Deck 23: Learning by Observation

Question 1

Annika has difficulty forming long-term memories of classroom lessons because she can't focus her attention long enough to mentally grasp what is being taught.Annika most clearly demonstrates difficulty with

A) echoic memory.
B) iconic memory.
C) encoding.
D) retrieval.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which pioneering researcher was the first to make extensive use of nonsense syllables in the study of human memory?

A) George Miller
B) William Brewer
C) Alan Baddeley
D) Hermann Ebbinghaus

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Researchers had students listen to brief audio clips of popular songs for only four-tenths of a second.Most participants were able to recognize the artist and song more than ________ percent of the time.

A) 10
B) 25
C) 45
D) 60

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Memory acquisition is to memory retention as ________ is to ________.

A) recall;recognition
B) rehearsal;relearning
C) imagery;mnemonics
D) encoding;storage

Question 5

Information-processing models compare human memory to a

A) battery.
B) flashlight.
C) course syllabus.
D) computer's operation.

Question 6

Storage is the

A) retention of encoded information over time.
B) process of getting information out of memory.
C) process of getting information into the memory system.
D) measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT part of the memory process,according to the information-processing model?

A) encoding
B) relearning
C) storage
D) retrieval

Question 8

Ebbinghaus' retention curve best illustrates the value of

A) chunking.
B) sensory memory.
C) rehearsal.
D) implicit memory.

Question 9

Simply identifying previously learned information in a multiple-choice question constitutes a measure of retention known as

A) relearning.
B) recognition.
C) rehearsal.
D) recall.

Question 10

Memory is best defined as

A) the conscious encoding of information.
B) stored knowledge that has been semantically encoded.
C) the persistence of learning through the encoding,storage,and retrieval of information.
D) the retrieval of stored information in precisely the same form in which it was encoded.

Question 11

The importance of parallel processing is emphasized by a model of memory known as

A) mnemonics.
B) connectionism.
C) conditioning.
D) hierarchies.

Question 12

The process of retrieval refers to

A) the persistence of learning over time.
B) the organization of information into manageable units.
C) getting information out of memory storage.
D) conscious repetition of information to be remembered.

Question 13

Juan studies for his biology class each day.He generally reviews material covered previously as well as the new material.Based on what you know about Ebbinghaus' retention curve,what can Juan expect to experience during his study sessions?

A) He will require less and less time to relearn the previous material.
B) He will need to spend more time studying each day.
C) He will find that classical conditioning impairs his memory of previously learned material.
D) He will find that automatic processing impairs his memory of new material.

Question 14

An eyewitness to a bank robbery is asked to identify suspects from a police lineup.Which test of memory is being used?

A) recall
B) relearning
C) recognition
D) reconstruction

Question 15

Three basic measures of memory retention are

A) chunking,rehearsing,and semantic processing.
B) encoding,storage,and retrieval.
C) recall,recognition,and relearning.
D) sensory memory,short-term memory,and long-term memory.

Question 16

Which measure of memory retention is used by fill-in-the-blank test questions?

A) relearning
B) rehearsal
C) recall
D) recognition

Question 17

The process of getting information into memory is called

A) spacing.
B) chunking.
C) encoding.
D) registering.

Question 18

Using different neural networks to simultaneously encode the voice quality,lyrics,and musical accompaniment of a memorable vocal performance best illustrates

A) parallel processing.
B) massed practice.
C) automatic processing.
D) distributed practice.

Question 19

Steven is taking a test for his psychology class.As he attempts to answer each question,which stage of the memory process is involved?

A) encoding
B) working
C) storage
D) retrieval

Question 20

Brenda is studying for her psychology course.Which stage of the memory process does her studying involve,according to the information-processing model?

A) encoding
B) working
C) storage
D) retrieval

Question 21

As compared with long-term memory,short-term memory is ________ permanent and ________ limited in storage capacity.

A) less;more
B) more;less
C) less;less
D) more;more

Question 22

Conscious memories of facts and personal experiences are called ________ memories.

A) echoic
B) procedural
C) explicit
D) iconic

Question 23

Forming conscious mental images of the location of your bedroom door requires

A) procedural memory.
B) working memory.
C) shallow processing.
D) echoic memory.

Question 24

Alan Baddeley's model of working memory includes

A) forming implicit memories of learned motor skills.
B) rehearsal of new visual and auditory information.
C) automatic processing of classically conditioned associations.
D) all of the above processes.

Question 25

We typically encode explicit memories by means of

A) classical conditioning.
B) effortful processing.
C) sequential processing.
D) automatic processing.

Question 26

Our two-track mind is most clearly illustrated by the difference between

A) massed practice and distributed practice.
B) encoding and retrieval.
C) implicit memory and explicit memory.
D) short-term memory and long-term memory.

Question 27

To remember her way from her new home to her school,Julie consciously formed a mental image of each street corner at which she needed to turn.This best illustrates

A) echoic memory.
B) effortful processing.
C) the spacing effect.
D) implicit memory.

Question 28

Which of the following types of memory is of shortest duration?

A) short-term memory
B) explicit memory
C) implicit memory
D) sensory memory

Question 29

Automatic processing and effortful processing refer to two types of

A) encoding.
B) sensory memory.
C) conscious awareness.
D) short-term memory.

Question 30

Explicit memories are encoded through ________,while implicit memories are encoded via ________.

A) effortful processing;automatic processing
B) declarative memories;nondeclarative memories
C) automatic processing;effortful processing
D) nondeclarative memories;declarative memories

Question 31

The original Atkinson-Schiffrin three-stage information-processing model did not consider the formation of

A) short-term memories.
B) implicit memories.
C) sensory memories.
D) long-term memories.

Question 32

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system is called ________ memory.

A) sensory
B) long-term
C) working
D) implicit

Question 33

A classic three-stage information-processing model that distinguishes among sensory memory,short-term memory,and long-term memory was first introduced by

A) Alan Baddeley.
B) Fergus Craik and Endel Tulving.
C) Hermann Ebbinghaus.
D) Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin.

Question 34

In Alan Baddeley's model of working memory,focusing attention is the task of a hypothetical

A) hierarchy.
B) central executive.
C) retention curve.
D) neural network.

Question 35

Unconsciously encoding incidental information regarding space,time,and frequency best illustrates

A) working memory.
B) the spacing effect.
C) automatic processing.
D) mnemonics.

Question 36

Effortful processing is encoding that requires

A) implicit memory.
B) conscious attention.
C) visual imagery.
D) echoic memory.

Question 37

Memories for well-learned automatic skills such as how to tie your shoes are called ________ memories.

A) iconic
B) procedural
C) working
D) explicit

Question 38

A newer understanding of short-term memory that adds conscious,active processing of incoming auditory and visual information,and of information retrieved from long-term memory is referred to as

A) working memory.
B) explicit memory.
C) sensory memory.
D) implicit memory.

Question 39

Effortful processing is to automatic processing as ________ is to ________.

A) encoding;retrieval
B) short-term memory;long-term memory
C) the spacing effect;the testing effect
D) explicit memory;implicit memory

Question 40

After seeing the web address of a local retail store on TV,Alex was able to remember it only long enough to post it in his frequent contacts file.In this case,the web address was clearly stored in his ________ memory.

A) implicit
B) short-term
C) echoic
D) long-term

Question 41

Young adults have ________ working-memory capacity than children and ________ working-memory capacity than older adults.

A) more;less
B) less;more
C) more;more
D) less;less

Question 42

Arnold was not paying attention to his professor's lecture.But when the professor asked him what she had just said,he was surprised that he had a fleeting memory of her last few words.Arnold's experience best illustrates ________ memory.

A) procedural
B) echoic
C) implicit
D) iconic

Question 43

Which of the following is a form of sensory memory?

A) procedural memory
B) working memory
C) echoic memory
D) short-term memory

Question 44

Peterson and Peterson asked people to count aloud backward after they were presented with three consonants.This study finds that ________ memories will quickly disappear without active processing and rehearsal.

A) long-term
B) sensory
C) short-term
D) implicit

Question 45

For a fraction of a second after the lightning flash disappeared,Ileana retained a vivid mental image of its ragged edges.Her experience most clearly illustrates the nature of ________ memory.

A) iconic
B) working
C) procedural
D) short-term

Question 46

When you first learned how to drive a car,you probably concentrated on what you were doing and put great effort into driving.Now,after driving for several years,it has become a(n)________ process.

A) effortful
B) automatic
C) procedural
D) implicit

Question 47

High intelligence and an ability to maintain one's focus of attention is most closely associated with a high level of

A) sensory-memory capacity.
B) short-term memory capacity.
C) working memory capacity.
D) long-term memory capacity.

Question 48

Iconic memory refers to

A) the encoded meanings of words and events in short-term memory.
B) photographic,or picture-image,memory that lasts for only a few tenths of a second.
C) the effortlessly processed incidental information about the timing and frequency of events.
D) the visually encoded images in long-term memory.

Question 49

Our immediate short-term memory for new material is limited to roughly ________ bits of information.

A) 3
B) 7
C) 12
D) 24

Question 50

Who of the following is likely to have the best working memory?

A) Brandon,a 7-year-old child
B) Margo,a 70-year-old woman
C) Diego,a 50-year-old man
D) Marika,a 25-year-old woman

Question 51

Sensory memory is

A) the retention of facts and experiences that one can consciously know.
B) the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.
C) the immediate,very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.
D) activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten.

Question 52

Experimental participants demonstrated __________ memory of letters flashed for one-twentieth of a second if a high,medium,or low tone was sounded immediately __________ the letters were flashed.

A) worse;before
B) worse;after
C) better;before
D) better;after

Question 53

Iconic memory is to echoic memory as ________ is to ________.

A) short-term memory;long-term memory
B) explicit memory;implicit memory
C) visual stimulation;auditory stimulation
D) shallow processing;deep processing

Question 54

Without being aware of it,Kelsey encoded the exact locations on the basketball court from which she had taken each of her many shots during yesterday's tournament game.This best illustrates

A) distributed practice.
B) automatic processing.
C) the self-reference effect.
D) working memory.

Question 55

During the course of a day,people may unconsciously encode the sequence of the day's events.This best illustrates

A) the spacing effect.
B) automatic processing.
C) procedural memory.
D) the self-reference effect.

Question 56

While reading highly familiar words at a very rapid speed,Megan effortlessly understands almost every word.This ability highlights the importance of

A) echoic memory.
B) automatic processing.
C) the spacing effect.
D) mnemonics.

Question 57

By showing people three rows of three letters each for only a fraction of a second,Sperling demonstrated that people have ________ memory.

A) working
B) implicit
C) iconic
D) procedural

Question 58

Four-year-old Aaron doesn't recall ever seeing a hypodermic needle,and he can't remember the series of painful injections he received when he was a 2-year-old.When shown a hypodermic needle,however,he reacted with a classically conditioned fear response.Aaron's fear reaction indicates that he retains a(n)________ memory.

A) iconic
B) echoic
C) implicit
D) procedural

Question 59

People can develop classically conditioned emotional reactions without any conscious recollection of how or when those reactions were learned.This best illustrates ________ memory.

A) implicit
B) short-term
C) sensory
D) working

Question 60

Learning how to read took great effort on your part as a child.Now,it has become

A) effortful.
B) automatic.
C) procedural.
D) implicit.

Question 61

Wei Dong was asked to memorize a long list of words that included "ship,effort,professor,and inquire." He later recalled these words as "boat,work,teacher,and question." This best illustrates the impact of

A) shallow processing.
B) the spacing effect.
C) implicit memory.
D) semantic processing.

Question 62

Using your working memory to link an unfamiliar textbook glossary term with the first letter sound required to pronounce the term illustrates

A) shallow processing.
B) deep processing.
C) procedural memory.
D) automatic processing.

Question 63

Lynnae's long-term memory of what she reads is improved if she responds to fill-in-the-blank questions after completing sections of her reading assignments.Her experience best illustrates

A) the self-reference effect.
B) automatic processing.
C) the testing effect.
D) hierarchical organization.

Question 64

Deep processing of verbal information involves encoding the ________ of words.

A) meanings
B) sounds
C) sizes
D) shapes

Question 65

Students often have longer-lasting memories of information from a one-semester course than from an intensive three-week course.This best illustrates the importance of

A) chunking.
B) automatic processing.
C) implicit memory.
D) the spacing effect.

Question 66

Which of the following questions about the word pen would best prepare you to correctly remember tomorrow that you had seen that word in today's test?

A) Does the word consist of three letters?
B) Is the word written in capital letters?
C) Would the word fit in this sentence: "The boy put the ________ on his desk"?
D) Does the word rhyme with den?

Question 67

Memory aids that involve the use of vivid imagery and clever ways of organizing material are called

A) procedural memories.
B) implicit memories.
C) iconic memories.
D) mnemonics.

Question 68

The tendency for distributed study to yield better long-term retention than massed study is known as

A) the testing effect.
B) deep processing.
C) the spacing effect.
D) chunking.

Question 69

Deep and shallow processing refer to different types of

A) chunking.
B) encoding.
C) sensory memory.
D) automatic processing.

Question 70

The use of acronyms to improve one's memory of unfamiliar material best illustrates the value of

A) chunking.
B) mnemonics.
C) distributed practice.
D) the self-reference effect.

Question 71

Short-term memory capacity can be increased through

A) iconic memory.
B) chunking.
C) echoic memory.
D) shallow processing.

Question 72

Juan is taking a statistics class but feels as though he is bad at math.He really wants to do well in the course.What advice should you give him?

A) "Make sure you cram prior to any exam."
B) "Take some time out each day before class to engage in massed practice."
C) "It is best to use distributed practice to learn the material."
D) "Try to use hierarchical organization to learn the material."

Question 73

Encoding a word on the basis of its meaning produces a better memory of the word than encoding a word on the basis of its sound.This best illustrates the value of

A) iconic memory.
B) deep processing.
C) the spacing effect.
D) chunking.

Question 74

Most people misrecall the sentence,"The angry rioter threw the rock at the window" as "The angry rioter threw the rock through the window." This best illustrates the impact of

A) iconic memory.
B) episodic memory.
C) semantic processing.
D) procedural memory.

Question 75

Enhanced memory after retrieving rather than simply reading information is best demonstrated by

A) the self-reference effect.
B) automatic processing.
C) the testing effect.
D) chunking.

Question 76

To remember a list of the school supplies she needs,Marcy mentally visualizes each item at a certain location in her house.Marcy's tactic best illustrates the use of

A) iconic memory.
B) chunking.
C) a mnemonic technique.
D) the spacing effect.

Question 77

Encoding verbal information based on the meaning of words is called

A) echoic memory.
B) the acronym effect.
C) semantic processing.
D) chunking.

Question 78

The letters Y,M,O,M,R,E are presented.Jill remembers them by rearranging them to spell the word "MEMORY." This provides an illustration of

A) chunking.
B) automatic processing.
C) the spacing effect.
D) mnemonics.

Question 79

The organization of individual items into larger familiar units is called

A) the self-reference effect.
B) chunking.
C) massed practice.
D) mnemonics.

Question 80

By creating an outline in which specific facts and theories are located within the larger framework of major topics and subtopics,Jasmine can remember much more of what she reads in her textbooks.This best illustrates the benefits of

A) implicit memory.
B) mnemonics.
C) hierarchical organization.
D) the spacing effect.