Deck 3: The First 2 Years of Life

Question 1

Compared to mothers, when fathers play with their infants they are more likely to

A) expect the baby to do more than it is developmentally ready for.
B) engage the child in rousing physical play.
C) allow the baby to follow its own interests rather than directing it.
D) engage in more instructive, or "teaching", styles of play.
E) all of the above

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Three-month-old Maria throws her head back as she is being held by her mother and is fascinated by the appearance of the world from this new perspective. She repeats this activity often during the next week, apparently for the sheer enjoyment of doing so. This action is a

A) primary circular reaction.
B) form of accommodation.
C) type of symbolic play.
D) secondary circular reaction.
E) tertiary circular reaction.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Approximately one third of mother-infant symbolic play episodes have instrumental functions, meaning that these episodes

A) are not enjoyable for the child.
B) are initiated by the mother rather than the child.
C) have no educational value.
D) are used to educate or control the child.
E) last for only a few seconds at a time.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Multi-scheme combinations, made up of two or more play activities each of which involves a different theme, reflect the increasingly complex nature of the ___________ of make-believe play.

A) centration
B) decentration
C) integration
D) decontextualization

Question 5

By what age are children first able to take account of the intentions and goals of others in governing their own behaviors?

A) 3-6 months
B) 6-9 months
C) 12-16 months
D) 21-24 months
E) 4-5 years

Question 6

_________ refers to the degree to which children are able to shift the focus of their attention from themselves when they are engaged in pretend play.

A) Decontextualization
B) Egocentrism
C) Assimilation
D) Integration
E) Decentration

Question 7

In the second year of life, there is a decline in

A) object play.
B) symbolic play.
C) play with only one object at a time.
D) decontextualization.
E) mental representation.

Question 8

Infants are likely to engage in exploration rather than play when

A) their surroundings are unfamiliar.
B) they are in the presence of other infants.
C) they are threatened or frightened.
D) their mothers are present.
E) they are relaxed and happy.

Question 9

Which type of activity does not occur during the first year of an infant's life?

A) symbolic play
B) object play
C) sensorimotor play
D) circular reactions
E) manipulative play

Question 10

According to Glick, Wheeden, & Spiker (1997), when playing games with a toddler a sensitive adult play partner is one who

A) constantly asks the child questions.
B) tries not to give too much direction.
C) offer many hints as to how a game should be played.
D) makes sure that the child always wins the game.
E) always waits for the child to initiate the game.

Question 11

It is not until approximately the age of _______ months that children are first able to play games with peers without any adult structuring at all.

A) nine
B) thirty-six
C) twenty-four
D) eighteen
E) twelve

Question 12

By the age of ____ months the infant is first able to pick up objects using only the thumb and forefinger and to bring objects together in play.

A) three
B) six
C) nine
D) twelve
E) fifteen

Question 13

Changes in object play during the second year of life include

A) the bringing together of objects in play.
B) the increasingly appropriate use of objects.
C) an increase in the representational use of objects.
D) all of the above
E) a and b, but not c

Question 14

Compared to Americans, Mexican children

A) show no interest in playing with their younger siblings.
B) resemble American mothers in their degree of involvement in play with younger siblings.
C) are too involved in the actual raising of younger siblings to play with them.
D) are usually cruel, or at best indifferent, toward younger siblings.

Question 15

Unlike play, exploration is characterized by a

A) highly positive emotional state. b flexible, relaxed attitude.
C) willingness to be interrupted.
D) certain amount of rigidity and stereotypy.
E) variable rather than steady heart rate.

Question 16

Sibling play with infants is thought to be less valuable than parent-infant play because older siblings, in the United States at least, tend to ______ infants when they play.

A) cause physical harm to
B) overstimulate
C) overprotect
D) fight with
E) ignore

Question 17

Which is not a demonstrated benefit of mother-infant play?

A) It keeps the infant at an optimal level of arousal.
B) It increases the infant's intelligence.
C) It fosters self-confidence in the infant.
D) It facilitates the process of parent-child attachment.
E) It encourages the infant to explore its surroundings.

Question 18

Toys for infants from birth to 3 months should be intended primarily for

A) sensory stimulation.
B) grasping.
C) reacting to the activity the infant performs on them.
D) helping the infant bond with its mother.

Question 19

When a three-year-old pretends that a ball is a comb, and proceeds to comb his/her hair with it, we say the child displays a mature form of

A) decentration.
B) integration.
C) centration.
D) accommodation.
E) decontextualization.

Question 20

Compared to the typical child, toddlers who were exposed to cocaine during their mother's pregnancy engage in a greater amount of _________ play.

A) relational
B) manipulative
C) functional
D) symbolic
E) verbal

Question 21

By the age of _______ months, children are beginning to play games without any adult structuring at all.

Question 22

Better-educated mothers are more likely to play with their children in developmentally appropriate ways.

Question 23

When toddlers show signs that they can take turns in play, we refer to their play as _________.

Question 24

Nearly all of the symbolic play episodes that mothers initiate are intended to educate the child in some way or to control the child's behavior.

Question 25

A fifteen-month-old baby, while seated in a high chair near its mother, drops a toy while playing. The baby will then immediately turn to look at ____________.

Question 26

Jake can pretend that a toy car is a real one, but Alan can pretend a ball is a comb. Alan is further along in _____________________, an aspect of symbolic play.

Question 27

When a baby accidentally discovers an interesting sensory or motor experi?ence related to its own body, enjoys it, and later repeats it, we call this a tertiary circular reaction.

Question 28

By the age of _______ months infants are able to reach out and pick up a block that is set in front of them.

Question 29

By the age of five months, a child will look at the individual pictures in a book.

Question 30

There is a good deal of variation across cultures in the pace (i.e., changing toys or activities) of parent-infant play.

Question 31

Mothers in Indonesia seem to be particularly playful when interacting with their young children.

Question 32

Children in the second year will become confused by the difference between make-believe and reality is their parents engage in pretend play with them.

Question 33

The main value of toys for infants up to the age of three months is to _______________.

Question 34

Mothers are usually more sensitive than fathers to their babies' developmental changes, and are better able to make the appropriate adjustments in play as their babies develop.

Question 35

There is a relationship between the development of pretend play and the development of ______________.

Question 36

Mothers engage in more conversation with their daughters, and make more statements about the baby's feelings, needs, or wishes.

Question 37

Approximately___ percent of mothers of preschool children in the United States hold jobs outside the home.

Question 38

Children typically begin sitting alone between the ages of six and seven months.

Question 39

A type of play that fathers are more likely than mothers to engage in is ____________ play.

Question 40

The repetition of behaviors that bring about pleasing effects on the baby's surrounding world is called a ________ ________ _________.

Question 41

What are the ways in which the average mother plays differently with her infant than the average father does? Do you think these play differences might be responsible for socializing children at a very young age into culturally-defined gender roles? Why or why not?

Question 42

What are the six stages of sensorimotor development, according to Jean Piaget? Describe the intellectual characteristics of the child and the type of play that is likely to occur at each stage.

Question 43

What is a "circular reaction"? Describe the differences among the three types of circular reactions discussed by Piaget, and explain why circular reactions are seen as playful activities.

Question 44

Describe the behavioral differences between an infant at play and an infant engaged in exploration of its environment. When is an infant likely to play and when it is likely to explore instead?

Question 45

You notice that your neighbor rarely plays with her seven-month-old infant, and when you comment on that fact, she replies "Babies this age are too young to play." What would you say to her about the importance of parent-infant play during the first year of life?

Question 46

The ways in which a child plays with objects changes in three different, although related, ways during the second year of life. Discuss these three types of changes, and for each one provide a concrete example.

Question 47

Imagine that you are shopping for a toy for a friend's eight-month-old baby. What characteristics are you looking for in the "ideal" toy? What are some examples of toys that would be developmentally inappropriate for a child of that age?

Question 48

What are the dominant features of the infant social games that make their appearance between the ages of nine and eighteen months? Why do games involving adults appear before games that toddlers play with their age-mates?