Deck 7: Bone Tissue

Question 1

Concentric lamellae within an osteon are connected by lacunae.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

A radiograph (X-ray)of a child's hand will show epiphyseal lines.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Hypercalcemia is rare,but hypocalcemia can result from a wide variety of conditions.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The hemopoietic tissue in a bone is otherwise known as myeloid tissue.

Question 5

Most blood cells are produced in the red marrow of bones.

Question 6

Osteoid tissue is similar to bone except for a lack of minerals.

Question 7

Which of the following is not a function of the skeleton?

A) Storage of calcium and phosphate ions
B) Storage of red blood cells
C) Providing support for most muscles
D) Protecting the brain
E) Protecting the spinal cord

Question 8

Osteomalacia results in bone brittleness.

Question 9

Closed reduction is the surgical realignment of the parts of a broken bone.

Question 10

Osteoporosis often leads to an exaggerated thoracic spinal curvature,which is called kyphosis.

Question 11

Bones grow in diameter by interstitial growth.

Question 12

Osteogenic cells are bone stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

Question 13

The center cavity of the diaphysis of a long bone is called the __________.

A) marrow cavity
B) central canal
C) nutrient foramen
D) canaliculus
E) epiphysis

Question 14

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)binds to receptors on osteoblasts.

Question 15

Intramembranous ossification is common in children,whereas endochondral ossification is typical in young adults.

Question 16

The thin layer of slightly denser spongy bone that separates an adult's epiphysis from the diaphysis is called the __________.

A) periosteum
B) metaphysis
C) growth plate
D) epiphyseal line
E) diaphyseal line

Question 17

Which of the following tissues is not found as part of a long bone?

A) Osseous tissue
B) Nervous tissue
C) Adipose tissue
D) Cartilage
E) Transitional epithelium

Question 18

Hypercalcemia causes depression of the nervous system.

Question 19

A vertebra is considered a long bone.

Question 20

Osseous tissue is a(an)____________ tissue.

A) connective
B) epithelial
C) dense regular
D) dense irregular
E) reticular

Question 21

What would you find in the marrow cavity of the diaphysis of an adult humerus (arm bone)?

A) Periosteum
B) Hemopoietic tissue
C) Red bone marrow
D) Yellow bone marrow
E) Compact bone

Question 22

The cortex of the long bone's diaphysis is made of _________.

A) marrow
B) compact bone
C) spongy bone
D) dense regular connective tissue
E) articular cartilage

Question 23

The plasma membrane of __________ have a ruffled border with many deep infoldings,whereas __________ have long,thin,fingerlike cytoplasmic processes.

A) osteoclasts;osteocytes
B) osteocytes;osteoclasts
C) osteoblasts;osteoclasts
D) osteoblasts;osteocytes
E) osteocytes;osteogenic cells

Question 24

In endochondral ossification,the precursor connective tissue is __________,which is replaced by bone.

A) embryonic mesenchyme
B) fibrous membranes
C) hyaline cartilage
D) transitional epithelium
E) fibrocartilage

Question 25

The expanded head at each end of a long bone is called the __________.

A) epiphysis
B) diaphysis
C) articular cartilage
D) periosteum
E) endosteum

Question 26

Mature bones are remodeled throughout life via a process known as __________.

A) intramembranous ossification
B) endochondral ossification
C) interstitial growth
D) appositional growth
E) metaphysical growth

Question 27

It is common to find __________ in compact bone,but they are not seen in spongy bone.

A) lamellae
B) osteoclasts
C) lacunae
D) central canals
E) osteocytes

Question 28

The __________ is a marginal zone of the epiphyseal plate where,in children and adolescents,bone can be seen replacing the hyaline cartilage.

A) metaphysis
B) primary ossification center
C) secondary ossification center
D) osteoid tissue
E) epiphyseal line

Question 29

Spicules and trabeculae are found in __________.

A) compact bone
B) bone matrix
C) yellow bone marrow
D) red bone marrow
E) spongy bone

Question 30

The spaces found within the concentric lamellae are called __________,and they contain __________.

A) canaliculi;osteoblasts
B) osteons;stem cells
C) lacunae;osteocytes
D) lacunae;osteoclasts
E) central canals;osteocytes

Question 31

The hardness of bone comes from __________,whereas __________ provide(s)some degree of flexibility.

A) hydroxyapatite and other minerals;proteins
B) collagen and elastic fibers;minerals
C) glycoproteins;proteoglycans
D) calcium carbonate;calcium phosphate
E) proteins;collagen

Question 32

Chondrocytes multiply in the zone of __________ of the metaphysis.

A) reserve cartilage
B) cell proliferation
C) cell hypertrophy
D) calcification
E) bone deposition

Question 33

A long bone is covered externally with a sheath called the __________,whereas the marrow cavity is lined with the __________.

A) epiphysis;diaphysis
B) diaphysis;epiphysis
C) compact bone;spongy bone
D) periosteum;endosteum
E) endosteum;periosteum

Question 34

Red bone marrow does not contain __________.

A) myeloid tissue
B) yellow bone marrow
C) hemopoietic tissue
D) white blood cells
E) red blood cells

Question 35

Bone-forming cells are called __________.

A) osteogenic (osteoprogenitor)cells
B) osteoblasts
C) osteoclasts
D) osteocytes
E) osteons

Question 36

Intramembranous ossification produces the __________.

A) irregular bones of the vertebrae
B) flat bones of the skull
C) long bones of the limbs
D) short bones of the wrist
E) short bones of the ankle

Question 37

Which of the following is an inorganic component of the bone matrix?

A) Proteoglycans
B) Glycoproteins
C) Collagen
D) Hydroxyapatite
E) Glycosaminoglycans

Question 38

Achondroplastic dwarfism is a hereditary condition,in which the long bones of the limbs fail to elongate normally because of reduced hyperplasia and hypertrophy of cartilage in the __________.

A) primary ossification center
B) secondary ossification center
C) primary bone marrow
D) secondary bone marrow
E) epiphyseal plate

Question 39

Which one of the following bone cells would have the greatest number of lysosomes?

A) Osteoblasts
B) Osteoclasts
C) Osteocytes
D) Osteogenic cells
E) Stem cells

Question 40

When ____________ become enclosed in lacunae,they become cells called _____________.

A) osteogenic cells;osteoblasts
B) osteoblasts;osteoclasts
C) osteoblasts;osteocytes
D) osteocytes;osteoclasts
E) osteocytes;osteoblasts

Question 41

Wolff's law of bone explains the effect of __________.

A) different diets on bone elongation
B) mechanical stress on bone remodeling
C) temperature on bone growth
D) age on bone thickening
E) sex on bone widening

Question 42

Which of the following does not put women at risk for hypocalcemia?

A) Lactation
B) Pregnancy
C) Removal of the parathyroid glands
D) Removal of the thyroid gland
E) Lack of exposure to UV radiation

Question 43

Phosphate is necessary for all of the following except __________.

A) ATP
B) DNA
C) phospholipids
D) RNA
E) amino acids

Question 44

A soft callus forms during ___________.

A) endochondral ossification
B) intramembranous ossification
C) bone growth at the metaphysis
D) the remodeling of bone
E) the healing of a fracture

Question 45

Which of the following is not a function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

A) Promote calcium reabsorption by the kidneys
B) Stimulate osteoclast activity
C) Lower blood calcium
D) Promote calcitriol synthesis
E) Inhibit osteoblast activity

Question 46

If a thyroid tumor secreted an excessive amount of calcitonin,we would expect ___________.

A) an elevated level of osteoclast activity
B) an elevated level of osteoblast activity
C) a reduced rate of endochondral ossification
D) a rise in blood calcium concentration
E) increasingly brittle bones

Question 47

Arteriosclerosis is one example of ectopic ossification,which means __________.

A) the solubility product has been reached
B) artery mineralization by osteoblasts
C) abnormal calcification of a tissue
D) accumulation of collagenous fibers in blood vessels
E) ossification of an entire blood vessel

Question 48

Hypocalcemia can cause __________.

A) emotional disturbances
B) depression of the nervous system
C) muscle weakness
D) sluggish reflexes
E) muscle spasms

Question 49

Calcium plays an essential role in all of the following except __________.

A) muscle contraction
B) exocytosis
C) blood clotting
D) DNA synthesis
E) communication among neurons

Question 50

Osteoporosis is most common in elderly women because of the lack of ___________,which would otherwise inhibit ____________.

A) dietary calcium;estrogen production
B) osteoblasts;osteoclast activity
C) estrogen;osteoclast activity
D) parathyroid hormone;osteocyte activity
E) exercise;osteoblast activity

Question 51

A growing long bone in a child has only two areas of cartilage at the epiphysis.These two areas are the __________.

A) elastic cartilage and epiphyseal plate
B) epiphyseal plate and epiphyseal line
C) primary and secondary ossification centers
D) fibrocartilage and articular cartilage
E) articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate

Question 52

Blood Ca²⁺ deficiency stimulates __________ secretion,which leads to __________.

A) calcitonin;more urinary phosphate reabsorption
B) calcitriol;more urinary phosphate excretion
C) parathyroid hormone;increased osteoclast activity
D) growth hormone;increased osteoblast activity
E) thyroid hormone;less urinary calcium excretion

Question 53

Bone protrudes through the skin in a fracture called __________.

A) complete
B) incomplete
C) closed
D) open
E) displaced

Question 54

Bone elongation is a result of __________.

A) cartilage growth
B) muscle growth
C) osseous tissue growth
D) fibrous membrane addition
E) dense irregular connective tissue addition

Question 55

Synthesized by the combined action of the skin,kidneys,and liver,_________ is important to the deposition of bone.

A) growth hormone
B) testosterone
C) estrogen
D) calcitonin
E) calcitriol

Question 56

Which of the following exemplifies a positive feedback process happening in bone mineral deposition?

A) The first few crystals that form attract more calcium and phosphate.
B) Osteoblasts neutralize inhibitors that prevent bone resorption.
C) Osteoclasts secrete acid phosphatase that digests collagen.
D) Collagen is digested by enzymes and hydroxyapatite by hydrochloric acid.
E) Solubility product is reached in the tissue fluids.

Question 57

The process of dissolving bone and returning its minerals to the bloodstream is known as _________.

A) mineralization
B) mineral deposition
C) crystallization
D) resorption
E) ossification

Question 58

The result of blood calcium and phosphate levels being too low for normal deposition is a softness of the bones called __________ in children and __________ in adults.

A) osteomalacia;rickets
B) rickets;osteomalacia
C) osteoporosis;osteomalacia
D) osteomyelitis;osteosarcoma
E) osteomyelitis;osteomalacia

Question 59

A break in a bone that is already weakened by some other disease is called a(n)__________ fracture.

A) greenstick
B) open
C) closed
D) pathologic
E) displaced

Question 60

A fracture in which the bone is broken into three or more pieces is called a __________ fracture.

A) linear
B) pott
C) comminuted
D) greenstick
E) compound

Question 61

The most common bone disease is __________.

A) osteomyelitis
B) osteoporosis
C) osteosarcoma
D) osteomalacia
E) rickets

Question 62

The _____ is an example of bone as an organ;_____ bone is an example of bone as a tissue.

A) femur;spongy
B) spongy;femur
C) skull;marrow
D) compact;sesamoid

Question 63

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the healing of a bone fracture?

A) Bone remodeling → soft callus formation → hard callus formation → hematoma formation
B) Bone remodeling → hard callus formation → soft callus formation → hematoma formation
C) Hematoma formation → soft callus formation → hard callus formation → bone remodeling
D) Hematoma formation → hard callus formation → soft callus formation → bone remodeling
E) Soft callus formation → hard callus formation → hematoma formation → bone remodeling

Question 64

Patches of fibrocartilage formed in the healing of a fracture are called __________,whereas the bony collar formed around the fracture is called __________.

A) fracture hematoma;granulation tissue
B) granulation tissue;soft callus
C) fracture hematoma;hard callus
D) granulation tissue;hard callus
E) soft callus;hard callus

Question 65

Bones,cartilage,and ligaments are tissues and organs of the skeletal system.

Question 66

Adding pins and plates to a fracture to aid repair is called traction.

Question 67

Red bone marrow is important in the production of new bone cells.