive child
C)connection;connection of domains
D)continuity;continuity-discontinuity

Question 67

The continuity-discontinuity issue addresses the question of whether

A)genes or environment are most important.
B)development in different domains is related.
C)children actively influence their own development.
D)early development is related to later development.

Question 68

According to __________ theory,development is a result of how conflicts are resolved.

A)biological
B)learning
C)cognitive-developmental
D)psychodynamic

Question 69

Travis insists that people are the masters of their own destinies.Travis believes in

A)the active child.
B)the passive child.
C)continuity.
D)discontinuity.

Question 70

Jackie feels that superior genes are the primary reason her daughter Jacqueline is intellectually gifted.Jackie believes in the importance of

A)the active child.
B)continuity.
C)nature.
D)the connection of domains.

Question 71

According to __________ children develop when they work with skilled adults,including parents and teachers.

A)Piaget
B)Skinner
C)Freud
D)Vygotsky

Question 72

__________ was a theorist who was primarily interested in ways that adults convey cultural beliefs to children.

A)Piaget
B)Skinner
C)Freud
D)Vygotsky

Question 73

Piaget stated that children's theories about the world

A)remain the same until adulthood.
B)undergo three major changes during development.
C)are never tested by the children.
D)are based on what adults tell them.

Question 74

The idea of continuity in development

A)is consistent with the view that behavior during the preschool years is not related to behavior during later childhood.
B)means that development in one domain is related to development in other domains.
C)is consistent with the view that early development is related to later development.
D)means that development is jointly influenced by heredity and environment.

Question 75

Biology is to environment as __________ theory is to __________ theory.

A)maturational;Skinner's operant conditioning
B)psychosocial;ethological
C)Piaget's;Freud's
D)psychodynamic,Erikson's psychosocial

Question 76

Jean Piaget is associated with ___________ theory.

A)ecological
B)psychodynamic
C)learning
D)cognitive-developmental

Question 77

Yvonne was a busy,energetic child who grew up to be a busy,energetic adult.Yvonne provides an example of

A)the influence of nurture on development.
B)continuity in development.
C)the connectedness of different domains of development.
D)the active role of the child in development.

Question 78

Your neighbor tells you about his little boy who is always manipulating objects "just like a scientist trying to test his theory about the world." Having just read the first chapter of your child development textbook,you reply,"You sound just like

A)B.F.Skinner!"
B)Sigmund Freud!"
C)Urie Bronfenbrenner!"
D)Jean Piaget!"

Question 79

Piaget believed that children

A)are passively shaped by their experiences.
B)actively try to make sense of their world.
C)learn through a series of reinforcements and punishments.
D)face a series of conflicts or challenges as they develop.

Question 80

John Locke's views are consistent with

A)the idea that development in different domains is connected.
B)a passive view of the child.
C)an emphasis on nature.
D)a view of development as discontinuous.