Deck 10: Adolescence

Question 1

Unlike fraternal twins,identical twins are described as

A) extraverted.
B) dizygotic.
C) epigenetic.
D) monozygotic.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The threadlike structures that contain genes are called

A) organic methyl molecules.
B) epigenetic marks.
C) chromosomes.
D) genomes.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Dylan and Derek are identical twins who have similar personalities.Compared with fraternal twins,they are likely to be similar in the traits of

A) openness and agreeableness.
B) extraversion and neuroticism.
C) introversion and openness.
D) agreeableness and conscientiousness.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Genes provide the code for the production of

A) shared family environments.
B) protein molecules.
C) heritability estimates.
D) genomes.

Question 5

For every three sets of identical twins,one pair is likely to have

A) two different genomes.
B) two separate placentas.
C) an extra set of chromosomes.
D) only one sex chromosome.

Question 6

Twin brothers or twin sisters who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two are called ________ twins.

A) fraternal
B) identical
C) epigenetic
D) dizygotic

Question 7

At a genetic level,humans and chimpanzees are ________ percent identical.

A) 27
B) 52
C) 77
D) 96

Question 8

As members of the human family,we all share a common

A) temperament.
B) epigenetic mark.
C) biological heritage.
D) cultural background.

Question 9

The nucleus of each cell of your body contains

A) DNA molecules.
B) chromosomes.
C) genes.
D) all of these elements.

Question 10

Our genetic predispositions help to explain

A) our shared human nature but not our human diversity.
B) our human diversity but not our shared human nature.
C) neither our shared human nature nor our human diversity.
D) both our shared human nature and our human diversity.

Question 11

Chromosomes are located within human

A) bone cells.
B) genes.
C) protein molecules.
D) DNA.

Question 12

The complete set of genetic instructions in an organism's chromosomes is called the

A) heritability index.
B) DNA molecule.
C) genome.
D) epigenetic mark.

Question 13

People's reactions to our genetically influenced traits constitute part of our

A) temperament.
B) environment.
C) genome.
D) heritability.

Question 14

A gene is a small segment of a(n)

A) synapse.
B) neurotransmitter.
C) DNA molecule.
D) epigenetic mark.

Question 15

Assessing the relative effects of nature and nurture on individual differences in personality would be of most direct interest to

A) evolutionary psychologists.
B) molecular geneticists.
C) behavior geneticists.
D) Freudian psychologists.

Question 16

When a gene is activated,it provides the code for protein molecules.These molecules are the body's

A) blueprints.
B) transcript.
C) instruction manual.
D) building blocks.

Question 17

The impact of a mother's healthy food consumption on the prenatal development of her offspring best illustrates

A) heritability.
B) a reactive temperament.
C) environmental influence.
D) an epigenetic mark.

Question 18

External influences on development such as social support are said to constitute our

A) genome.
B) epigenetic marks.
C) environment.
D) temperament.

Question 19

Behavior geneticists are most interested in assessing the extent to which heredity and environment contribute to our

A) shared human genome.
B) epigenetic marks.
C) reproductive capacities.
D) individual differences.

Question 20

Twin studies most clearly indicate that ________ exert a strong influence on the development of our unique personality traits.

A) protein molecules
B) shared family environments
C) free-floating stress hormones
D) person-to-person genetic variations

Question 21

Studies of identical twins who had been raised apart have most clearly increased scientific appreciation for the impact of ________ on personality development.

A) gender
B) epigenetic marks
C) shared family environments
D) genetic influences

Question 22

Adopted children grow up to be

A) more self-giving than average.
B) less psychologically disordered than average.
C) more extraverted than average.
D) less confused about their identity than average.

Question 23

Identical twins raised apart have ________ similar personalities than identical twins raised together and ________ similar personalities than fraternal twins raised apart.

A) more;more
B) less;less
C) more;less
D) less;more

Question 24

Those who inappropriately attribute children's troubling personality traits to inadequate parental nurture should most clearly be reminded of the importance of

A) our shared human nature.
B) the persistence of temperament.
C) Freudian psychology.
D) the shared family environment.

Question 25

Paul and Jeff are biologically related non-twin siblings raised in the same home.Susan and Cathy are biologically unrelated children adopted at birth and raised as siblings in the same home.People are likely to ______ the personality similarities of Paul and Jeff and ______ the personality similarities of Susan and Cathy.

A) overestimate;underestimate
B) underestimate;overestimate
C) underestimate;underestimate
D) overestimate;overestimate

Question 26

Matt becomes emotionally upset frequently and quickly.Matt's reactions most clearly illustrate

A) extraversion.
B) neuroticism.
C) an epigenetic mark.
D) high serotonin levels.

Question 27

Adoptive parents are most likely to influence the ________ of their adopted children.

A) political attitudes
B) genome
C) extraversion
D) temperament

Question 28

The best reason to be cautious about attributing all the personality similarities of separately raised identical twins to shared genes is that

A) home environments have less impact on personality than does peer pressure.
B) similar appearances often evoke similar responses from others.
C) infant temperaments have a strong impact on personality development.
D) adopted children's personalities are highly similar to those of their adoptive parents.

Question 29

Genetic influences on personality traits are most clearly highlighted by comparing ________ with ________.

A) identical twins raised together;identical twins raised apart
B) fraternal twins raised together;identical twins raised apart
C) identical twins raised together;fraternal twins raised together
D) fraternal twins raised apart;identical twins raised together

Question 30

Lynnae is usually shy,whereas her sister Eileen is typically outgoing.The two sisters are most strikingly different in their

A) adaptive capacity.
B) epigenetic marks.
C) temperament.
D) physical health.

Question 31

Brenna and Serena are identical twins.Brenna has just been diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder.The likelihood that Serena will also have the disorder is ________ percent.

A) 25
B) 50
C) 75
D) 99

Question 32

In one study of more than 900 New Zealanders,emotionally reactive and impulsive 3-year-olds developed into somewhat more impulsive,aggressive,and conflict-prone 21-year-olds.This best illustrates the long-term stability of

A) temperament.
B) adaptive capacity.
C) epigenetic marks.
D) shared family environments.

Question 33

Identical twins separated at birth and raised in completely different cultures would be most likely to have similar

A) epigenetic marks.
B) religious beliefs.
C) temperaments.
D) political views.

Question 34

Jimmy and Timmy are identical twins.Both have been convicted of drinking and driving.What can be said about their convictions?

A) This is not surprising because drinking and driving convictions are 12 times greater among those who have an identical twin with such a conviction.
B) This is not surprising because drinking and driving convictions are 25 times greater among those who have an identical twin with such a conviction.
C) This is surprising because drinking and driving convictions are 12 times greater among those who have a fraternal twin with such a conviction.
D) This is surprising because drinking and driving convictions are 25 times greater among those who have a fraternal twin with such a conviction.

Question 35

Infants with an anxious and inhibited temperament have heart rates that tend to be relatively

A) low and variable.
B) high and variable.
C) low and invariable.
D) high and invariable.

Question 36

Fraternal twins originate from the fertilization of

A) a single egg cell by a single sperm cell.
B) two egg cells by a single sperm cell.
C) a single egg cell by two sperm cells.
D) two egg cells by two sperm cells.

Question 37

In personality traits such as outgoingness,people who have been adopted are

A) more similar to their biological parents than to their adoptive parents.
B) more similar to their adoptive parents than to their biological parents.
C) very similar to their biologically unrelated siblings who grew up in the same home.
D) very similar to their biologically related non-twin siblings who grew up in the same home.

Question 38

Compared with identical twins,fraternal twins are

A) more likely to be the same sex and more likely to be similar in extraversion.
B) more likely to be the same sex and less likely to be similar in extraversion.
C) less likely to be the same sex and less likely to be similar in extraversion.
D) less likely to be the same sex and equally likely to be similar in extraversion.

Question 39

Enduring behavioral traits such as social anxiety or impulsivity are first evident in our differing

A) temperaments.
B) heritability estimates.
C) epigenetic marks.
D) shared family environments.

Question 40

Our characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity is known as our

A) heritability.
B) genome.
C) temperament.
D) epigenetic mark.

Question 41

Locating some of the many genes that together with particular life experiences orchestrate complex traits such as impulsiveness is one of the major goals of

A) epigenetics.
B) evolutionary psychology.
C) molecular behavior genetics.
D) molecular genetics.

Question 42

Diet and stress can affect the ________ that regulate gene expression.

A) chromosomes
B) temperaments
C) epigenetic molecules
D) heritability estimates

Question 43

Behavior geneticists are most likely to use twin and adoption studies to assess

A) epigenetic marks.
B) trait heritability.
C) reproductive capacity.
D) brain injuries.

Question 44

Heritability refers to

A) how much of a trait is inherited from both parents.
B) how much of a trait is inherited from the mother.
C) how much of a trait is due to heredity and the environment.
D) how much differences among people are due to genes.

Question 45

Today's adults are taller and heavier than people were a century ago.The differences between these generational groups are best attributed to differences in

A) genetics.
B) nutrition.
C) temperament.
D) epigenetic molecules.

Question 46

Epigenetics is the study of environmental influences on ________ that occur without a DNA change.

A) temperament
B) heritability
C) gene expression
D) stress hormones

Question 47

Zack and Adrien are brothers.Zack is older and is about 2 inches taller than Adrien.What could be a possible explanation for their height difference?

A) The brothers have experienced different parenting styles from their mother.
B) Adrien received better care as an infant than Zack.
C) Zack received better care as an infant than Adrien.
D) Their differences in height are probably related to their differing genes.

Question 48

The heritability for general intelligence,which refers to how much ________ are due to genes,is roughly ________ percent.

A) epigenetic marks;20
B) similarities;35
C) molecular behaviors;40
D) differences;66

Question 49

Which of the following would likely prevent DNA from producing the proteins coded by a gene?

A) epigenetic molecules
B) chromosomes
C) the human genome
D) sex chromosomes

Question 50

A researcher who assesses the heritability of intelligence is most likely a(n)

A) molecular geneticist.
B) evolutionary psychologist.
C) behavior geneticist.
D) Freudian psychologist.

Question 51

The impact of genes on observable traits can vary in different environments.Thus,genes are said to be

A) free-floating.
B) dizygotic.
C) self-regulating.
D) epigenetic.

Question 52

Professor Olstrum's research involves assessing the interactive impact of particular DNA segments and stressful life experiences on the development of bipolar disorder.His work best illustrates the specialty area known as

A) heritability studies.
B) Freudian psychology.
C) evolutionary psychology.
D) molecular behavior genetics.

Question 53

Molecular geneticists would be most directly interested in identifying the structure and function of specific

A) heritability estimates.
B) protein molecules.
C) chromosome segments.
D) free-floating stress hormones.

Question 54

For many personality traits,heritability,which refers to how much differences among people are due to ________,is about ________ percent.

A) temperament;20
B) environment;35
C) genes;40
D) chromosomes;66

Question 55

Overall,American males have grown 3 inches taller than their ancestors in the mid-1800s.What can account for this difference?

A) The groups experienced different parenting styles as children.
B) The difference in height is probably related to nutritional differences.
C) The human genome has evolved during this time.
D) The difference in height is related to their differing genes.

Question 56

The diversity of human traits is most clearly enabled by our shared

A) moral values.
B) temperament.
C) epigenetic molecules.
D) adaptive capacity.

Question 57

Identical twins who have separate placentas are somewhat less similar than identical twins who share a placenta.This best illustrates the influence of ________ on development.

A) prenatal environments
B) genetic predispositions
C) temperament
D) serotonin

Question 58

The heritability of a specific trait will be lowest among

A) genetically similar individuals who have been raised in similar environments.
B) genetically similar individuals who have been raised in dissimilar environments.
C) genetically dissimilar individuals who have been raised in similar environments.
D) genetically dissimilar individuals who have been raised in dissimilar environments.

Question 59

Some genetically influenced traits are expressed in some environments but not in others.This best illustrates the ________ of genes and environments.

A) heritability
B) temperament
C) reactivity
D) interaction

Question 60

Chromosomes are composed of

A) epigenetic molecules.
B) genomes.
C) protein molecules.
D) deoxyribonucleic acid.

Question 61

Whether or not ________ is/are expressed depends on environmental influences.

A) genes
B) DNA
C) chromosomes
D) genomes

Question 62

Compared with fraternal twins,identical twins are

A) less similar in their risk of developing autism spectrum disorder and less similar in risk of being emotionally unstable.
B) more similar in their risk of developing autism spectrum disorder and more similar in risk of being emotionally unstable.
C) equally similar in their risk of developing autism spectrum disorder and more similar in risk of being emotionally unstable.
D) more similar in their risk of developing autism spectrum disorder and equally similar in risk of being emotionally unstable.

Question 63

The prevalence of genetically predisposed traits that have a reproductive advantage is best explained in terms of

A) social learning theory.
B) molecular genetics.
C) the human genome.
D) sexual overperception bias.

Question 64

At about 8 months of age,infants across the world start to ________ strangers;as adults,they prefer the company of those whose attributes are ________ to their own.

A) fear;similar
B) enjoy;different
C) fear;different
D) enjoy;similar

Question 65

A human sperm cell contains

A) 23 chromosomes.
B) 23 genes.
C) 46 chromosomes.
D) 46 genes.

Question 66

Heritability refers to the extent to which trait variations among individuals are attributable to their differing

A) epigenetic marks.
B) temperaments.
C) prenatal environments.
D) genes.

Question 67

Identifying the interactive influence of specific DNA sequences and child-raising practices on the development of traits such as anxiety best illustrates the specialty area known as

A) epigenetics.
B) heritability studies.
C) evolutionary psychology.
D) molecular behavior genetics.

Question 68

Adoptive parents are LEAST likely to influence the ________ of their adopted children.

A) personality traits
B) religious beliefs
C) political attitudes
D) moral values

Question 69

Compared with fraternal twins,identical twins are likely to be ________ similar in intelligence and _________ similar in personality.

A) no more;no more
B) no more;more
C) more;no more
D) more;more

Question 70

Characteristics that are genetically transferred from parents to their offspring are said to be a product of

A) epigenetics.
B) heredity.
C) shared family environments.
D) behavior genetics.

Question 71

Researchers studying mice have found that in utero exposure to certain chemicals can cause genetically identical twins to have different colored fur.This is best explained by the fact that genetically linked traits can be modified by

A) serotonin molecules.
B) epigenetic marks.
C) a reactive temperament.
D) chromosomes.

Question 72

Every nongenetic influence,from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us,is an aspect of our

A) temperament.
B) genome.
C) environment.
D) heritability.

Question 73

The impact of our cultural backgrounds on the development of our personal values best illustrates the influence of

A) temperament.
B) epigenetic marks.
C) heritability.
D) the environment.

Question 74

The genome is the complete

A) collection of sexual characteristics regulated by sex hormones.
B) range of traits that makes up our temperament.
C) set of genetic materials in an organism's chromosomes.
D) set of interactions between genes and environments.

Question 75

The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior is known as

A) molecular genetics.
B) epigenetics.
C) behavior genetics.
D) genome research.

Question 76

Anxious,inhibited infants become more physiologically aroused when facing new or strange situations.This best illustrates the impact of

A) high serotonin levels.
B) temperament.
C) epigenetic molecules.
D) extraversion.

Question 77

Adopted children are especially likely to have similar ________ if raised in the same home.

A) temperaments
B) genomes
C) personality traits
D) attitudes

Question 78

Two individuals are most likely to differ in personality if they are

A) fraternal twins who were raised together.
B) identical twins who were raised apart.
C) fraternal twins who were raised apart.
D) identical twins who were raised together.

Question 79

One's biologically rooted temperament helps form one's enduring

A) genome.
B) personality.
C) chromosomes.
D) epigenetic marks.

Question 80

A behavior geneticist would be most interested in studying hereditary influences on

A) skin color.
B) sexual anatomy.
C) physical attractiveness.
D) personality traits.