Deck 23: The Urinary System

Question 1

The average person has approximately __________ nephrons per kidney.

A) 1.2 million
B) 2.4 million
C) 3.6 million
D) 4.8 million
E) 5.6 million

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following is not true about the anatomy of the urinary system?

A) The kidneys are retroperitoneal.
B) The ureters connect the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
C) The urethra of males is longer than the urethra of females.
D) The kidneys are at equal heights within the pelvic cavity.
E) The right kidney is located more inferiorly than the left kidney.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which organ system excretes nitrogenous wastes?

A) The urinary system
B) The cardiovascular system
C) The integumentary system
D) The digestive system
E) The respiratory system

Answer 3

A

Question 4

A renal pyramid voids urine into the __________.

A) minor calyx
B) major calyx
C) renal medulla
D) renal papilla
E) ureter

Question 5

A patient enters a hospital after a motorcycle accident.He complains of mid-back pain.X-rays reveal both rib and pelvic fractures.His emergency room examination includes urinalysis.Which of the following findings from the urinalysis would most likely suggest trauma to the kidneys from the accident,but not to the urinary bladder?

A) Pyuria
B) Hematuria
C) Albuminuria
D) Uremia
E) Phenylketonuria

Question 6

The medial concavity of the kidney is called the __________,which admits the renal nerves,blood vessels,lymphatic vessels,and ureter.

A) medulla
B) corpuscle
C) cortex
D) hilum
E) capsule

Question 7

The innermost connective tissue layer protecting the kidney and assisting in staving off infection is known as the __________.

A) perirenal fat capsule
B) renal fascia
C) hilum
D) fibrous capsule
E) renal medulla

Question 8

Which of the following correctly traces blood flow from the renal cortex to the renal vein?

A) Interlobular v.→ interlobar v.→ segmental v.→ renal v.
B) Arcuate v.→ interlobar v.→ segmental v.→ renal v.
C) Interlobar v.→ interlobular v.→ arcuate v.→ renal v.
D) Segmental v.→ arcuate v.→ interlobar v.→ renal v.
E) Interlobular v.→ arcuate v.→ interlobar v.→ renal v.

Question 9

The __________ innervation of the kidneys reduces urine production,while the function of its __________ innervation is unknown.

A) sympathetic;parasympathetic
B) parasympathetic;sympathetic
C) central;peripheral
D) peripheral;central
E) enteric;somatic

Question 10

A single lobe of a kidney is comprised of __________.

A) two calyces and a renal pelvis
B) one pyramid and the overlying cortex
C) one major calyx and all of its minor calyces
D) a renal medulla and two renal columns
E) one collecting duct and all nephrons that drain into it

Question 11

Blood plasma is filtered in the __________.

A) renal tubule
B) renal corpuscle
C) renal capsule
D) renal column
E) renal calyx

Question 12

In life threatening starvation,the kidneys synthesize glucose by __________.

A) secreting erythropoietin
B) secreting renin
C) deaminating amino acids
D) contributing to calcium homeostasis
E) producing uric acid

Question 13

Which of the following correctly traces blood flow from the renal artery into the renal cortex?

A) Arcuate a.→ interlobar a.→ afferent arteriole → interlobular a.
B) Interlobar a.→ interlobular a.→ segmental a.→ arcuate a.
C) Segmental a.→ interlobar a.→ arcuate a.→ interlobular a.
D) Afferent arteriole → interlobular a.→ arcuate a.→ interlobar a.
E) Segmental a.→ arcuate a.→ interlobar a.→ interlobular a.

Question 14

The transition from an afferent arteriole to an efferent arteriole occurs in the __________.

A) glomerulus
B) medulla
C) cortical radiate veins
D) peritubular capillaries
E) vasa recta

Question 15

Which of the following is not composed of cuboidal epithelium?

A) The thin segment of the nephron loop
B) The thick segment of the nephron loop
C) The collecting duct
D) The proximal convoluted tubule
E) The distal convoluted tubule

Question 16

The __________ is not an organ of the urinary system.

A) urethra
B) liver
C) ureter
D) urinary bladder
E) kidney

Question 17

A byproduct of protein catabolism,__________ constitutes approximately one-half of all nitrogenous waste.

A) urea
B) creatinine
C) uric acid
D) azotemia
E) ammonia

Question 18

Which of the following are primarily responsible for maintaining the salinity gradient of the renal medulla?

A) Cortical nephrons
B) Juxtamedullary nephrons
C) Collecting ducts
D) Proximal convoluted tubules
E) Distal convoluted tubules

Question 19

Which organ system does not excrete waste?

A) The urinary system
B) The cardiovascular system
C) The integumentary system
D) The digestive system
E) The respiratory system

Question 20

Which of the following form the inner layer of the glomerular capsule and wrap around the capillaries of the glomerulus?

A) Macula densa cells
B) Mesangial cells
C) Nephrocytes
D) Podocytes
E) Monocytes

Question 21

Which of the following does not contribute to water conservation?

A) The collecting duct
B) The countercurrent multiplier
C) The countercurrent exchange system
D) Diuretics
E) The length of the nephrons

Question 22

Which of the following is a direct result of antidiuretic hormone?

A) Decreased urine volume
B) Decreased urine molarity
C) Increased urine volume
D) Increased urine salinity
E) Increased urine acidity

Question 23

In the thick segment of the ascending limb of the nephron loop,K⁺ reenters the cell from the interstitial fluid via the _________.K⁺ is then secreted into the tubular fluid.

A) Na⁺-K⁺ pump
B) countercurrent multiplier
C) countercurrent exchange
D) vasa recta
E) juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 24

Which of the following is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule?

A) Potassium
B) Sodium chloride
C) Hydrogen ions
D) Urea
E) Water

Question 25

The mechanism of stabilizing the GFR based on the tendency of smooth muscle to contract when stretched is known as __________.

A) renal autoregulation
B) the myogenic mechanism
C) tubuloglomerular feedback
D) sympathetic control
E) the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

Question 26

In a healthy kidney,very little __________ is filtered by the glomerulus.

A) amino acids
B) electrolytes
C) glucose
D) vitamins
E) protein

Question 27

Renin hydrolyzes angiotensinogen,which is released from the _________,to form angiotensin I.

A) lungs
B) kidneys
C) liver
D) heart
E) spleen

Question 28

In the nephron,the fluid that immediately precedes urine is known as __________.

A) plasma
B) glomerular filtrate
C) tubular fluid
D) renal filtrate
E) medullary filtrate

Question 29

Assuming all other values are normal,calculate the net filtration pressure in a patient with a drop in capsular hydrostatic pressure to 8 mmHg.

A) 10 mm Hg out
B) 20 mm Hg out
C) 30 mm Hg out
D) 40 mm Hg out
E) 50 mm Hg out

Question 30

The countercurrent multiplier recaptures __________ and is based on fluid flowing in the __________ direction in two adjacent tubules.

A) potassium;same
B) calcium;opposite
C) calcium;same
D) sodium;opposite
E) sodium;same

Question 31

Natriuretic peptide inhibits __________ reabsorption by the collecting duct,which _________ urine output.

A) K⁺;increases
B) NaCl;decreases
C) NaCl;increases
D) K⁺;decreases
E) Ca²⁺;increases

Question 32

Glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate by the __________.

A) renal corpuscle
B) proximal convoluted tubule
C) distal convoluted tubule
D) glomerular capillaries
E) collecting duct

Question 33

Which renal structure is responsible for producing hypertonic urine by reabsorbing water while allowing metabolic wastes and NaCl to pass through?

A) Glomerulus
B) Proximal convoluted tubule
C) Distal convoluted tubule
D) Collecting duct
E) Nephron loop

Question 34

Hypocalcemia stimulates __________.

A) a decrease in aldosterone production
B) secretion of parathyroid hormone
C) secretion of renin
D) an increase in blood urea nitrogen
E) vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles

Question 35

In response to a drop in overall blood pressure,__________ stimulates constriction of the glomerular inlet and even greater constriction of the outlet.

A) azotemia
B) sodium chloride
C) parathyroid hormone
D) aldosterone
E) angiotensin II

Question 36

Because of the great deal of active transport that occurs here,the __________ of one's nephrons collectively account for about 6% of one's daily resting ATP and caloric consumption.

A) proximal convoluted tubules
B) distal convoluted tubules
C) loops of Henle
D) collecting ducts
E) glomeruli

Question 37

Total saturation of protein transporters for a given solute in the renal tubules would result in __________.

A) reabsorption of all the solute
B) a renal clearance of zero
C) a net filtration pressure of 1.0
D) appearance of that solute in the urine
E) absence of that solute from the urine

Question 38

The urine is most likely to be hypotonic when the __________.

A) body's water volume is high
B) body's pH is low
C) output of antidiuretic hormone is high
D) output of natriuretic peptides is high
E) person is lost and deprived of drinking water

Question 39

Aldosterone acts on the __________.

A) proximal convoluted tubule
B) medullary portion of the collecting duct
C) descending limb of the nephron loop
D) distal convoluted tubule
E) glomerulus

Question 40

Which of the following would reduce the glomerular filtration rate?

A) Vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole
B) A drop in oncotic pressure
C) Vasodilation of the afferent arteriole
D) Vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole
E) An increase in osmotic pressure in the glomerular capsule

Question 41

Creatinine has a renal clearance of 140 mL/min.Why is this?

A) It is absorbed by the nephron loop.
B) It is secreted by the glomerulus.
C) It is absorbed by the renal tubules.
D) It is secreted by the renal tubules.
E) It is produced in the pulmonary tissue.

Question 42

The countercurrent multiplier mechanism for water conservation was discovered by limiting studies to humans and thus hypothesizing how form determines function.

Question 43

Albuminuria is a common sign of diabetes mellitus.

Question 44

A hospital patient produces 4 mL/min of urine with a urea concentration of 8 mg/mL.Venous blood draw reveals urea concentration of 0.4 mg/mL.What is the percentage of cleared urea from glomerular filtrate?

A) 40%
B) 56%
C) 64%
D) 72%
E) 80%

Question 45

Loop diuretics reduce body water content by acting on the __________.

A) feedback loop between the kidney and posterior pituitary gland
B) countercurrent multiplier system
C) countercurrent exchanger system
D) aquaporins of the collecting duct
E) thirst mechanism and water intake

Question 46

Parathyroid hormone increases phosphate excretion by the proximal convoluted tubule as well as promotes synthesis of calcitriol.

Question 47

Prior to chemical tests for glycosuria,clinicians checked for sweetness of the urine as a sign of __________.

A) diabetes insipidus
B) acute glomerulonephritis
C) diabetes mellitus
D) renal calculus
E) pyelitis

Question 48

The pigment responsible for the color of urine is called __________.

A) monochrome
B) urochrome
C) cyanochrome
D) multichrome
E) pyuria

Question 49

The __________ muscle is located in the urinary bladder.

A) detrusor
B) distractor
C) pubococcygeus
D) corpus spongiosum
E) corpus cavernosum

Question 50

The overall purpose of the countercurrent exchange system is to __________.

A) supply salt and urea to the renal medulla
B) supply nutrients and oxygen to the renal cortex
C) supply nutrients and oxygen to the renal medulla
D) remove metabolic wastes from the renal cortex
E) remove metabolic wastes from the renal medulla

Question 51

Normal urine from a healthy person should not contain __________.

A) creatinine
B) urobilin
C) glucose
D) ammonia
E) magnesium

Question 52

To meet the definition of polyuria,the minimum daily output of urine is __________.

A) 0.5 L
B) 1.0 L
C) 1.5 L
D) 2.0 L
E) 3.0 L

Question 53

Which of the following is not found in the ureter?

A) Adventitia
B) Two layers of smooth muscle
C) Three layers of smooth muscle
D) Transitional epithelium
E) Skeletal muscle

Question 54

Diseases that affect the descending corticospinal tracts may limit inhibition of the sacral somatic motor neurons and thus could result in urinary incontinence.

Question 55

Which two substances are most useful for determining a patient's glomerular filtration rate?

A) Insulin and glucose
B) Inulin and creatinine
C) Sodium and water
D) Albumin and inulin
E) Insulin and urea

Question 56

Micturition is another term for __________.

A) the production of nitrogenous wastes
B) glomerular filtration
C) the countercurrent multiplier process
D) inflammation of the urinary bladder
E) the elimination of urine

Question 57

Ethyl (drinking)alcohol stimulates the secretion of ADH,thereby reducing reabsorption by the collecting duct.

Question 58

Which of the following induces renin secretion,constricts afferent arterioles,and reduces GFR and urine volume?

A) Aldosterone
B) Antidiuretic hormone
C) Parathyroid hormone
D) Norepinephrine
E) Angiotensin II

Question 59

The ureters pass anterior to the bladder and enter it from below.

Question 60

The __________ is not a portion of the urethra.

A) external urethral orifice
B) internal urethral sphincter
C) prostatic urethra
D) membranous urethra
E) spongy urethra

Question 61

Glomerular filtration occurs because glomerular oncotic pressure overrides glomerular blood pressure.

Question 62

The fenestrated endothelium of the capillary has pores small enough to exclude blood cells from the filtrate.

Question 63

Cells in the cleft between the afferent and efferent arterioles and among capillaries of the glomerulus are known as mesangial cells.

Question 64

Stimulation of sympathetic fibers of the renal plexus increases renal blood flow.

Question 65

The thick segment of the nephron loop is impermeable to water.

Question 66

The most toxic of our metabolic wastes are nitrogenous wastes.

Question 67

Glomerular capillaries suffer little damage from hypertension because of the protective influence of the afferent arterioles.

Question 68

Angiotensin-converting enzyme is found only in the kidneys and converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.