Deck 12: Learning and Memory

Question 1

Although you may notice your air conditioner turning on,you no longer "hear" it running after a few minutes.Which of the following processes probably accounts for this change?

A) instinctive behavior
B) habituation
C) sensitization
D) classical conditioning

Answer 1

habituation

Question 2

When responses to environmental stimuli are actually increased following exposure to a strong stimulus,which of the following processes has occurred?

A) instinctive behavior
B) habituation
C) sensitization
D) classical conditioning

Answer 2

sensitization

Question 3

Immediately following the powerful 7.2 2003 San Luis Obispo earthquake,I felt "jumpy" whenever an airplane flew over my house to land at the nearby airport.This change is probably a result of

A) instinct.
B) reflex.
C) habituation.
D) sensitization.

Answer 3

sensitization.

Question 4

When an organism reduces its responses to an ongoing,harmless source of information,which of the following processes has occurred?

A) instinctive behavior
B) habituation
C) sensitization
D) classical conditioning

Question 5

Habituation in Aplysia can last up to

A) three hours.
B) one day.
C) three days.
D) three weeks.

Question 6

Changes in the magnitude of a response to environmental stimuli is typical in

A) instinctive behaviors.
B) reflexes.
C) associative learning.
D) nonassociative learning.

Question 7

Courtney suffered a very serious dog bite when she was a small child,and she still recoils in fear from her friends' dogs.It is likely that for Courtney,dogs now serve as

A) unconditioned responses.
B) unconditioned stimuli.
C) conditioned responses.
D) conditioned stimuli.

Question 8

In Pavlov's classic experiments with dogs and salivation,food serves as the

A) conditioned stimulus.
B) conditioned response.
C) unconditioned stimulus.
D) unconditioned response.

Question 9

Which of the following processes represents the formation of a connection between stimuli?

A) instinctive behaviors
B) reflexes
C) associative learning
D) nonassociative learning

Question 10

Psychologists define learning as

A) relatively permanent changes in behavior due to experience.
B) relatively permanent changes in behavior due to maturation.
C) the systematic organization of information for later recall and use.
D) the acquisition of new information through study.

Question 11

"Fixed action patterns" are also known as

A) reflexes.
B) instincts.
C) examples of associative learning.
D) examples of nonassociative learning.

Question 12

When Thomas was a little boy,his mother often gave him a piece of candy whenever she had to bandage up a scraped elbow or knee.Now that Thomas is in college,he struggles with his weight because every time he feels sad or lonely,he craves something sweet to eat.It is likely that for Thomas,eating candy now serves as a(n)

A) conditioned stimulus.
B) conditioned response.
C) unconditioned stimulus.
D) unconditioned response.

Question 13

Aplysia's gill-withdrawal reflex is controlled by neurons in the animal's

A) brain.
B) buccal ganglia.
C) pedal ganglia.
D) abdominal ganglia.

Question 14

Repeated touching of the siphon in Aplysia will result in

A) habituation.
B) sensitization.
C) classical conditioning.
D) a fixed action pattern.

Question 15

Involuntary responses to stimuli are known as

A) reflexes.
B) instincts.
C) fixed action patterns.
D) learned behaviors.

Question 16

Changes in behavior that result from experience are known as

A) reflexes.
B) instincts.
C) fixed action patterns.
D) learned behaviors.

Question 17

When organisms learn that certain stimuli predict the occurrence of other environmental stimuli,which of the following processes has probably occurred?

A) sensitization
B) habituation
C) classical conditioning
D) extinction

Question 18

In Pavlov's classic experiments,salivation to a metronome is an example of a(n)

A) conditioned stimulus.
B) conditioned response.
C) unconditioned stimulus.
D) unconditioned response.

Question 19

Complex,species-specific behaviors that are triggered by environmental stimuli are known as

A) reflexes.
B) instincts.
C) habituation.
D) sensitization.

Question 20

Which of the following processes is an example of associative learning?

A) habituation
B) sensitization
C) classical conditioning
D) fixed action patterns

Question 21

According to Eric Kandel and his colleagues,sensitization in Aplysia results from

A) reduced responsiveness of sensory neurons.
B) reduced muscle contraction in the gill.
C) increased input to motor neurons serving the gill.
D) decreased input to motor neurons serving the gill.

Question 22

Structural changes resulting from sensitization or habituation may involve

A) dystrophin.
B) agrin.
C) actin.
D) myosin.

Question 23

In studies of classical conditioning in Aplysia,gill-withdrawal in response to _________ usually serves as the conditioned response.

A) electrical shock to the tail
B) touching the CS+
C) touching the CS-
D) electrical shock to the siphon

Question 24

Short-term habituation in Aplysia occurs when _________ neurotransmitter is released at synapses with _________ neurons.

A) less;gill motor
B) less;siphon sensory
C) more;gill motor
D) more;siphon sensory

Question 25

Classical conditioning in Aplysia results primarily from

A) the release of larger amounts of neurotransmitter by the sensory neuron.
B) the release of smaller amounts of neurotransmitter by the sensory neuron.
C) increased sensitivity of the motor neuron.
D) larger numbers of active interneurons.

Question 26

The interneurons involved with sensitization in Aplysia form which of the following types of synapse?

A) axo-axonic synapses on sensory neurons serving the siphon
B) axo-dendritic synapses on sensory neurons serving the siphon
C) axo-axonic synapses on the motor neurons serving the gill
D) axo-dendritic synapses on the motor neurons serving the gill

Question 27

Interneurons involved with sensitization in Aplysia release the neurotransmitter

A) dopamine.
B) acetylcholine.
C) serotonin.
D) norepinephrine.

Question 28

Short-term habituation of Aplysia's gill-withdrawal reflex,lasting from minutes to several hours,probably results from

A) changes in the synapses between sensory and motor neurons.
B) decreased sensitivity of the sensory neurons.
C) fatigue in the muscles serving the gill.
D) stronger excitatory postsynaptic potentials in the interneurons.

Question 29

Short-term habituation in Aplysia,lasting minutes to several hours,most likely results from

A) the temporary depletion of available neurotransmitter in the motor neuron serving the gill muscle.
B) the temporary depletion of available neurotransmitter in the presynaptic sensory neuron.
C) fatigue in the muscles serving the gill.
D) changes in NMDA glutamate receptors.

Question 30

In sensitization experiments,shocking the head or tail of Aplysia will result in a(n)

A) reduced gill-withdrawal reflex in response to siphon touch.
B) increased gill-withdrawal reflex in response to siphon touch.
C) absence of the gill-withdrawal reflex in response to siphon touch.
D) gill-withdrawal reflex in response to head touch,but not siphon touch.

Question 31

In studies of classical conditioning in Aplysia,which of the following usually serves as the unconditioned stimulus?

A) touching the mantle
B) touching the siphon
C) the gill-withdrawal reflex
D) electric shock to the tail

Question 32

The procedure illustrated in this figure will result in

A) sensitization of the Aplysia gill-withdrawal reflex.
B) classical conditioning of the Aplysia gill-withdrawal reflex.
C) habituation of the Aplysia gill-withdrawal reflex.
D) extinction of the Aplysia gill-withdrawal reflex.

Question 33

In sensitization in Aplysia,what processes account for the stronger than normal responses of gill motor neurons?

A) extended action potentials in siphon sensory neurons,which result in the release of greater than normal amounts of neurotransmitter at synapses with gill motor neurons.
B) extended action potentials in siphon sensory neurons,which result in the release of less than normal amounts of neurotransmitter at synapses with gill motor neurons.
C) shortened action potentials in siphon sensory neurons,which result in the release of greater than normal amounts of neurotransmitter at synapses with gill motor neurons
D) shortened action potentials in siphon sensory neurons,which result in the release of less than normal amounts of neurotransmitter at synapses with gill motor neurons.

Question 34

In sensitization in Aplysia,what process occurs in the sensory neurons serving the siphon?

A) an ionotropic process,which results in the closing of calcium channels
B) a metabotropic process,which results in the closing of calcium channels
C) an ionotropic process,which results in the closing of potassium channels
D) a metabotropic process,which results in the closing of potassium channels

Question 35

Postsynaptic changes during sensitization

A) do not occur.
B) include increases in the number of AMPA glutamate receptors.
C) include increases in the number of NMDA glutamate receptors.
D) include decreases in the number of serotonin receptors.

Question 36

Longer-term habituation in Aplysia,lasting up to three weeks,most likely results from

A) the temporary depletion of available neurotransmitter in the motor neuron serving the gill muscle.
B) the temporary depletion of available neurotransmitter in the presynaptic sensory neuron.
C) fatigue in the muscles serving the gill.
D) changes in NMDA glutamate receptors.

Question 37

At least in fruit flies,superior learning abilities

A) lead to a much longer lifespan.
B) lead to a shorter lifespan.
C) cannot be passed to subsequent generations.
D) lead to less use of reflexes and instincts.

Question 38

Repeated exposure to habituation or sensitization changes the number of

A) receptor sites on interneurons.
B) axon terminals on sensory neurons.
C) receptor sites on motor neurons.
D) axon terminals on interneurons.

Question 39

In conditioned fear research with rats,which of the following might be used by the experimenters as a conditioned response?

A) working to postpone an electric shock
B) increased salivation
C) reductions in working for food
D) increases in working for food

Question 40

The change in responsiveness observed by Kandel in sensitization appears to involve the greatest role for which of the following ions?

A) sodium
B) chloride
C) magnesium
D) potassium

Question 41

Classical conditioning of the nictitating membrane in rabbits is prevented by lesions of the

A) amygdala.
B) deep cerebellar nuclei.
C) interpositus nucleus of the cerebellum.
D) inferior olive.

Question 42

Trace conditioning

A) requires the participation of the same structures as delay conditioning.
B) requires the participation of forebrain structures to bridge the gap between the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli.
C) requires the participation of the cerebellum to bridge the gap between the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli.
D) requires a functional amygdala.

Question 43

In the classical conditioning of the nictitating membrane in rabbits,the unconditioned stimulus is usually a(n)

A) puff of air to the eye.
B) tone.
C) electric shock to the tail.
D) pellet of food.

Question 44

Parallel fibers synapsing in the cerebellum originate in

A) neurons in the inferior olive of the medulla.
B) neurons in the pons.
C) Purkinje cells.
D) granule cells.

Question 45

Long-term depression (LTD)results from

A) influxes of calcium and sodium into the Purkinje cell.
B) influx of calcium and activation of protein kinase C in the Purkinje cell.
C) influx of sodium and activation of protein kinase C in the Purkinje cell.
D) influxes of calcium and sodium and activation of protein kinase C in the Purkinje cell.

Question 46

Purkinje cells in the cerebellum receive direct input from

A) mossy fibers and climbing fibers.
B) climbing fibers and parallel fibers.
C) mossy fibers and parallel fibers.
D) mossy,climbing,and parallel fibers.

Question 47

Long-term depression (LTD)reflects

A) increased sensitivity to glutamate.
B) decreased sensitivity to glutamate.
C) increased sensitivity to serotonin.
D) decreased sensitivity to serotonin.

Question 48

You recently heard about a friend who had been injured in an accident that resulted in damage to her cerebellum.What possible learning problems would you expect to be the result of this injury?

A) She will suffer from anterograde amnesia.
B) She will suffer from retrograde amnesia.
C) She will be unable to learn new motor skills,and may not even be able to perform previously learned new ones.
D) There should be no effect on learning,as the cerebellum is only important for performing motor tasks.

Question 49

Trace conditioning differs from delay conditioning in which of the following ways?

A) Trace conditioning can be demonstrated in Aplysia,but delay conditioning cannot.
B) Trace conditioning does not require conscious processing by the forebrain,but delay conditioning does.
C) Delay conditioning involves a stimulus-free period between the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli,but the stimuli overlap in trace conditioning.
D) Trace conditioning involves a stimulus-free period between the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli,but the stimuli overlap in delay conditioning.

Question 50

Simultaneous activation of climbing and parallel fibers results in _________ in Purkinje cells.

A) increases in EPSPs
B) decreases in EPSPs
C) increases in IPSPs
D) decreases in IPSPs

Question 51

The output cells of the cerebellum receive _________ input from _________ cells.

A) excitatory;granule
B) inhibitory;granule
C) excitatory;Purkinje
D) inhibitory;Purkinje

Question 52

Eyeblink conditioning in human participants

A) does not occur.
B) is impaired in participants with amygdalar damage.
C) is impaired in participants with cerebellar damage.
D) is retained in participants with amygdalar or cerebellar damage.

Question 53

Long-term depression (LTD)reflects _________ in Purkinje cells.

A) increases in EPSPs
B) decreases in EPSPs
C) increases in IPSPs
D) decreases in IPSPs

Question 54

Temporary inactivation of the red nucleus prevents

A) conditioned responding,but not learning.
B) both conditioned responding and learning.
C) neither conditioned responding nor learning.
D) learning,but not conditioned responding.

Question 55

The structure identified as number 5 in this illustration represents a

A) parallel fiber.
B) climbing fiber.
C) mossy fiber.
D) perforant pathway fiber.

Question 56

Mossy fibers synapsing in the cerebellum originate in

A) neurons in the inferior olive of the medulla.
B) neurons in the pons.
C) Purkinje cells.
D) granule cells.

Question 57

Human participants with cerebellar damage

A) have difficulty with delay conditioning,but not trace conditioning.
B) have difficulty with trace conditioning,but not delay conditioning.
C) have approximately equal difficulties with both trace and delay conditioning.
D) do not have any difficulties with either delay or trace conditioning.

Question 58

The classically conditioned fear response in rats results primarily from

A) protein synthesis in postsynaptic neurons in the amygdala.
B) fatigue of motor neurons responsible for freezing.
C) decreased release of neurotransmitter by sensory neurons and interneurons in the amygdala.
D) increased release of neurotransmitters by neurons in the sensory systems responding to the conditioned stimulus.

Question 59

Climbing fibers synapsing in the cerebellum originate from cells located in the

A) deep cerebellar nuclei.
B) amygdala.
C) inferior olive of the medulla.
D) interpositus nucleus.

Question 60

Lesions of which structure interfere the most with classically conditioned fear responses in rats?

A) the septal area
B) the orbitofrontal cortex
C) the mammillary bodies
D) the amygdala

Question 61

Large amounts of data can be held for a second or two in _________ memory.

A) sensory
B) short-term
C) long-term
D) episodic

Question 62

Which memories are easiest to verbalize?

A) sensory
B) procedural
C) semantic and episodic
D) implicit

Question 63

Before reading the chapter on Neurological Disorders in his biological psychology textbook,Christopher had never heard of brain worms.Once he had mastered this knowledge,information about brain worms became part of Christopher's _________ memory.

A) sensory
B) procedural
C) implicit
D) semantic

Question 64

Elizabeth was sharing a story with a friend about her first dog.In order to do so,she had to use her _________ memory.

A) sensory
B) working
C) episodic
D) semantic

Question 65

Which of the following is an example of a procedural memory?

A) where you were when you heard about the Twin Towers being attacked
B) the name of your psychology professor
C) how to play your guitar
D) what you had for breakfast this morning

Question 66

Information about how to do something is stored in _________ memory.

A) procedural
B) episodic
C) sensory
D) semantic

Question 67

Which of the following is an example of a short-term memory?

A) what you had for breakfast this morning
B) the question you just read and are trying to answer
C) your best friend's name
D) the instructions your professor gave you when you began taking the exam

Question 68

Declarative memories include _________ memories.

A) procedural and sensory
B) episodic and semantic
C) procedural and episodic
D) semantic and sensory

Question 69

Which memories are easiest to demonstrate?

A) sensory
B) procedural
C) semantic and episodic
D) explicit

Question 70

Unlimited quantities of information can be held indefinitely in _________ memory.

A) sensory
B) short-term
C) long-term
D) working

Question 71

Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory?

A) the name of the first president of the United States
B) what happened at your best childhood birthday party ever
C) how to ride a bike
D) where you were when you heard about the Twin Towers being attacked

Question 72

Memories of an individual's personal experience are stored in _________ memory.

A) procedural
B) episodic
C) working
D) semantic

Question 73

Basic knowledge of facts and language are stored in _________ memory.

A) procedural
B) episodic
C) sensory
D) semantic

Question 74

Which of the following is an example of an episodic memory?

A) what happened at your best childhood birthday party ever
B) the name of the current president of the United States
C) the name of the first president of the United States
D) how to ride a bike

Question 75

Which of the following is an example of explicit memory?

A) classical conditioning
B) sensitization
C) procedural memory
D) episodic memory

Question 76

Jacob was looking for a piece of paper and a pencil to write down a new friend's telephone number.In order to hold the telephone number in memory,Jacob needed to use his _________ memory.

A) sensory
B) working
C) procedural
D) semantic

Question 77

Buffers for auditory,visual,and combined types of information are managed by a "central executive" in _________ memory.

A) sensory
B) short-term
C) long-term
D) episodic

Question 78

Tom is on the telephone trying to help his girlfriend do a Windows Restore after her computer crashed.In order to provide his girlfriend with the right instructions,Tom must access his _________ memory.

A) procedural
B) episodic
C) semantic
D) explicit

Question 79

Trace conditioning provides an excellent animal model for which of the following types of memory in humans?

A) sensory
B) working
C) declarative
D) procedural

Question 80

Limited quantities of information can be held for a maximum of 15-18 seconds in _________ memory.

A) sensory
B) short-term
C) long-term
D) episodic