Deck 5: Cognitive Development in Infancy

Question 1

Zachary,age 6 months,watches his sister stick her tongue out at the chicken Mom is serving for supper.The next day,Zachary sticks his tongue out at the Cheerios Mom puts on his high-chair tray.Zachary's behaviour is an example of ______ in infants.

A) object permanence
B) violation-of-expectancy procedures
C) conditioning and modelling
D) deferred imitation

Answer 1

deferred imitation

Question 2

Current research methods use _________ to study object permanence in infants.

A) brain imaging
B) motor skill development
C) computer simulations
D) visual response tracking

Answer 2

visual response tracking

Question 3

When a baby's behaviour displays a purposeful,experimental quality or purposeful trial-and-error repetitions,such as dropping a toy repeatedly to see where it lands,the child is demonstrating _________ cognitive skills.

A) secondary circular reactions
B) coordination of secondary schemes
C) tertiary circular reactions
D) means end

Answer 3

tertiary circular reactions

Question 4

According to Piaget,an infant's adaptive processes of assimilating new information and accommodating existing schemes constitute the ________ period.

A) preoperational
B) sensorimotor
C) information processing
D) schematic

Question 5

Haruko finds her mother's keys and begins to play with them.She works patiently in an attempt to fit the keys into an opening in the VCR.She tries the keys one at a time;she tries to put the key ring into the slot;she tries to separate the keys into two groups.Finally,she succeeds in jamming the keys into the equipment.Haruko's age is most likely

A) 8 months.
B) 3 years
C) 5 years.
D) 15 months.

Question 6

Several recent research studies have identified some capacity for deferred imitation capabilities in infants as young as 6 weeks of age.These discoveries are significant because

A) they provide evidence that supports Piaget's theories about age and deferred imitation capacities.
B) they provide clear evidence that cognitive development progresses in stages.
C) they confirm that infants do learn through modelling.
D) they change the sequence of Piaget's stages of development.

Question 7

Cedric sees his bottle just out of reach on the bed.He pulls on the blanket under the bottle and is able to drag the bottle close enough that he can reach it.This behaviour is an example of ________,which typically begins to occur at approximately ________.

A) symbolic function; 3 months
B) secondary circular reactions; 2 years of age
C) object permanence; 6 months
D) means-ends behaviour; 8 to 12 months

Question 8

According to Piaget's substages of sensorimotor development,which of the following behaviours would most accurately reflect the ability of a child who is 8 to 12 months old?

A) Ahmed begins to suck his mother's breast when it is placed in his mouth.
B) When Abby, who has been breast-fed, receives a bottle, she is able to adjust her sucking to the rubber nipple.
C) Reem's toy rattle makes a sound when she hits it on her plate. Now she keeps hitting the plate to hear the sound again and again.
D) Hannah pushes the button on her musical nursery rhyme book, to hear "Itsy Bitsy Spider." She chooses this button over and over again, instead of choosing a different song.

Question 9

According to Piaget,1-month-old infants

A) are equipped only with primitive, inborn schemes or reflexes.
B) remember events or objects although they cannot mentally think about them.
C) understand that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight.
D) are able to mentally manipulate ideas and images.

Question 10

The fact that you know as you write this test that it will continue to exist when you have completed it is an example of

A) object continuity.
B) object permanence.
C) object relativism.
D) deferred permanence.

Question 11

Newer research into Piaget's theory of object permanence confirms

A) that babies are born equipped with a full-fledged knowledge of objects.
B) Piaget's belief that an infant's understanding of objects is tied to reaching motor skill development seen in 7- to 8-month-old infants.
C) that touching and reaching motor skill development is not necessary for infants to understand object permanence.
D) that an infant's understanding of object permanence is tied to experience rather than motor skill development.

Question 12

According to Piaget's substages of sensorimotor development,which of the following behaviours would most accurately reflect the ability of a child who is 1 to 4 months old?

A) Marvin begins to suck his mother's breast when it is placed in his mouth.
B) When Fatinah, who has been breast-fed, receives a bottle, she is able to adjust her sucking to the rubber nipple.
C) Reem's toy rattle makes a sound when she hits it on her plate. Now she keeps hitting the plate to hear the sound again and again.
D) Mike pushes the button on his musical nursery rhyme book, to hear "Itsy Bitsy Spider." He chooses this button over and over again, instead of choosing a different song.

Question 13

There are _____ substages in Piaget's sensorimotor stage of cognitive development.

A) three
B) eight
C) six
D) four

Question 14

According to Piaget's substages of sensorimotor development,which of the following behaviours would most accurately reflect the ability of a child who is 4 to 8 months old?

A) Jake begins to suck his mother's breast when it is placed in his mouth.
B) When Bianca, who has been breast-fed, receives a bottle, she is able to adjust her sucking to the rubber nipple.
C) Martina's toy rattle makes a sound when she hits it on her plate. Now she keeps hitting the plate to hear the sound again and again.
D) Jacob pushes the button on his musical nursery rhyme book, to hear "Row Row Row Your Boat." He chooses this button over and over again, instead of choosing a different song.

Question 15

The understanding that an object continues to exist even when we do not see it or touch it is called

A) habituation.
B) dishabituation.
C) object permanence.
D) cross-modal transfer.

Question 16

Three-month-old Tovah accidentally sucks her fist,likes the sensation,and does it again.This is an example of

A) cross-modal transfer.
B) a tertiary circular reaction.
C) a primary circular reaction.
D) dishabituation.

Question 17

According to Piaget's substages of sensorimotor development,which of the following behaviours would most accurately reflect the ability of a child who is under the age of 1 month?

A) Marvin begins to suck his mother's breast when it is placed in his mouth.
B) When Mary, who has been breast-fed, receives a bottle, she is able to adjust her sucking to the rubber nipple.
C) Reem's toy rattle makes a sound when she hits it on her plate. Now she keeps hitting the plate to hear the sound again and again.
D) Hannah pushes the button on her musical nursery rhyme book, to hear "Mary Had a Little Lamb." She chooses this button over and over again, instead of choosing a different song.

Question 18

Which of the following would not be a type of learning that an infant of one month could accomplish?

A) schematic learning
B) social cognitive learning
C) habituation
D) classical conditioning

Question 19

A 7-month-old baby is showing interest in a toy and has begun to reach for it.If you partially cover the toy with a blanket,the baby will successfully uncover the toy.If you completely cover the toy with the blanket,the baby will

A) search for the toy in several locations.
B) lose interest and cease looking or searching for the toy.
C) signal you to search for the toy.
D) search for the toy in the location of the blanket.

Question 20

Piaget's most fundamental theoretical proposal was that a child constructed an understanding of the world based on ______________________.

A) nature
B) genetics
C) experience
D) maturation

Question 21

University researcher Fei Xu identified that infants use three broad categories to differentiate and recognize distinct objects.Which of the following is NOT one of the categories identified by Fei Xu?

A) spatiotemporal information (e.g., information about the location and motion of objects)
B) plasticity factors about how experience changes perception
C) object's property information (e.g., the perceptual qualities of an object, such as colour texture and size)
D) awareness of distinct kinds of objects (e.g., a duck versus a ball)

Question 22

According to Renee Baillargeon's research pertaining to an infant's knowledge about objects,infants have developed all of the following basic hypotheses about objects EXCEPT

A) where objects come from.
B) the ways objects function.
C) how objects move.
D) how objects connect to one another.

Question 23

The process by which an infant differentiates and recognizes distinct objects based on mental images of objects in the environment is called

A) object individuation.
B) object expectancy.
C) object property.
D) object manifestation.

Question 24

Based on schematic learning,a 7-month-old would NOT be able to understand which of the following:

A) that dogs and people are in different categories.
B) that animals and furniture are in different categories.
C) that dogs and birds are in different categories.
D) that dogs and trees are in different categories.

Question 25

Your sister just had a baby,and you are discussing the pros and cons of letting her child watch positive children's programming on television.According to the American of Pediatrics,no child should watch television before the age of

A) 12 months.
B) 18 months.
C) 24 months.
D) 36 months.

Question 26

Studies have shown that viewing TV before the age of 3 might be harmful in terms of a child's cognitive and language development in all of the following areas EXCEPT

A) prosocial interactions
B) reading recognition
C) reading comprehension
D) attention abilities

Question 27

Which of the following statements best explains the impact of television on children's basic cognitive processes?

A) Early TV viewing may be harmful to a child's cognitive and language development in the areas of reading and attentional abilities.
B) Exposing infants to the sensory stimulation of TV enhances language development.
C) The cognitive stimulation benefits of TV viewing surpass those of traditional toys like rattles, balls etc.
D) There is no noted positive or negative impact on cognitive skill development in infants and toddlers caused by TV viewing.

Question 28

Joan is a 7-month-old baby.Her mother has just shown her nine pictures of different human faces.The tenth picture shown is an image of a dog,and Joan looks surprised.Joan's reaction demonstrates

A) modelling.
B) operant learning.
C) classical conditioning.
D) habituation.

Question 29

One of the most effective reinforcers for almost all babies is

A) musical toys.
B) the father's laughter.
C) the mother's voice.
D) breast milk.

Question 30

___________ is the decrease in interest and behavioural responses to a stimulus after repeated exposure to that stimulus.

A) Habituation
B) Dishabituation
C) Operant conditioning
D) Object permanence

Question 31

The most widely used test of infant intelligence is called

A) Bayley Scales of Infant Development
B) APGAR scales of development
C) Nativisms IQ Scale
D) Butler Scales of Infant Development

Question 32

An infant's understanding about the nature of objects and how they behave has been referred to as

A) object projection.
B) object expectation.
C) object permanence.
D) object concept.

Question 33

An infant's ability to remember an event is strongly related to two factors: ________ and ________.

A) whether the infant is breast-fed or bottle-fed; the quality of social interactions the child has experienced
B) her age; the specific context in which the original experience occurred
C) his IQ; capacity for cross-modal transfer
D) parental efforts to reinforce the memory; the speed of the infant's perception of the event

Question 34

Elizabeth Spelke's research into infants' understanding of the nature of objects and how they behave indicates that

A) infants in the 2- to 3-month age category have some limited understanding of objects and how they behave.
B) infants in the 2- to 3-month age category have some understanding of the nature of objects, but little understanding about how objects will behave.
C) infants in the 2- to 3-month age category lack both object permanence and object concept cognitive skills, and are unable to understand objects or object behaviour.
D) infants in the 2- to 3-month age category understand remarkably well what objects are and what to expect about how objects will behave.

Question 35

Which of the following statements is true regarding the impact of television viewing on children's behaviour?

A) The amount of time spent watching TV in infancy/childhood establishes later TV viewing patterns.
B) Viewing prosocial and altruistic themed TV programs in infancy/childhood has no behavioural impact, but viewing violent/aggressive themed TV programs influences behaviour.
C) There is no proof of a correlation between viewing violent/aggressive themed TV programs in childhood and increases in these behaviours in young children.
D) The hours spent watching TV correlate with increased interest in learning and school performance.

Question 36

A basic premise of Renee Baillargeon's research pertaining to infants' knowledge about objects is

A) infants' understanding about objects expands as they progress through sequential cognitive stages.
B) infants are born with an innate understanding about objects.
C) infants are born with built-in strategies for learning about objects.
D) infant cognition is far too complex to be inferred from their interactions with objects.

Question 37

Babies exhibit evidence of learning from

A) four weeks after birth.
B) the first moments following birth.
C) two weeks after birth.
D) the first week after birth.

Question 38

Schematic learning theories imply that children at different ages actively use categories to process information.They describe both lower-level and higher-level categorical knowledge.At what age is a child able to utilize and understand both?

A) 6 months
B) 12 months
C) 18 months
D) 24 months

Question 39

Schematic learning in young infants can be understood as

A) the organization of experiences into expectancies.
B) the infant's ability to grasp basic-level categories.
C) a demonstration of habituation in infant learning.
D) the organization of experiences into hierarchical categories.

Question 40

Mavis Gunther's research with inexperienced mothers who nursed their newborns found that when the mother's nursing technique caused the babies' nostrils to be blocked by the breast,the babies

A) refused to nurse on the side of the breast where they had experienced smothering.
B) showed no difference in their breast-feeding behaviour.
C) outright refused to breast-feed.
D) Breast-fed but showed symptoms associated with anxiety.

Question 41

Research indicates that children who are fluently bilingual

A) encounter few, if any, learning problems in school.
B) always get better grades in school.
C) have decreased ability to focus on tasks.
D) are more intelligent.

Question 42

In language development theory,the term "telegraphic speech" refers to

A) short sentences with distinct features, including two- or three-word sentences.
B) a process that takes many years to develop due to its complex language processing.
C) lexical words and grammatical words.
D) This term does not exist in language theory.

Question 43

Which of the following words would be typical of the vocabulary of a 2-year-old?

A) bicycle
B) run
C) bottle
D) plate

Question 44

Comprehension of spoken language is called

A) expressive language.
B) cognitive language.
C) receptive language.
D) holophrasing.

Question 45

Werker's research demonstrates that one characteristic of infants that helps them to learn language is

A) intelligence.
B) concentration.
C) the ability to babble.
D) the ability to distinguish between human speech and other non-speech sounds.

Question 46

Infant IQ tests such as the Bayley Scales of Infant Development typically measure

A) infants' social interaction skills and communication development.
B) predictive factors for childhood IQ and school performance.
C) infants' sensory and motor skills.
D) the extent to which infants can be classically conditioned to respond to neutral stimuli.

Question 47

If Abraham tells his son,"No! Hot!" the child will move his hands away from the hot stove.However,the child cannot say,"Hot stove" himself.This demonstrates what principle of children's language development?

A) Receptive language develops before expressive language.
B) Children make rule-governed rather than random errors when learning language.
C) Children respond to parents' intonational babbling.
D) Holophrases are the precursor of the naming explosion.

Question 48

Baby Guan pointed to his mother's shoes on the floor and said,"Mommy." It was clear that he meant,"Those are Mommy's shoes." This is an example of

A) gestural language.
B) a holophrase.
C) receptive language.
D) meaningful babbling.

Question 49

Which of the following represents the typical sequence of the beginning of language up to the first words?

A) crying, cooing, babbling, gesturing, receptive language
B) babbling, intonational babbling, cooing, expressive language
C) receptive language, intonational babbling, babbling, expressive language, gesturing
D) babbling, cooing, expressive language, gesturing

Question 50

An addition to a word that changes the word's meaning is referred to as

A) expressive style.
B) an inflection.
C) referential style.
D) a lexical word.

Question 51

Many theories have been presented to explain the nature of language development in childhood.Which of the following perspectives is NOT one of them?

A) behaviourist view
B) naturalistic view
C) nativist view
D) constructivist view

Question 52

What is the style of language that demonstrates the ability to to produce,understand,and respond to meaningful words?

A) referential style
B) motherese
C) expressive style
D) language utterance

Question 53

What particular inflection indicates feeling or context?

A) telegrapch speech
B) pragmatic marker
C) motherese
D) holophrases

Question 54

B.F.Skinner's theoretical perspective on children's language development was based on the idea that

A) children make rule-governed rather than random errors when learning language.
B) the naming explosion will not occur if the child has suffered impaired hearing due to repeated respiratory infections.
C) children are born with an innate language processor that contains the grammatical structure of all human language.
D) the principles of operant conditioning underlie all aspects of human learning, including language.

Question 55

The sound pattern that consists of repeated combinations of consonants and vowels is

A) holophrases.
B) schematic phrasing.
C) cooing.
D) babbling.

Question 56

Which of the following is the best example of a child's first word,according to linguists?

A) Dylan repeats the consonant and vowel syllable "dah" over and over again with rhythmic intonation.
B) Rosario says "goggie" when she is referring to the family dog or her sister.
C) Indira points to her blanket, opens and closes her hand, and grunts repeatedly.
D) Beth says "ba" and points when she wants her bottle.

Question 57

Which individual did NOT contribute to the body of knowledge regarding language theory?

A) Piaget
B) Skinner
C) Chomsky
D) Slobin

Question 58

Once children speak their first words at around 12 months,they then tend to go through a slow period of word acquisition until about the age of 2.At approximately age 2,children typically

A) slowly and gradually improve their language, provided they have a stimulating environment.
B) regress in their language development as a result of neural pruning.
C) stabilize in their language development until kindergarten or first grade.
D) experience a naming explosion during which they add names of things or people to their vocabulary.

Question 59

Holophrases appear to ______________ telegraphic speech in every language.

A) precede
B) follow
C) improve
D) reorder

Question 60

A simplified higher-pitched speech that adults use with infants and young children can best be described as

A) modelling.
B) language acquisition acts.
C) infant-directed speech.
D) interactionist responses.

Question 61

Which of the following statements is true regarding language acquisition rates in children?

A) Rates of language acquisition follow common set sequential patterns.
B) The speed at which children acquire language varies widely.
C) The mean length of utterance (MLU) is a good test for cognitive delay.
D) Gender determines the speed of language acquisition.

Question 62

An infant of 2 months of age will not look for her bottle if it accidentally rolls away.

Question 63

Newborns can learn by operant conditioning.

Question 64

Researcher Renée Baillargeon believes that knowledge about objects is not built in,but that the strategies for learning are innate.

Question 65

According to Piaget's theory,means-end behaviour is carried out in the pursuit of a specific goal.

Question 66

In the theoretical debate about language development,one could say that B.F.Skinner is a behaviourist and Noam Chomsky is a nativist.

Question 67

Object individuation is the process by which an infant differentiates and recognizes distinct objects based on mental images of objects in the environment.

Question 68

Studies in a wide variety of language communities including Turkish,Japanese,and Hebrew reveal all of the following to be true EXCEPT that

A) specific word order used in sentences varies.
B) babies coo before they babble.
C) babies understand language before they speak.
D) babies begin to use their first words at about 12 months.

Question 69

If a child has cerebral palsy and can't perform many tasks on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development,the accurate professional advice would be to suggest the use of the Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence.

Question 70

Mavis Gunther hypothesized that classical conditioning was at work when she studied the effects on babies of inexperienced mothers' breast-feeding techniques.

Question 71

According to Piaget's theory,infants are born with an understanding of the nature of objects and how they behave.

Question 72

Noam Chomsky would be considered to have a constructivist view of language development.

Question 73

The understanding that objects continue to exist when they can't be seen is known as "deferred imitation."

Question 74

According to the American Academy of Pediatrics,children under the age of 2 should watch no television.

Question 75

The Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence is one of the best known and most widely used tests of infant intelligence.

Question 76

One of the benefits of an infant's exposure to television is cognitive stimulation.

Question 77

Infants as young as 2 months old are capable of imitating observed behaviour.

Question 78

Research shows that there is no difference in the early language development of children raised in poverty compared to children raised by better-off parents.

Question 79

Infant-directed speech is simplified,higher-pitched speech that adults use with infants and young children.

Question 80

The concept that smaller categories are nested within larger ones is called "hierarchical categorization."