Deck 6: Motivational Needs,processes,and Applications

Question 1

Inequity occurs when a person perceives that the ratio of his or her outcomes to other's outcomes and the ratio of a relevant other's input to his or her inputs are unequal.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Primary motives must be unlearned,and it must be physiologically based.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

According to the Porter-Lawler model,the inference is that employees need to better focus their efforts on high-impact behaviors and activities that result in higher performance.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The term hygiene,in Herzberg's theory,refers to those factors that prevent dissatisfaction.

Question 5

Harold Kelly stressed that attribution theory is concerned with the intuitive processes by which an individual interprets behavior as being attributed to certain parts of the relevant environment.

Question 6

In order to be included under the category of secondary motives,the motive must be learned.

Question 7

Intrinsic motives include the drive to avoid punishment,such as termination or being transferred.

Question 8

According to Maslow,one of the needs identified is the love need,however there are instances where there are misleading connotations,such as sex,which is essentially a physiological need.

Question 9

Motivation is a process that starts with a physiological or psychological deficiency or need that activates a behavior or drive that is aimed at a goal or incentive.

Question 10

Motivation is a hypothetical construct that is used to help explain behavior; it should not be equated with behavior.

Question 11

Equity theory supports a perception of distributive justice,which is an individual's cognitive evaluation regarding whether or not the amounts and allocations of rewards in a social setting are fair.

Question 12

Maslow's needs hierarchy theory does make a significant contribution in terms of making management aware of the diverse needs of employees at work.

Question 13

Interactional justice is the exchange between the employee and the employing organization.

Question 14

The fact that there are a higher number of employees who are dissatisfied with the raise they get points out that the hygiene factors seem to be important in preventing dissatisfaction but do not lead to satisfaction.

Question 15

Employees who perceive external control feel that they personally can influence their outcomes through their own ability,skills or effort.

Question 16

Maslow did not point out that the esteem needs consist of both self-esteem and esteem from others.He mainly conceded the importance of esteem of others.

Question 17

The roots of Porter-Lawler expectancy theory of work motivation can be traced back to cognitive dissonance theory and exchange theory.

Question 18

Tabulating the results from the critical incident method,Herzberg concluded that job satisfiers are related to job context and that job dissatisfiers are allied to job content.

Question 19

An incentive is defined as anything that will alleviate the needs and increase the drive.

Question 20

Attribution theory is concerned with the relationship between personal social perception and interpersonal behavior.

Question 21

The primary disadvantage of job rotation is that after the experience of each new task,the workers want to go back to where they started off from.

Question 22

) Having a degree from the right university can be categorized under:

A) need for affiliation.
B) need for security.
C) need for power.
D) need for status.

Question 23

In a workplace,which of the following can be categorized as an intrinsic motivator?

A) Accomplishment
B) Benefits
C) Promotions
D) Pay

Question 24

One of the main advantages of the agency theory is that it strongly emphasizes the roles that various forms of extrinsic and intrinsic motives play in shaping behaviors.

Question 25

Task identity refers to job independence.

Question 26

) Avoiding tasks or decisions with a risk of failure and blame can be categorized under which one of the following needs?

A) Need for achievement
B) Need for power
C) Need for status
D) Need for security

Question 27

Stretch targets may be defined as objectives or goals that force organizations to significantly alter their processes in ways that involve a whole new paradigm of operations.

Question 28

Attaining an incentive will:

A) increase or initiate the drive.
B) create a physiological or psychological imbalance.
C) provide an energizing thrust towards a drive.
D) reduce or cut off the drive.

Question 29

) Which of the following is a characteristic of the need for achievement?

A) Doing better than competitors
B) Defeating an opponent or enemy
C) Participating in pleasant social activities
D) Being protected against loss of income or economic disaster

Question 30

Which of the following theory is based mainly on the cognitive concept of expectancy?

A) Human relations movement
B) Content theories
C) Equity theory
D) Process theories

Question 31

The nature of work is changing due to a blurring of the distinction between on-work and off-work time.

Question 32

Which of the following is defined as a deficiency with direction?

A) Psychological drive
B) Physiological drive
C) Extrinsic drive
D) Drive for affiliation

Question 33

Fasting for a religious,social,or political cause is an example of which of the following motive?

A) Primary
B) Secondary
C) General
D) Tertiary

Question 34

According to which of the following theory,extrinsic motivators may actually undermine intrinsic motivation?

A) Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory
B) The Porter-Lawler Expectancy Theory
C) The Cognitive Evaluation Theory
D) The Equity Theory

Question 35

One version of the control theory is essentially a cognitive phenomenon relating to the degree that individuals perceive they are in control of their own lives,or are in control of their jobs.

Question 36

Commitment tends to run higher when goals are specific as opposed to general or broad.

Question 37

According to the dimensions that Kelley suggests,if there is a high consensus,high consistency,and high distinctiveness,then attribution to external or situational/environmental causes will probably be made.

Question 38

The proposal to introduce sophisticated wage incentive models to motivate workers would be fuelled by which theory?

A) Content theories
B) Process theories
C) Human relations movement
D) Equity theory

Question 39

In self-serving bias,people tend to attribute others' behavior to personal factors such as intelligence,etc.even when it is clear that the situation caused by the person to behave the way he or she did.

Question 40

Attributions are related to organizational symbolism,which in effect says that in order to understand organizations,one must recognize their symbolic nature.

Question 41

Which of the following ascribes a person's behavior to internal factors such as personality traits,motivation,or ability?

A) Dispositional attributes
B) Situational attributes
C) Enhancing attributes
D) Justification attributes

Question 42

The roots of which of the following theory can be traced back to cognitive dissonance theory and exchange theory?

A) Two-factor theory
B) Hierarchy theory of needs
C) Equity theory of work motivation
D) Attribution theory

Question 43

) According to the two-factor theory,which of the following falls under the category of hygiene factors?

A) Recognition
B) Advancement
C) Salary
D) Work itself

Question 44

) Severance pay,health insurance,and seniority plans fall under which of the following category in the hierarchy of work motivation?

A) Esteem needs
B) Social needs
C) Security needs
D) Basic needs

Question 45

Which of the following consists of an individual's cognitive evaluation regarding whether or not the amounts and allocations of rewards setting are fair?

A) Interpersonal
B) Distributive
C) Informational
D) Decisive

Question 46

Identify the second need that correctly fits Maslow's needs hierarchy principle.

A) Physiological needs
B) Love needs
C) Esteem needs
D) Safety needs

Question 47

Which of the following theory oversimplifies the complexities of work motivation from an academic perspective?

A) Two-factor theory
B) Equity theory
C) Alderfer's ERG theory
D) Hierarchy of needs

Question 48

Responses from the critical incident method showed that reported bad feelings were associated with:

A) job content.
B) job context.
C) job training.
D) job experience.

Question 49

Which of these researchers/scholars actually addressed the relationship between satisfaction and performance directly by a motivation model?

A) Frederick Herzberg
B) Victor Vroom
C) Porter and Lawler
D) Clayton Alderfer

Question 50

Which of the following refers to people viewing the inputs and outputs of themselves and others,and if upon perceiving inequity,striving to restore equity?

A) Restoration
B) Equity norm
C) Averaging
D) Perceived inequity

Question 51

Which of the following model starts with the premise that motivation (effort or force)does not equal satisfaction or performance?

A) Human relations theory/movement
B) Two-Factor theory
C) ERG theory
D) Porter - Lawler Expectancy model

Question 52

Which of the following can help explain why employees retaliate against both inequitable outcomes and inappropriate processes?

A) Organizational climate
B) Organizational policies
C) Organizational justice
D) Organizational culture

Question 53

According to Maslow's work,which of the following can be deemed the person's motivation to transform perceptions into reality?

A) Self-actualization
B) Physiological needs
C) Safety needs
D) Love needs

Question 54

According to the equity theory of work motivation,the strength of the attempt to restore equity,which in essence is motivation,is in direct proportion to the _____ that exists.

A) reward systems
B) training practices
C) perceived inequity
D) organizational culture

Question 55

) According the two-factor theory,which of the following falls under the category of motivators?

A) Responsibility
B) Company policy
C) Interpersonal relations
D) Supervision

Question 56

Which of the following includes pay plus the bonus check paid to the winners?

A) Valence
B) Instrumentality
C) Reinforcement
D) Expectancy

Question 57

According to Maslow,which of the following corresponds to the unlearned primary needs?

A) Needs for self-actualization
B) Love needs
C) Physiological needs
D) Safety needs

Question 58

Which dimension of justice can raise issues of equality as opposed to equity?

A) Procedural justice
B) Distributive justice
C) Interpersonal justice
D) Informational justice

Question 59

Management often faces the problem of dealing with employees who are not motivated despite being provided with high salaries,excellent fringe-benefit packages etc.Which theory offers an explanation for this type of behavior?

A) Hierarchy of needs
B) Two-factor theory
C) Equity theory
D) Alderfer's ERG theory

Question 60

Among the following,who believed that once a given need is satisfied,it no longer serves to motivate?

A) Alderfer
B) Maslow
C) Vroom
D) Herzberg

Question 61

Name and explain the elements of motivation.

Question 62

Which of the following involves the enabling of the organization to learn from others and then to formulate specific change goals based on procedures and work assignments that have been observed in world-class organizations?

A) Monitoring
B) Capacity planning
C) Benchmarking
D) Emulation theory

Question 63

When Mark is late for his economics presentation.Which of the following attribution is Mr.Rutherford,his economics lecturer,making if he assumes that Mark is not interested in the subject?

A) Situational
B) Enhancing
C) Dispositional
D) Justification

Question 64

In explaining victories,athletes commonly credit themselves,but they are more likely to attribute losses to bad breaks,poor officiating,or the other team's superior effort.This is an example of which one of the following attribution biases?

A) Fundamental attribution error
B) Self-perception bias
C) Defensive bias
D) Self-serving bias

Question 65

According to the text,which among the following could result in short-range thinking,dishonesty,or cheating?

A) Ambition
B) Perceptions
C) Advancement
D) Goals

Question 66

A person who does not like the idea that someone or something controls their lives is said to have which of the following attribution?

A) High distinctiveness
B) Low consistency
C) External locus of control
D) Internal locus of control

Question 67

Which of the following is often cited as an example of how the field of organizational behavior should progress from a sound theoretical foundation to sophisticated research to the actual application of more effective management practice?

A) Time management
B) Goal setting
C) Stress management
D) Change management

Question 68

An individual who believes in the statement,"I make my own fate",is said to have which of the following attribution?

A) External locus of control
B) Internal locus of control
C) High consensus
D) Low distinctiveness

Question 69

What ascribes a person's behavior to external factors such as equipment or social influence from others?

A) Justification attributes
B) Dispositional attributes
C) Situational attributes
D) Enhancing attributes

Question 70

Differentiate between intrinsic and extrinsic motives.

Question 71

Kelly suggests three dimensions that will affect the type of attributions that are made.To keep these dimensions straight,it can be remembered that _____ relates to other people,_____ relates to other tasks,and _____ relates to time.

A) distinctiveness; consistency; consensus
B) consistency; distinctiveness; consensus
C) consensus; distinctiveness; consistency
D) consistency; consensus; distinctiveness

Question 72

Glen meets with an accident while returning from work.Which of the following attribute is one of the bystanders making,if he blames the accident to a mechanical defect in Glen's car rather than Glen's negligence while driving?

A) Situational
B) Enhancing
C) Dispositional
D) Justification

Question 73

Which of the following is a type of goal setting,though it is meant to be more inclusive and is often portrayed as part of total quality management?

A) Performance goal orientation
B) Benchmarking
C) Learning goal orientation
D) Achievement goal orientation

Question 74

Which of the following theory is concerned with the relationship between personal social perception and interpersonal behavior?

A) Two-factor theory
B) Hierarchy theory of needs
C) Equity theory of work motivation
D) Attribution theory

Question 75

List and describe the levels of needs hierarchy as identified by Maslow.

Question 76

An individual who believes in the statement,"Your fate was decided the day you were born," is said to have which of the following attribution?

A) External locus of control
B) Internal locus of control
C) High consensus
D) Low distinctiveness

Question 77

The question 'how complete a module of work does the employee perform' would fall under the category of which one of these specified core job characteristics under the Hackman-Oldham model?

A) Skill variety
B) Feedback
C) Autonomy
D) Task identity

Question 78

Which of the following psychological state involves the degree to which employees understand how they are performing in the job?

A) Meaningfulness
B) Knowledge of results
C) Task identity
D) Responsibility

Question 79

In an organization,the interests of the top management is in conflict with that of the middle management.Which of the following theory is consistent with this situation?

A) Control theory
B) Agency theory
C) Attribution theory
D) Equity theory

Question 80

In an organization,employees move from one relatively simple job to another after short time periods.Which of the following job designs is the organization implementing?

A) Job engineering
B) Job enlargement
C) Job rotation
D) Job enrichment