Deck 13: Learners With Low-Incidence, Multiple, and Severe Disabilities

Question 1

Brain damage caused by internal compression, stretching, or other shearing motion of neural tissues within the head is due to

A)open head injuries.
B)external force.
C)closed head injuries.
D)degenerative conditions.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Possible effects of TBI include each of the following EXCEPT

A)problems learning new information.
B)difficulty processing information.
C)sudden improvement in memory.
D)becoming easily tired.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Effective education and treatment for students with TBI often requires each of the following EXCEPT

A)Avoid trying to develop a personal relationship.
B)Practice classroom behavior management techniques.
C)Engage in family therapy.
D)Arrange communication training.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The greatest complicating factor in most students' return to school following TBI is

A)social skills.
B)physical appearance.
C)physical strength.
D)language or speech disorders.

Question 5

The prevalence of TBI has increased so much in recent years that it is now sometimes referred to as

A)a silent epidemic.
B)an invisible epidemic.
C)a preventable epidemic.
D)a pervasive epidemic.

Question 6

Which statement about TBI is TRUE?

A)The age range in which TBI is most likely to occur in males is late adulthood.
B)Males are more prone to TBI than females are.
C)The age range in which TBI is most likely to occur in females is early childhood.
D)Females and males have about the same prevalence rate for TBI, with it most likely occurring in late adolescence.

Question 7

Each of the following is a feature of definitions of TBI EXCEPT

A)injury to the brain can be caused by a degenerative or congenital condition.
B)injury to the brain is caused by an external force.
C)there is a diminished or altered state of consciousness.
D)neurological or neurobehavioral dysfunction results from the injury.

Question 8

Each of the following statements about severe and multiple disabilities is true EXCEPT

A)It includes all individuals with disabilities who require extensive ongoing support in more than one major life activity.
B)Nearly any severe disability will involve extensive ongoing support in more than one major life activity.
C)People with a severe disability in any area typically have more than one disability.
D)Even combinations of mild disabilities do not constitute severe educational problems.

Question 9

Carl was three years old when he acquired TBI. Which of the following was the most likely cause of his brain injury?

A)He was accidentally shot by a playmate when showing off his father's gun.
B)He was violently shaken by a babysitter.
C)He was in a car that was hit by another car.
D)He fell off a counter in his home.

Question 10

Each of the following characteristics is an essential feature of appropriate education for students with TBI EXCEPT

A)emphasis on catching up to academic content, rather than spending time trying to develop basic cognitive skills.
B)assistance with transition from a hospital or rehabilitation center to the school.
C)educational procedures to help solve problems in focusing and sustaining attention for long periods.
D)an IEP concerned with cognitive, social/behavioral, and sensory-motor domains.

Question 11

Each of the following statements about severe and multiple disabilities is true EXCEPT

A)A person with TBI can be expected, with time and care, to recover completely and function without disabilities.
B)Many people with severe and multiple disabilities can now live independently or semi-independently.
C)People who cannot speak can still carry on conversations.
D)Many people with severe and multiple disabilities can be employed outside of sheltered workshops.

Question 12

After age 5, and increasingly through adolescence, the primary cause of TBI is

A)assaults.
B)accidental falls.
C)vehicular accidents.
D)gunshot wounds.

Question 13

Traumatic brain injury (TBI)is one of the most common injuries of

A)children over 5 because of falls.
B)males over 30 because of vehicular accidents.
C)the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.
D)adults over 20 because of risk-taking.

Question 14

Many teachers don't want students with TBI in their classrooms, probably because

A)the students may exhibit characteristics the teachers find troublesome.
B)there are no support services available to students with TBI in the regular classroom.
C)they do not want the other students exposed to the trauma of having a student with TBI in the room.
D)there are no effective strategies for behavior management of students with TBI.

Question 15

All low-incidence, severe, and multiple disabilities combined probably affect what percentage of the population?

A)about 2%
B)less than 1%
C)about .2%
D)about .1%

Question 16

Each of the following is a category of causes of deaf-blindness EXCEPT

A)prenatal conditions.
B)genetic/chromosomal syndromes.
C)postnatal conditions.
D)perinatal conditions.

Question 17

How many children from age 6 to 11 were receiving services for deaf-blindness in 2007 (compared to 32,000 for deafness and 12,000 for blindness)?

A)about 2,000
B)about 1,000
C)fewer than 550
D)only 50

Question 18

Each of the following is a feature of the federal government's definition of deaf-blindness EXCEPT

A)visual acuity of 20/200 or less in the better eye, with correction.
B)hearing impairment so severe that most speech cannot be heard, even with amplification.
C)problems with vision and hearing that cause extreme difficulty in attaining independence.
D)hearing impairment of 30 dB or greater in the better ear.

Question 19

Each of the following is true about TBI EXCEPT

A)brain injury may be accompanied by a variety of serious social and emotional effects.
B)behavior management strategies used with students who have emotional or behavioral disorders are not appropriate for use with students who have TBI.
C)emotional and behavioral effects of TBI are determined by physical damage, age at the time of injury, and the social environment before and after the injury.
D)language or speech disorders may be the greatest complicating factor in most students' return to school after TBI.

Question 20

Each of the following statements about the outcomes for individuals with deaf-blindness is true EXCEPT

A)All interactions with adults and the environment should be viewed as learning opportunities.
B)The quality and intensity of instruction the person receives is critical
C)The more severe the impairments, the greater the impact on a person's ability to adapt.
D)Additional disabilities do not tend to increase the impact on a person's ability to adapt.

Question 21

The absence or closure of a body opening present at birth is

A)atresia.
B)coloboma.
C)choanae.
D)occlusion.

Question 22

Most authorities agree that the biggest obstacle faced by persons with deaf-blindness is

A)self-help skills.
B)accessing information.
C)navigating the environment.
D)communication.

Question 23

An inherited syndrome of deaf-blindness characterized by hearing loss and retinitis pigmentosa is

A)Usher syndrome.
B)Asperger syndrome.
C)Down syndrome.
D)CHARGE syndrome.

Question 24

The fact that Usher syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder means that

A)both parents must carry the gene and there is a 50% chance of the child having the syndrome.
B)one parent can carry the gene and there is a 25% chance of the child having the syndrome.
C)both parents must carry the gene and there is a 25% chance of the child having the syndrome
D)one parent can carry the gene and there is a 50% chance of the child having the syndrome.

Question 25

The first person who was deaf-blind who was known to be taught language was

A)Helen Keller.
B)Samuel Howe.
C)Laura Bridgman.
D)Annie Sullivan.

Question 26

Tactual signals that can convey a number of messages depending on the situation and context are

A)hand-under-hand guidance.
B)touch cues.
C)adapted signs.
D)tactual signs.

Question 27

Each of the following is a symptom of CHARGE syndrome EXCEPT

A)abnormally shaped pupils.
B)tunnel vision.
C)paralysis or weakness of facial nerves.
D)heart defects.

Question 28

Each of the following is a challenge particular to users of augmentative or alternative communication (AAC)not faced by natural communicators EXCEPT

A)There are no systems that allow for expression of complex, abstract thoughts.
B)AAC is much slower.
C)Users of AAC who are not literate must rely on a vocabulary and symbols selected by others.
D)AAC must be constructed to be useful in a variety of social contexts, allow efficient communication without undue fatigue, and support learning of language and academic skills.

Question 29

Any repetitive, stereotyped behavior that seems to have no immediately apparent purpose is

A)self-mutilation.
B)self-injury.
C)self-stimulation.
D)tantrums.

Question 30

Which condition is associated with tunnel vision?

A)Down syndrome
B)Usher syndrome
C)CHARGE syndrome
D)Asperger syndrome

Question 31

A syndrome that causes deaf-blindness and is characterized by a combination of physical anomalies including cranial nerve damage, heart defects, blockage of the air passage from the nose to the throat, and retardation in growth and intellectual development present at birth is

A)Usher syndrome.
B)Down syndrome.
C)Asperger syndrome.
D)CHARGE syndrome.

Question 32

Each of the following has been shown to sometimes cause deaf-blindness EXCEPT

A)rubella.
B)congenital cytomegalovirus.
C)meningitis.
D)childhood mumps.

Question 33

Any manual or electronic means by which a person who is unable to communicate through normal speech can express wants and needs, share information, engage in social closeness, or manage social etiquette is

A)facilitated communication.
B)augmentative or alternative communication.
C)manual communication.
D)applied functional communication.

Question 34

Manual signs that easily convey their meaning (i.e., cradling one's arms while gently rocking back and forth to represent "baby")are

A)symbolic.
B)self-evident.
C)iconic.
D)transparent.

Question 35

In addressing the needs of students with deaf-blindness, two principles that practitioners and parents should keep in mind are

A)incidental learning and structured routines.
B)direct instruction and structured routines.
C)direct instruction and variable routines.
D)indirect instruction and structured routines.

Question 36

An adaptation that may be used by a person who is deaf-blind to communicate with the public is

A)assistance cards.
B)pictorial cards.
C)the long cane.
D)tape-recorded messages.

Question 37

Manual signs that closely resemble the object or action they represent (i.e., gesturing throwing a ball for "throw")are

A)symbolic.
B)transparent.
C)iconic.
D)self-evident.

Question 38

A condition in which a child is born with an abnormally shaped pupil and/or abnormalities of the retina or optic nerve is

A)atresia.
B)choanae.
C)coloboma.
D)retinitis pigmentosa.

Question 39

Each of the following is an objective to help meet the needs of infants who are deaf-blind EXCEPT

A)identify predictable sequences within specific activities.
B)identify and use specific auditory, visual, tactile, olfactory, and kinesthetic cues to help the infant anticipate familiar activities.
C)avoid using subroutines within specific activities as this leads to confusion.
D)create a predictable routine by identifying at least five daily activities that can be scheduled in the same sequence each day.

Question 40

Most authorities agree that a student with Usher syndrome should

A)begin using braille and O & M training as soon as all sight is gone.
B)begin using braille while sighted, but wait for O & M training until all sight is gone.
C)begin braille and O & M training while functioning as a seeing person.
D)begin O & M training while sighted, but wait until sight is gone to begin braille.

Question 41

The need for AAC has been decreasing as more people with severe disabilities are being taught to use natural language.

Question 42

People with a severe disability in any area often have more than one disability.

Question 43

Repeated physical self-abuse, such as biting, scratching, or poking oneself, head banging, and so on is called

A)self-torture.
B)self-injurious behavior.
C)self-abuse.
D)self-stimulation.

Question 44

Each of the following statements about early intervention is true EXCEPT

A)It is best to assume that all parents need to be educated about how to be better parents to avoid overlooking a likely problem.
B)Someone in the program, or immediately available, should speak the family's preferred language.
C)Professionals in related disciplines should work collaboratively, not independently.
D)Developmentally appropriate practices should be balanced with practices that are also chronologically age appropriate.

Question 45

The best place to teach domestic skills is not always the student's home.

Question 46

Most authorities agree that the biggest obstacle faced by people with deaf-blindness is accessing information.

Question 47

Teachers and others who work with individuals who have tantrums know they frequently need to withdraw demands for performance, even when the demands are reasonable.

Question 48

The major symptoms of Usher syndrome are hearing loss, vision loss, and mental retardation.

Question 49

The process of finding out why or under what circumstances problem behavior is exhibited is called

A)positive behavioral support.
B)functional behavioral assessment.
C)functional behavioral analysis.
D)positive behavior management.

Question 50

The effects of TBI are always severe and permanent.

Question 51

Many of the behavior management or modification strategies used with students with E/BD are not effective with students with TBI.

Question 52

The process of identifying alternative, acceptable ways to communicate through teaching more appropriate behaviors and/or changing the environment to reduce the likelihood of prompting the undesirable behavior is

A)positive behavioral support.
B)functional behavioral assessment.
C)functional behavior analysis.
D)positive behavior management.

Question 53

The term deaf-blindness includes those with a combination of low vision and mild hearing impairments.

Question 54

Each of the following statements about self-stimulation is true EXCEPT

A)The type of self-stimulation among those with disabilities is what differentiates it from the norm.
B)It may take a wide variety of forms.
C)Nearly everyone engages in some form of self-stimulation.
D)Only the high rate, lack of subtlety, and social inappropriateness of disabling self-stimulation differentiates it from the norm.

Question 55

Michelle is an early intervention specialist who works with families who have children with severe disabilities. Although they are not proven to be effective by research, she knows that she needs to provide individualized practices for each family, communicate with family members in a non-paternalistic manner, and ensure that any placement she recommends be safe and clean. These are examples of

A)multiculturally-based practices.
B)cross-disciplinary collaboration.
C)family-centered practices.
D)value-based practices.

Question 56

Each of the following is an example of vocational training that would likely occur in elementary school EXCEPT

A)learning to keep a schedule.
B)student volunteering at different jobs.
C)performing work-like tasks.
D)building social skills.

Question 57

Each of the following is considered a criterion essential for early intervention programs in special education EXCEPT

A)research-or value-based practices.
B)family-centered practices.
C)disregard for the principle of normalization.
D)chronologically age-appropriate practices.

Question 58

Madeline's mother told her to pick up her stuffed bear and put it away. Madeline threw herself to the ground and began kicking and screaming. Madeline's mom put the bear away herself, telling Madeline, "O.K, O.K., calm down." Madeline quickly ended her tantrum and returned to playing. Which statement is true?

A)The mother's behavior makes future tantrums less likely.
B)The mother's behavior reinforced the tantrum behavior.
C)The mother imposed an unreasonable demand on her child.
D)People with multiple severe disabilities should not be expected to do chores.

Question 59

Which of the following is a fundamental assumption of positive behavioral support?

A)Typically, one factor alone is responsible for the presence of specific behavior.
B)Each behavior carries a communicative intent.
C)Some behaviors have no communicative intent.
D)Positive behavioral support is not like to behavior modification.

Question 60

Before age 5, the main cause of TBI is vehicular accidents.

Question 61

Write a case description involving a teacher and a young student with a severe disability who exhibits repeated tantrums (describe one tantrum event). In so doing, describe what the tantrum consists of, why the student has a tantrum, and what the teacher's reaction to the tantrum should be.

Question 62

Write a case description of an individual with traumatic brain injury (TBI)that illustrates (by example)four possible effects of TBI.

Question 63

Explain why hand-under-hand guidance is often recommended as an alternative to hand-over-hand guidance.

Question 64

Explain why traumatic brain injury (TBI)is sometimes considered "invisible" and a "silent epidemic."

Question 65

Write a description of what you think life might have been like for Helen Keller and Laura Bridgman if they had not had the intensive and extensive instruction they received from Annie Sullivan and Samuel Gridley Howe, respectively.

Question 66

Describe two major problems that students with TBI experience with reentry to school after their trauma.

Question 67

Describe augmentative and alternative communication systems. What problems are associated with AAC? What are the benefits of AAC?

Question 68

Why should students with Usher syndrome receive intensive and extensive instruction in Braille and orientation and mobility even when they are still able to see?

Question 69

Why should "early intervention" be seen as having two meanings: (1)early in the child's life and (2)as soon as possible after the disability is detected?

Question 70

Describe four ways that teachers of students with multiple and severe disabilities can collaborate with others to provide services.