Deck 2: Theories of Development

Question 1

_____ are the genetic units responsible for determining traits such as a person's blood type.

A) Genomes
B) Chromosomes
C) Genes
D) Phenotypes

Answer 1

Genes

Question 2

Martha carries two genes for brown eyes (dominant gene)and John carries two genes for blue eyes (recessive gene).Their child will have a

A) 50 percent chance of brown eyes.
B) 75 percent chance of brown eyes.
C) 100 percent chance of blue eyes.
D) 100 percent chance of brown eyes.

Answer 2

100 percent chance of brown eyes.

Question 3

Describing one's self as male,5'10",with brown eyes and brown curly hair provides details about appearance that would be called one's ______ in the scientific world.

A) "genome"
B) "phenotype"
C) "polygenetic inheritance"
D) "genotype"

Answer 3

"phenotype"

Question 4

Knowledge of ________ is foundational to understanding evolutionary theories.

A) genetics
B) biological processes
C) epigenetics
D) developmental milestones

Question 5

Epigenetic mechanisms regulate gene expression by

A) altering the DNA structure and function of certain genes
B) signalling certain genes to be activated or "turned on"
C) signalling certain genes to be either dominant or recessive
D) signalling certain genes to be either active or inactive

Question 6

A pattern of inheritance in which a single gene strongly influences a person's outward appearance is called

A) polygenetic inheritance pattern.
B) dominant-recessive pattern.
C) expressive gene pattern.
D) silent gene pattern.

Question 7

Broad lips,nearsightedness,and freckles are produced by _______ in genetic transmissions.

A) dominant genes
B) two recessive genes
C) polygenetic gene influences
D) multifactorial gene influences

Question 8

Strings of genetic material in the nuclei of the cell are called

A) genes.
B) chromosomes.
C) deoxyribonucleic acid.
D) amino acids.

Question 9

________ are genes found only in the fluid that surrounds an unfertilized ovum.

A) Miscreation genes
B) Morphogen genes
C) Mitochondria genes
D) Mutant genes

Question 10

Which statement provides the best example of a core belief of ethology evolutionary theory?

A) Human children, regardless of their environment, have the unique ability to learn language early in life without any specific instruction from adults.
B) Evolution has produced genes that cause humans to form emotional relationships like bonding that facilitate survival.
C) Traits like intelligence, shyness, and aggressiveness are directly transmitted through heredity.
D) Evolution has provided humans with genetic programming that helps us cooperate and survive in groups.

Question 11

Evolutionary theorists propose that the genetic and physiological processes that underlie human behaviour changed gradually over time through _____________ and ____________ .

A) genetic mutation; natural selection
B) cognitive; social behaviour
C) social; cultural behaviour
D) nature; nurture

Question 12

Alexia,Sasha,and Derek have each inherited curly hair from their father.Alexia has wavy hair,Sasha has medium coils,and Derek has tight curls.The variance in the amount and type of curly hair among the children is an example of ________ in genetic inheritance.

A) recessive gene
B) homozygous gene carriers
C) gene expressivity
D) polygenetic influences

Question 13

Recent research discoveries have revealed that epigenetic structures can be affected and altered by all of the following EXCEPT

A) maternal diet
B) maternal age
C) quality of maternal care of offspring
D) direct intergenerational genetic transmission

Question 14

Fumi has dark skin.Her husband Liam has pale skin.Their children will likely have

A) dark skin (dominant-recessive).
B) pale skin (dominant-recessive).
C) blended colour skin (polygenetic inheritance).
D) some with dark skin; some with light skin (polygenetic inheritance).

Question 15

_______ are organic compounds that form the core structural elements of muscle,brain,and bone in the human body.

A) Genes
B) Chromosomes
C) Amino acids
D) Proteins

Question 16

An individual's own unique genetic blueprint is his or her

A) genome.
B) phenotype.
C) genotype.
D) genetic inheritance.

Question 17

Patrick and Mary both have brown eyes.If their child has blue eyes,then

A) both Patrick and Mary must be carrying a recessive gene for blue eyes.
B) either Mary or Patrick must be carrying a recessive gene for blue eyes.
C) both Mary and Patrick must be carrying a dominant gene for blue eyes.
D) either Mary or Patrick must be carrying a dominant gene for blue eyes.

Question 18

The nuclei of our body cells contain ____ pairs of chromosomes.

A) 15
B) 23
C) 30
D) 46

Question 19

The entire DNA that an individual human body possesses is called its

A) genotype.
B) genome.
C) phenotype.
D) genetic profile.

Question 20

Height as a genetic trait is largely determined by

A) dominant genes.
B) environmental factors like nutrition and abuse/neglect.
C) genes and environmental factors.
D) race, culture, and gender.

Question 21

Evolutionary developmental psychology theorists believe that traits designed to promote survival and adaptation across the human lifespan are

A) culturally defined.
B) gender specific.
C) age dependant.
D) socially learned.

Question 22

The psychosexual stages in which pleasure comes from touching the genitals are the

A) latency stage and oral stage.
B) oral stage and anal stage.
C) anal stage and latency stage.
D) phallic stage and genital stage.

Question 23

Ethology emphasizes genetically determined ________________ behaviours that are assumed to have evolved through natural selection.

A) predictive-adaptive
B) survival
C) hereditary
D) evolutionary psychology

Question 24

____________ is defined as the study of genetically inherited cognitive and social characteristics produced via natural selection to promote human adaptation and survival.

A) Sociobiology
B) Evolutionary anthropology
C) Evolutionary prenatal programming
D) Evolutionary psychology

Question 25

Based on clues and conditions in its prenatal environment,a fetus will make changes geared to ensure its survival in a similar postnatal future environment.This survival process is called

A) "natural selection."
B) "survival of the fittest."
C) "survival-adaptation response."
D) "predictive-adaptive response."

Question 26

According to newer research theories such as the predictive-response theory,to be most effective,early intervention strategies designed to prevent chronic diseases like diabetes must focus on the ____ stage of development.

A) prenatal
B) 0-2 yrs.
C) 0-6 yrs.
D) 0-puberty

Question 27

Psychoanalytic theorists explain developmental change in terms of

A) relationships between the individual and his or her environment.
B) assimilation and accommodation of external stimuli.
C) manipulation of environmental influences to reward or punish.
D) the influence of internal drives and emotions upon behaviour.

Question 28

_______ is the branch of science involved in the study of human genetic make-up,including gene location and gene functioning.

A) Epigenetics
B) Human genomics
C) Microbiology
D) Evolutionary biology

Question 29

According to Sigmund Freud,a ________ is characterized by behaviours that reflect unresolved problems and unmet needs.

A) libido
B) fixation
C) defence mechanism
D) conscious thought

Question 30

Alejandro and Miguel were shopping and saw a CD that they both wanted.Alejandro did not have the money to buy the CD,so he decided to steal it.Miguel decided to wait until he had saved the money as he had been punished by his mother for previously stealing a CD.Miguel is acting on his

A) id.
B) ego.
C) superego.
D) libido.

Question 31

Genetic diseases such as Hemophilia,Huntington's disease,and sickle-cell disease account for roughly ____% of all human disease in developed countries.

A) 5
B) 10
C) 15
D) 20

Question 32

One-year-old Melanie has formed a secure attachment to her mother.Erik Erikson would claim that Melanie has mastered which of his psychosocial stages?

A) trust versus mistrust
B) identity versus role confusion
C) autonomy versus shame and doubt
D) industry versus inferiority

Question 33

Ying tends to overeat,smoke,and drink quite a bit.Sigmund Freud would assert that he developed a(n)________ and did not progress through the stage properly.

A) anal fixation
B) oral fixation
C) penis envy
D) Oedipus complex

Question 34

The instinctual drive for physical pleasure present at birth and forming the motivating force behind all human behaviour is the

A) libido.
B) id.
C) ego.
D) superego.

Question 35

One of Freud's most important theoretical contributions is the idea that human behaviour is governed by conscious and ________ processes.

A) self-actualizing
B) unconscious
C) sexual
D) analytical

Question 36

Erikson argued that,in order to achieve intimacy,one must achieve an integrated sense of self.That is,the individual must master the _____________ stage before intimacy can be reached.

A) autonomy versus shame and doubt
B) initiative versus guilt
C) identity versus role confusion
D) generativity versus stagnation

Question 37

According to Freud's model of personality,which of the following would be most consistent with the actions of the id?

A) restraining your desire to have a hot-fudge sundae
B) planning to seduce a sexual partner
C) stealing food to eat when you are hungry
D) learning from your mistakes

Question 38

The study of epigenetic changes related to the development of the brain,behaviour,and psychological processes in relation to environmental factors is known as _____________.

A) behavioural epigenetics.
B) ethology.
C) nativism.
D) evolutionary prenatal programming.

Question 39

According to the predictive-adaptive response theory,a fetus will adapt its ____ to accommodate an anticipated future environment based on conditions in its prenatal environment.

A) perception
B) gestation length
C) physiology
D) calorie intake

Question 40

The aspect of our personality that demands to be satisfied in pleasurable ways is the

A) ego.
B) psyche.
C) id.
D) subconscious.

Question 41

Erikson is to Freud as ________ is to ________.

A) assimilation; accommodation
B) psychosocial; psychosexual
C) identity; cognition
D) reinforcement; mental category

Question 42

Salivation occurs naturally when you put food in your mouth.In classical conditioning the food is the ________ and salivating is the ________.

A) unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response
B) conditioned stimulus; conditioned response
C) unconditioned stimulus; conditioned response
D) conditioned stimulus; unconditioned response

Question 43

Learning to repeat or stop behaviours because of their consequences refers to

A) classical conditioning.
B) operant conditioning.
C) observational learning.
D) punishment.

Question 44

Erikson's psychosocial theory of development is based on the idea that development occurs from the interaction between internal drives and

A) cognitions.
B) cultural demands.
C) environmental reinforcements or punishments.
D) defence mechanisms.

Question 45

Sixteen-year-old Soo Ling is trying to decide what to do about university.She isn't sure what career she wants to pursue and she can't decide which university to choose.She is in the __________ stage.

A) identity versus role confusion
B) trust versus mistrust
C) industry versus inferiority
D) integrity versus despair

Question 46

In classical conditioning,if the acidity of lemon juice automatically causes your mouth to pucker,the lemon juice is the ________ and the puckering of lips is the ________.

A) conditional stimulus; unconditioned response
B) conditional stimulus; conditioned response
C) punishment; conditioned response
D) unconditional stimulus; unconditioned response

Question 47

Which of the following is a way to achieve a sense of generativity?

A) quitting your job because you are not able to get along with your new boss
B) caring for elderly parents
C) leaving your partner because he or she is abusive
D) retiring from a long-held occupation or career

Question 48

Classical conditioning was rooted in the ideas and research conducted by

A) Jean Piaget.
B) Ivan Pavlov.
C) B. F. Skinner.
D) Abraham Maslow.

Question 49

Which of the following represents the correct order in the progression of Freud's stages of psychosexual development?

A) libido, personality structures, defence mechanisms, and identification
B) genital, latency, phallic, oral, and anal
C) oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital
D) anal, oral, phallic, latency, and genital

Question 50

Reflecting upon one's life positively,without regrets,would place an individual on the __________ side of the crisis in late adulthood.

A) generativity
B) identity
C) integrity
D) despair

Question 51

Why are humanistic theories important to our understanding of human development?

A) They focus only on the best in people.
B) They de-emphasize physical needs.
C) They combine psychoanalytic and learning theories.
D) They view each person as having potential.

Question 52

Which of the following most accurately represents Maslow's key concept in his theory of human development?

A) Development is influenced by early childhood experiences and the development of a stable identity.
B) Humans are motivated to develop schemes for understanding their worlds. These schemes further develop through equilibration, assimilation, and accommodation.
C) Deficiency motives are drives to maintain physical or emotional homeostasis by eating, drinking, or being loved; being motives lead us to seek understanding and personal growth.
D) Development is motivated by role models, intrinsic reinforcements, and cognitive elements in learning.

Question 53

Abraham Maslow used the term ________ to describe the ultimate goal of human life.

A) "physiological needs"
B) "esteem needs"
C) "self-actualization"
D) "deficiency motives"

Question 54

What factor is generally considered to be an essential aspect of an infant's first psychosocial task?

A) learning to control bodily sensations or developing shame if unsuccessful and not sensitively treated by caregivers
B) becoming purposeful, goal-oriented, and assertive, which leads to conflicts with parents
C) learning to differentiate tasks that can be accomplished independently and tasks that require assistance to accomplish
D) being treated lovingly and predictably by caregivers and learning to trust

Question 55

Learning that results from the association of stimuli is called

A) classical conditioning.
B) operant conditioning.
C) observational learning.
D) social-cognitive conditioning.

Question 56

Erik Erikson believed that one must pass through eight _______ stages to develop a stable identity.

A) psychosocial stages
B) lifespan stages
C) psychosexual stages
D) cognitive-social stages

Question 57

The theorist who developed the theory of psychosocial stages was

A) Sigmund Freud.
B) Erik Erikson.
C) Jean Piaget.
D) B. F. Skinner.

Question 58

According to Erikson,the foundation or prerequisite for resolving the crisis of intimacy versus isolation is

A) self-esteem and self-efficacy.
B) the formation of an identity.
C) formal operational thought.
D) self-acceptance.

Question 59

Theories that assert that development results from an accumulation of experiences are known as

A) psychoanalytic theories.
B) learning theories.
C) cognitive theories.
D) evolutionary theories.

Question 60

The idea that each human being is motivated to achieve full human potential is a key concept of ________ theories.

A) systems
B) psychoanalytic
C) humanistic
D) social learning

Question 61

A teacher succeeds in eliminating a student's undesirable behaviour by ignoring it.This is referred to as

A) negative reinforcement.
B) extinction.
C) shaping.
D) partial reinforcement.

Question 62

Twelve-month-old Ahmed pointed to an airplane flying overhead and said "Bird!" This is an example of the Piagetian process of

A) concrete operations.
B) accommodation.
C) preoperational thought.
D) assimilation.

Question 63

Piaget believed that in the process of ________,children use both assimilation and accommodation to create schemes that fit the reality of their environments.

A) nativism
B) equilibration
C) scaffolding
D) accommodation

Question 64

Which of the following is an aspect of operant conditioning that would make a behaviour more likely to occur again?

A) negative reinforcement
B) extinction
C) intrinsic reinforcement
D) positive punishment

Question 65

Last year,five-year-old Emily began a bedtime ritual that frustrated her parents.Shortly after being put to bed for the evening,Emily would begin a series of requests: "I need a drink of water." "Please read me another story." "I think something is under my bed.Come look!" Emily's parents finally resolved that they would not respond to Emily and warned her that once she went to bed,she was expected to go quietly to sleep.Through a long and difficult week,Emily's parents held firm and ignored her pleas and tears.Now,Emily drifts peacefully and quickly to sleep when she is put to bed.Emily's parents practiced the learning principle of

A) punishment.
B) extinction.
C) positive reinforcement.
D) modelling.

Question 66

Eleven-year-old Madison is expected to keep her room clean and to empty all trash and garbage in the house.When Madison is too busy to complete her household chores,she is grounded.Her parents tell her that until her room is clean and the trash is emptied she is to remain at home,have no visitors,and may not use her iPod.In this situation,grounding serves as a ________ for Madison.

A) negative reinforcement
B) intrinsic reinforcement
C) punishment
D) positive reinforcement

Question 67

The Piagetian process of accommodation involves

A) taking in an event or experience and connecting it to an existing scheme.
B) changing an existing scheme as a result of new information or experiences.
C) understanding the world in terms of one's senses and motor actions.
D) using symbols to represent the world.

Question 68

Albert Bandura's observation that we may learn by watching another person behave in a certain way is the foundation for what theory?

A) social cognitive theory
B) classical conditioning
C) operant conditioning
D) social interaction theory

Question 69

In the ________ stage of cognitive development,a child begins to use symbols to think and communicate and also begins to take others' perspectives.

A) formal operations
B) sensorimotor
C) preoperational
D) concrete operations

Question 70

Piaget's idea of equilibration is the process of balancing assimilation and accommodation to create _________ that fit the environment.

A) fixations
B) schemes
C) objects
D) discoveries

Question 71

The work of ________ attempts to answer the question "How does thinking develop?"

A) B. F. Skinner
B) Jean Piaget
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Uri Bronfenbrenner

Question 72

Three-year-old Ali used to call all flying objects,such as airplanes and slowly falling leaves,"birds." Now he correctly labels airplanes,butterflies,birds,and bees.What Piagetian process has Ali accomplished?

A) assimilation
B) accommodation
C) concrete operations
D) scheme

Question 73

In Piaget's theory of cognitive development,a child begins to understand the world in terms of sensory information and motor activities in the stage

A) of preoperations.
B) from birth to 18 months.
C) of equilibration.
D) from two to six years of age.

Question 74

Which of the following is an example of behaviour influenced by the principles of social cognitive theory?

A) Lise cooperates when the dentist cleans her teeth.
B) As a result of the role conflict between her parental responsibilities and her need for personal development, Irina decides to drop out of college for a semester.
C) Nick misses his 11 p.m. curfew by one hour and is grounded by his parents for a week. He vows never to let that happen again.
D) When Dr. Jones responds angrily to a request from her daughter Sally, Sally's sister Judy decides she will wait until tomorrow to ask her mother for permission to buy a new video game.

Question 75

According to the principles of Piaget's theory of cognitive development,if you know how to act at a party,you are using a ________ to guide and direct your behaviour.

A) scheme
B) reinforcement
C) defence mechanism
D) memory

Question 76

When one-year-old Owen points to every man he sees and says "Daddy," he has employed which Piagetian process?

A) equilibration
B) assimilation
C) accommodation
D) scaffolding

Question 77

Roberta has been studying very hard and finds out that she has received an A+ on her English test.Her parents praise her and take her out to buy a new summer outfit.She is so happy that her parents are proud of her that she studies even harder for the next English test.This is an example of

A) positive reinforcement.
B) negative reinforcement.
C) partial reinforcement.
D) extinction.

Question 78

A child who efficiently sucks a breast or a bottle is presented with a drinking straw,which requires a different sucking strategy.What is likely to happen?

A) The child will assimilate a new strategy and immediately be successful at sucking in a new fashion.
B) The child will be frustrated and unable to learn the new strategy. Children who learn to drink from bottles are unsuccessful at learning to drink from straws.
C) The child will accommodate the straw by changing the existing scheme for sucking and adding a new strategy to deal with the straw.
D) The child will abandon previous schemes for sucking and create a new scheme for sucking from a straw.

Question 79

________ is to Skinner as ________ is to Bandura.

A) Intrinsic reinforcement; scheme
B) Libido; assimilation
C) Unconditional stimulus; working memory
D) Reinforcement; observational learning

Question 80

Marvin is pestering his mother for an advance on his allowance,whining for 10 minutes saying things like,"Please,Mom,can't I have my allowance early? Please? Oh,come on,Mom,I need it now.Mom!" His mother ignores Marvin's pleas for 10 minutes,but finally gives in and says,"Oh,all right.Here it is.Anything to stop your whining." If in the future the boy engages in more whining to get what he wants,and the mother gives in even more easily,then according to the principles of the learning theory,Marvin has been ________ and the mother has been ________.

A) positively reinforced; punished
B) negatively reinforced; punished
C) negatively reinforced; positively reinforced
D) positively reinforced; negatively reinforced