Deck 2: Joint Structure and Function

Question 1

Which of the following is true about the biomechanical properties of a ligament (or tendon)if the width of the ligament is doubled?

A) Greater elongation before failure
B) Less elongation before failure
C) Increased strength before failure
D) Decreased strength before failure

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following statements is true concerning "joint play" of a joint?

A) Joint play is not considered a "normal" motion at the joint.
B) They must be tested by application of an external force.
C) They can be performed voluntarily by a subject.
D) They occur only in the close-packed position of the joint.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following statements is true concerning articular cartilage injury?

A) A superficial laceration is capable of healing itself by filling in with fibrovascular tissue.
B) A deep cartilage lesion does not extend beyond the tidemark.
C) A deep laceration may heal by forming new fibrocartilage.
D) A superficial lesion is likely to heal faster than a deep one.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

To increase a patient's wrist extension range of motion by using an accessory motion gliding technique,the therapist would want to perform a(n)____________________.

A) posterior glide of the carpals on the radius
B) anterior glide of the carpals on the radius
C) anterior glide of the radius on the carpals

Question 5

A man is sitting on a chair.He brings himself up into a standing position.His tibiofemoral joint moves from a flexed position to full extension during the maneuver.Which of the following best describes what is happening at the tibiofemoral joint during this maneuver? Think in anatomical terms.

A) Anterior glide of the proximal tibia on the distal femur
B) Posterior glide of the proximal tibia on the distal femur
C) Anterior glide of the distal femur on the proximal tibia
D) Posterior glide of the distal femur on the proximal tibia

Question 6

Which of the following statements is true concerning fibroblasts?

A) They synthesize the extracellular matrix of connective tissue.
B) They are not normally present in healthy connective tissue.
C) They are undifferentiated precursor cells.
D) They are circulating cells.

Question 7

Which of the following joints has two or more degrees of freedom of osteokinematic motion?

A) Third proximal interphalangeal (PIP)joint
B) Superior radioulnar joint
C) Radiocarpal joint
D) Humeroulnar joint

Question 8

Which of the following statements is true concerning nutrition of articular cartilage?

A) Articular cartilage can easily repair itself due to its very efficient and effective nutritional system.
B) Nutrients are found in large proportions in the more superficial layers of articular cartilage.
C) Nutrients from synovial fluid can pass into articular cartilage when external pressure is applied.
D) All forms of joint loading will cause poor nutrition to articular cartilage.

Question 9

As a clinician,you are attempting to produce permanent elongation in a severely contracted flexor digitorum profundus tendon.Which of the following general strategies concerning treatment will be least effective in achieving permanent lengthening of the tendon?

A) Apply force slowly to decrease the stiffness of the tendon.
B) Apply a short duration force,keeping the force in the elastic range.
C) Apply enough force to cause microfailure of some fibers in the tendon.
D) Use a splint that will apply a low load to the tendon (at the beginning of the elastic range)for 3 weeks.

Question 10

Describe the arrangement of fibers in hyaline cartilage.Why is this arrangement suited to its function?

Question 11

Which of the following would constitute a closed kinematic chain activity of the left shoulder complex?

A) Using your left arm to push yourself out of a chair
B) Throwing a Frisbee with your left hand
C) Combing your hair with your left hand
D) Waving with your left hand

Question 12

Increasing the rate of application of a force causes a ligament to ____________________.

A) store less energy to failure
B) require more force to rupture
C) decrease stiffness
D) elongate more

Question 13

The plastic portion of the stress-strain curve pictured above lies between:

A) Point A and point B
B) Point A and point D
C) Point B and point D

Question 14

Cartilage primarily receives its nutrition from ____________________.

A) its high level of permeability
B) diffusion
C) a process of joint loading and unloading

Question 15

When describing the biomechanical properties of cancellous and cortical bone,which of the following statements is true?

A) Cancellous bone is stiffer than cortical bone and can withstand less strain before failure.
B) Cortical bone is stiffer than cancellous bone and can withstand less strain before failure.
C) Cancellous bone is stiffer than cortical bone and can withstand more strain before failure.
D) Cortical bone is stiffer than cancellous bone and can withstand more strain before failure.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the structural composition of the extracellular matrix of bone?

A) Glycosaminoglycans,glycoproteins,water,and proteoglycans
B) Collagen fibers,glycosaminoglycans,water,and mineralized bone salts
C) Collagen fibers,glycosaminoglycans,glycoproteins,water,proteoglycans,and mineralized bone salts
D) Glycosaminoglycans,glycoproteins,water,proteoglycans,and unmineralized bone salts

Question 17

Which of the following statements is true regarding articular cartilage injury?

A) A deep cartilage lesion does not extend beyond the tidemark.
B) A deep laceration may heal by forming new fibrocartilage.
C) A superficial lesion is likely to heal faster than a deep one.
D) A cartilage injury cannot heal.

Question 18

Which of the following statements is true concerning the close-packed position of any joint?

A) Capsular structures are loose.
B) Ligaments around the joint are slack.
C) The joint is relatively easy to separate with distraction.
D) There is a maximum area of surface contact occurring.

Question 19

When a bone is repeatedly loaded with low-level forces over an extended period of time,fatigue fractures may occur within the bone.This is due to:

A) Increased stiffness,decreased yield strength,increased permanent deformation
B) Decreased stiffness,increased yield strength,no effect on deformation
C) Decreased stiffness,decreased yield strength,increased permanent deformation
D) Increased stiffness,increased yield strength,no effect on deformation

Question 20

Which of the following statements is true concerning the biomechanical properties of ligaments,if the rate of application of the force is increased?

A) The ligament stores less energy to failure.
B) The ligament requires more force to rupture.
C) The ligament has decreased stiffness.
D) The stiffness of the ligament is unchanged.

Figure 2-6

Question 21

Define the motions of spin,slide,and roll as they relate to intra-articular joint motions? Which is most common within a joint?

Question 22

What are the characteristics of viscoelasticity,and which of the following tissues exhibits viscoelasticity: ligaments,tendons,hyaline cartilage,fibrocartilage,or bone?

Question 23

What is the general effect of immobilization on connective tissues? What are the implications for these changes?

Question 24

What are the mechanisms by which overuse may affect connective tissues?

Question 25

Define modulus of elasticity,stiffness,brittleness,and ductility.

Question 26

Define the terms hypermobility and hypomobility as each refers to human motion.

Question 27

How is the synovial fluid within a joint formed? Of what is it composed?

Question 28

Describe what happens when cartilage undergoes compression.What are the factors that determine the response,and how does each factor affect it?

Question 29

Define stress and strain.