Deck 13: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood

Question 1

Which of the following terms represents the age-related changes that are due to social and environmental influences,poor health habits,or disease?

A) secondary aging
B) derivative senescence
C) primary aging
D) compensatory decline

Answer 1

secondary aging

Question 2

During adulthood,what happens to the body's ability to take in and transport oxygen to various body organs (VO₂ max)?

A) When measured at rest, VO₂ max minimally declines with age, but during exercise, there is systematic decline of VO₂ max beginning between ages 35 and 40.
B) When VO₂ max is measured at rest, there is a systematic decline of about 1% per year, but during exercise there is minimal decline in capacity.
C) Primary aging causes an increase in VO₂ max during both rest and exercise, although the greatest increases are found during exercise conditions.
D) As women age, their VO₂ max decreases during rest and exercise conditions, but as men age, their VO₂ max improves under rest and exercise conditions.

Answer 2

When measured at rest, VO₂ max minimally declines with age, but during exercise, there is systematic decline of VO₂ max beginning between ages 35 and 40.

Question 3

Which of the following statements is true regarding female reproduction patterns?

A) Fertility problems in women are more often a by-product of age.
B) Fertility problems in women are more often a by-product of disease.
C) Fertility problems in women are more often a by-product of genetically transmitted defects.
D) Fertility problems in women are more often a by-product of early contraceptive use.

Answer 3

Fertility problems in women are more often a by-product of age.

Question 4

How does aging affect men's fertility?

A) Men experience their prime fertility in their 20s or 30s, but after menopause their fertility declines by 25 to 30 percent.
B) Men's fertility follows essentially the same age-based pattern of change as women's fertility.
C) Men's fertility steadily increases throughout the lifespan.
D) Men experience a slight decline in fertility after age 40 but may retain the capacity to impregnate until old age.

Question 5

Women's fertility is highest by the ________ and then ________.

A) mid-teens; declines steadily
B) age of 30; remains at a peak until age 40
C) late teens and early 20s; declines steadily
D) mid-20s; remains at a peak until the late 30s

Question 6

In adulthood,when maximum oxygen uptake and cardiac output are measured at rest,what is the usual age-based pattern? When maximum oxygen uptake and cardiac output are measured during exercise,what is the typical age-based pattern?

A) Significant measures of age-based decline are found during rest, and even greater measures of decline in functioning are observed during exercise.
B) During adulthood there is minimal age-based decrement in capacity of either of these functions when they are measured at rest or during exercise.
C) Neither of these functions show significant decrement when measured at rest, but when measured during exercise, both functions show systematic age-based decrement.
D) At rest, there is a systematic decline of about 10% per year. During exercise, there is minimal decrement in capacity.

Question 7

Which of the following occurs among adults who are experiencing age-based systematic decreases in cardiac output and maximum oxygen uptake?

A) Immune system functioning is less efficient.
B) There is a general loss of strength and speed.
C) Tissues in all parts of the body become more elastic and flexible.
D) There is a loss of bone mineral and an increase in the wear and tear of the joints.

Question 8

According to statistics,which of the following women would be most at risk for miscarriage?

A) Ella, age 17, who is experiencing her first pregnancy
B) Alice, age 34, who is experiencing her first pregnancy
C) Lois, age 21, who is experiencing her first pregnancy
D) Brenda, age 28, who has had several previous children

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT considered a possible reason for infertility?

A) insufficient viable sperm
B) endometriosis
C) blocked fallopian tubes
D) age of sperm

Question 10

Among Canadians,which statement best represents the relationship between good health/lower mortality rates and degree of income inequality?

A) Universal health care negates many of the effects of income inequity.
B) Universally, the rich are generally healthier, happier, and live longer than the poor.
C) Health habits rather than income affect overall good health and mortality rates.
D) Public health campaigns to increase awareness of the health benefits of diet, exercise, and not smoking have significantly lessened the traditional income inequity impacts.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT an example of age-related changes that one might experience in early adulthood?

A) increase in wrinkles as a result of loss of elasticity
B) increased reproductive risk and/or lowered fertility
C) loss of height due to compression of the disks in the spine
D) loss of the ability to hear very high and very low tones

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT an example of primary aging?

A) decreased insulin production resulting in diabetes
B) loss of "fast twitch" muscle fibres used for bursts of strength or speed
C) thickening of the lens of the eye and loss of accommodative power
D) compression of disks of the spine resulting in loss of height

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of primary aging?

A) atherosclerosis
B) loss of ability to hear very high and very low tones
C) cancer
D) increased maximum oxygen uptake

Question 14

Neuropsychologists believe that the brain development of early adulthood leads to increased capacities for ________ and ________.

A) concrete operations; perception-bound reasoning
B) emotional intelligence; verbal expression
C) critical thinking; abstract reasoning
D) formal operational thinking; abstract reasoning

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of secondary aging?

A) decline in production of viable sperm
B) osteoporosis
C) cancer
D) increased wrinkling of the skin

Question 16

What is the most common measure of overall aerobic fitness of the heart and lungs?

A) maximum oxygen uptake
B) T cell production
C) systolic pressure
D) blood pressure

Question 17

What is the most likely reason for male infertility?

A) normal aging processes
B) an insufficient number of viable sperm
C) diseases that cause impotence
D) genetically transmitted defects

Question 18

The loss of speed that is the hallmark of primary aging in adulthood is based upon age-based changes in the ________ system.

A) cardiovascular
B) limbic
C) endocrine
D) nervous

Question 19

Which of the following terms represents the basic,underlying,inevitable processes of physical change that affect all human beings?

A) quality adjusted life years
B) senescence
C) primary aging
D) secondary aging

Question 20

What are the two general categories of aging identified by researchers?

A) decline and compensation
B) aerobic and anaerobic
C) individual and cohort comparative
D) primary and secondary

Question 21

The belief in one's ability to perform some action,or to control one's behaviour or environment,to reach a goal or to make something happen is called

A) effectiveness.
B) self-efficacy.
C) competence.
D) self-confidence.

Question 22

According to researchers,which of the following factors is NOT identified as causing a negative effect upon immune system functioning across adulthood?

A) psychological stress and depression
B) life experiences that demand high levels of change and adaptation
C) excessive exercise and physical exertion
D) chronic stress

Question 23

Research has shown that a sense of control over one's life is linked to all of the following health effects EXCEPT

A) alcoholism
B) poorer health
C) depression
D) mortality

Question 24

According to the results of the Alameda County Study of health habits,if you choose to ________,you will not affect your mortality.

A) get regular sleep
B) snack
C) drink alcohol
D) exercise

Question 25

What are the key features of the human immune system?

A) the thymus gland and the bone marrow
B) the pancreas and the liver
C) neurotransmitters and hormones
D) fever, chills, and muscle aches

Question 26

Which concept is unrelated to the other concepts in this list?

A) optimism
B) perceived control
C) self-efficacy
D) crystallized intelligence

Question 27

Which of the following is NOT a research-based recommendation to make to a friend who wants advice about health practices that might facilitate longevity?

A) Reduce dietary cholesterol.
B) Get regular sleep.
C) Eat breakfast every day.
D) Get regular physical exercise.

Question 28

Pavlo has just lost his job working as a graphic artist.He continues to maintain a high level of optimism,as he firmly believes that the setback is only temporary and that a solution is around the corner.He is most likely a(n)

A) optimist.
B) pessimist.
C) self-efficacist.
D) realist.

Question 29

An individual has recently developed a form of cancer.Which aspect of the person's immune system would be involved in the development of the disease?

A) bone marrow, by producing more B cells
B) antibodies, through reduced efficiency
C) T cells, by losing their ability to recognize foreign cells
D) B cells, by producing fewer antibodies

Question 30

Evangelina has a number of problems in her personal life.She often feels helpless,that her misfortune is her fault,and that it will last forever,so she chooses to give up and tries to avoid any situation that may cause her stress.She is most likely a(n)

A) optimist.
B) pessimist.
C) self-efficacist.
D) realist.

Question 31

Which of the following statements is most true regarding the impact of strong social support networks?

A) There are lowered risks of disease for women.
B) There are correlations with health benefits, but only in Western cultures.
C) There is a direct correlation with mental health benefits, but not with physical health benefits.
D) The perceived adequacy of a person's social network is positively correlated with immune system functioning.

Question 32

Which of the following best illustrates Seligman's view of optimism?

A) When Aisha goes to the racetrack, she bets on grey horses because she had a grey pony when she was a child.
B) Janie is a pleasant, sunny person who always has a smile and a warm greeting for everyone she meets.
C) Although six banks rejected Bill's application for a loan to start a computer software company, he persisted in his efforts to convince people that his computer operating system would revolutionize personal computing.
D) Inez believes she will do well in university because she has a high IQ and had an excellent university preparation program in high school.

Question 33

Why do adults become more susceptible to disease as they age?

A) Fewer antibodies are produced and T cells become less efficient.
B) The thymus gland becomes excessively large and interferes with the production of B cells.
C) More B cells and T cells are produced than can be absorbed by the bone marrow and the thymus gland.
D) The thymus gland and the bone marrow produce antibodies that attack normal body cells.

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT a factor that increases susceptibility to sexually transmitted infections?

A) multiple sex partners
B) frequent use of drugs or alcohol
C) lack of discussion about sexually transmitted infections
D) decrease in VO? max

Question 35

Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement about the impact of social support upon the health of adults?

A) A study of depression among women found that social support buffered the negative effect of stress.
B) The positive link between social contact and physical health is limited to Western culture and does not exist in non-Western societies.
C) In a study of adults ranging in age from 30 to 69, those with fewer social connections in their social networks had higher death rates than those with more social connections.
D) How a person perceives the adequacy of her social contacts and emotional support is more important than the objective amount of contact with others.

Question 36

What statement is most true regarding the high rate of sexually transmitted infections among people in early adulthood?

A) Having multiple sexual partners is not a contributing factor.
B) Lack of access to medical services allows symptoms to go undetected.
C) Inadequate use of protection leads to the spread of STIs.
D) Today's treatments are so quick and effective, that exposure to STIs is no longer a major concern.

Question 37

The belief in one's capacity to cause an intended event to occur or to perform a task is known as

A) pessimism.
B) optimism.
C) self-efficacy.
D) self-efficiency.

Question 38

The sexually transmitted infection that is the most widespread among young adults is

A) gonorrhoea.
B) chlamydia.
C) syphilis.
D) AIDS.

Question 39

Rita is exposed to a virus when she touches a computer keyboard recently touched by someone who has a cold.Which feature of Rita's immune system will protect her?

A) T cells
B) the liver
C) maximum oxygen uptake capacity
D) B cells

Question 40

Among both men and women,those with _______ social connections had highest _____ rates than those with ______ social connections.

A) fewer; death; more
B) more; death; less
C) more; health; less
D) fewer; health; more

Question 41

Which type of personality disorder is characterized by difficulty forming emotional attachments,lack of empathy,and little regard for the rights of others?

A) borderline personality disorder
B) narcissistic personality disorder
C) antisocial personality disorder
D) histrionic personality disorder

Question 42

What are the most common mental disorders affecting young adults?

A) anxiety and mood disorders
B) forms of dementia
C) personality disorders
D) schizophrenia and schizotypal disorders

Question 43

Researchers have determined that in approximately half of intrafamily killings,the victim and/or the perpetrator had been

A) using alcohol or drugs.
B) mentally ill.
C) a high school dropout.
D) experiencing high levels of stress.

Question 44

Which of the following is NOT a factor that has been hypothesized to contribute to partner abuse?

A) partner differences, such as differences in ethnicity or differences in IQ
B) personality traits, such as aggressiveness or tendency toward jealousy
C) gender-role prescriptions that give men authority over their wives
D) laws that define women as property and give men the right to control or punish

Question 45

Which mental disorder is characterized by disturbances of thought,such as delusions and hallucinations?

A) paranoid personality disorder
B) mood disorder
C) anxiety disorder
D) schizophrenia

Question 46

An individual who has a(n)________ personality disorder may behave in an irrational,attention-seeking manner,perhaps by means of sexually seductive behaviour and clothing,and may make inappropriate emotional responses.

A) narcissistic
B) histrionic
C) borderline
D) antisocial

Question 47

As individuals age,when might they become aware of a functionally relevant decline in cognitive skills?

A) in the early 20s, during college or post-secondary educational experiences
B) before age 25
C) only after age 75
D) in middle adulthood, or earlier, if faced with highly complex or difficult tasks that require significant intellectual resources

Question 48

Which of the following groups is most likely to be a victim of abuse?

A) women 40 to 50 years of age
B) women 25 to 35 years of age
C) women older than 60 years of age
D) women 16 to 24 years of age

Question 49

Sexual assault that consists of unwanted kissing,touching,oral/anal intercourse,or other forms of penetration would be viewed as

A) level 1.
B) level 2.
C) level 3.
D) level 4.

Question 50

Among college and university students,binge drinking can best be described as

A) a normal developmental stage activity that is contextual and subsides with age.
B) an epidemic social problem affecting up to 70% of post-secondary students.
C) a serious social concern closely associated with higher rates of unprotected sex, physical injury, and driving while intoxicated.
D) a concerning problem primarily among males in post-secondary settings.

Question 51

An individual is given a test that requires her to follow diagrammed instructions to fold a piece of paper into a box and another test that requires her to find figures embedded in other figures.These tests,which involve abstract reasoning unrelated to previous education or experience,would require the use of

A) encoding skills.
B) crystallized intelligence.
C) fluid intelligence.
D) dialectical thought.

Question 52

What is the context for most of the sexual violence in Canada?

A) social or romantic relationships
B) stalking of the victim by an unknown person
C) an unpremeditated attack by a stranger
D) marital rape

Question 53

Sexual assault with a weapon or resulting in bodily harm would be viewed as

A) level 1.
B) level 2.
C) level 3.
D) level 4.

Question 54

Of the following,which has not been recommended as a strategy to prevent intimate partner abuse?

A) having the victim and the abuser seek relationship counselling
B) training law enforcement and hospital emergency room personnel to recognize signs of abuse
C) providing victims with problem-solving skills and temporary shelters
D) educating the public and changing attitudes about the acceptability of violence in intimate relationships

Question 55

Which of the following would you utilize as you quickly and accurately work a cross-word puzzle?

A) encoding skills
B) crystallized intelligence
C) dialectical thought
D) fluid intelligence

Question 56

Louise often hears voices that tell her not to trust anyone,as they may be secretly plotting against her.Louise is most likely suffering from

A) delusions.
B) hallucinations.
C) delusions of grandeur.
D) borderline disorder.

Question 57

What mental disorder takes the form of an inflexible pattern of behaviour that eventually leads to difficulty in educational,occupational,and social functioning?

A) personality disorder
B) substance abuse disorder
C) anxiety disorder
D) mood disorder

Question 58

"Any form of sexual activity with another person without his or her consent" is the definition of

A) sexual assault.
B) rape.
C) assault and battery.
D) intimate partner abuse.

Question 59

Luis experiences an irrational fear when he is in a tightly confined space,such as an elevator or crowded room.Most likely,Luis has a mental disorder known as

A) mood dementia
B) phobia
C) histrionic personality disorder
D) depression

Question 60

What is the most common mental health disorder affecting young adults?

A) schizophrenia
B) anxiety
C) narcissism
D) obsessive compulsive disorder

Question 61

After declining for two decades,the number of reported new cases of sexually transmitted infections has been increasing,especially for chlamydia.

Question 62

The benefits of a post-secondary education include all of the following EXCEPT

A) improvements in abstract reasoning.
B) increased empathy for others.
C) improvement in social skills.
D) higher employment earnings.

Question 63

Adults who have a low sense of self-efficacy or a helpless attitude are more likely to become depressed or physically ill.

Question 64

Which of the following statements is true regarding college/university graduates versus nongraduates?

A) Differences in performance between graduates and nongraduates are more perceived than real.
B) Economic realities make nongraduates more marketable due to lower wage demands.
C) College/university graduates have greater advantages for promotion.
D) Gender-related pay inequities still outweigh any significant economic benefits of post-secondary education for females.

Question 65

The positive benefits of social support are determined by the number of actual social and emotional contacts an individual has with the members of her social support network.

Question 66

The risk of miscarriage and other complications of pregnancy is higher in a woman's twenties than in her thirties.

Question 67

Peak physical functioning occurs when adults are in their twenties and thirties.

Question 68

The expression to "bite your tongue" in order to keep from putting your "foot in your mouth" is characterized by a cognitive skill that emerges in early adulthood known as response inhibition.

Question 69

T cells are an element of the immune system that defend the body against internal threats such as cancer cells or HIV/AIDS.

Question 70

Many young adults engage in high-risk sexual behaviour that may lead to a sexually transmitted infection,unaware that there has been an increase in drug-resistant strains of gonorrhea and syphilis.

Question 71

The majority of deaths in 20- to 34-year-olds are caused by disease.

Question 72

Prosperous nations with high levels of social inequality,such as the United States,experience poorer overall health than less prosperous nations that have a more egalitarian society,such as Japan.

Question 73

During their years of post-secondary school enrolment,students' academic and vocational aspirations

A) stay the same
B) change
C) become more attainable
D) become less attainable

Question 74

Overall population mortality statistics,rates of hospitalization,and morbidity rates are measures associated with the ________ approach.

A) population health approach
B) health and life expectancy approach
C) quality-adjusted life expectancy approach
D) aggregate health indicators approach

Question 75

Young Canadians run the risk of becoming ___________ and ____________.

A) histrionic; continue studies after graduation
B) antisocial; struggle after graduation
C) underqualified; underemployed
D) overqualified; underemployed

Question 76

Which statement about post-secondary education in Canada is most accurate?

A) Canadians age 25-64 are less likely to pursue post-secondary education than people who live in Japan, New Zealand, or the U.S.A.
B) Among the population of Canadians age 25-64, 62% of Canadian males hold masters degrees.
C) Among the population of Canadians age 25-64, 45% of Canadian females hold doctorate degrees.
D) Among the population of Canadians adults, approximately 50% are college and university graduates.

Question 77

For Canadian females,the major source of exposure to HIV is injection drug use.

Question 78

Among men in early adulthood,infertility is commonly caused by erectile dysfunction,or an inability to acquire and sustain an erection.

Question 79

Shrinkage of the thymus gland occurs as a result of secondary aging processes.

Question 80

The locus of control is an individual's set of beliefs about the causes of events.