Deck 8: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years

Question 1

The ____________ approach believes children learn gender-related behaviors and expectations by observing others and how they are rewarded for acting in gender-appropriate ways.

A)Freudian
B)social learning
C)Erikson's conflict resolution
D)individualistic orientation

Answer 1

B

Question 2

What is a sex-related biological characteristic that affects gender-based behaviors?

A)height and weight
B)hormones
C)brain size and development
D)prenatal development

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Who was the psychoanalyst who suggested that during the preschool years,children face conflict relating to initiative?

A)Freud
B)Erikson
C)Vygotsky
D)Skinner

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Gender,the sense of being male or female,is well established by the time children are

A)adolescent age.
B)around 8 years old.
C)infants.
D)preschool age.

Question 5

Robbie is a 4-year-old boy in the U.S.who is encouraged to stand out from the rest and make his needs known.Sean is a 4-year-old boy in Japan who is encouraged to blend in and refrain from making himself distinct.Robbie is growing up with a(n)_________,and Sean is growing up with _______.

A)self-concept;no self-concept
B)self-concept;a collectivistic orientation
C)individualistic orientation;a collectivistic orientation
D)individualistic orientation;no self-concept

Question 6

What is the term for a person's identity,or set of beliefs about what one is like as an individual?

A)individualistic orientation
B)self-concept
C)psychosocial development
D)ego

Question 7

On the preschool playground,which of the following couples is most likely to be playing together before the others?

A)a Hispanic American girl and a Caucasian American boy
B)an African American boy and a Hispanic American girl
C)a Caucasian American boy and a Hispanic American boy
D)an African American girl and a Caucasian American girl

Question 8

Research indicates that when girls are exposed to unusually high levels of ________ prenatally,they are more likely to display stereotypical male behaviors.

A)testosterone
B)estrogen
C)androgens
D)toxins

Question 9

When 4-year-old Allison is allowed to decide what to wear from several choices her mother presents to her,she is likely to develop

A)initiative.
B)autonomy.
C)self-concept.
D)individualistic orientation.

Question 10

The philosophy of ______________ emphasizes personal identity and the uniqueness of the individual.

A)psychosocial development
B)eastern culture
C)collectivistic orientation
D)individualistic orientation

Question 11

What is the term for the phenomenon in which minority children indicate preferences for majority values or people?

A)race dissonance
B)ethnic preference
C)race identity
D)cultural identity

Question 12

What is the term for the philosophy that promotes interdependence?

A)nationalism
B)collectivistic orientation
C)individualistic orientation
D)socialism

Question 13

Four-year-old Sheila,an African American,is asked to choose between pictures of white children and black children.According to research regarding racial dissonance,Shelia is most likely to have negative feelings toward

A)pictures of white children.
B)pictures of black children.
C)pictures of black and white children together.
D)neither of the pictures.

Question 14

According to Erikson,what is the term for development that encompasses changes both in the understanding individuals have of themselves as members of society and in their comprehension of the meaning of others' behavior(s)?

A)initiative-versus-guilt
B)self-concept
C)psychosocial development
D)individualistic orientation

Question 15

Five-year-old Randy is in preschool,and his teacher is trying to show him how to use a pair of children's scissors to cut paper.Randy tries to show his independence and ability to use the scissors without assistance and says to his teacher,"Let me." Erikson may say that Randy is demonstrating what stage of development?

A)individualistic orientation
B)psychosocial development
C)initiative-versus-guilt
D)self-concept

Question 16

Preschool-age children's view of themselves also reflects the way their culture views self.For example,many Asian societies tend to have

A)an individualistic orientation.
B)a self-concept orientation.
C)a collectivistic orientation.
D)a nationalistic orientation.

Question 17

The preschool years largely encompass what Erikson called the ____________ stage.

A)self-concept
B)autonomy-versus-shame
C)individualistic orientation
D)initiative-versus-guilt

Question 18

According to Erikson,children 3 to 6 years of age experience conflict between independence of action and the results of that action during the

A)initiative-versus-guilt stage.
B)autonomy-versus-shame stage.
C)individualistic orientation.
D)collectivistic orientation.

Question 19

Western cultures,unlike many Asian cultures,foster a view of self that is reflected in a(n)

A)self-concept.
B)collectivistic orientation.
C)initiative-versus-guilt stage.
D)individualistic orientation.

Question 20

Five-year-old Wendel is new to his kindergarten classroom.His teacher tries to use open and friendly questions to build rapport with him.His teacher asks him what he is good at and what he likes.Wendel responds,"I can run fast" and "I like to eat pizza." Wendel's responses are examples of his

A)individualistic orientation.
B)autonomy.
C)self-concept.
D)psychosocial development.

Question 21

What type of play involves action in which children play with similar toys,in a similar manner,but do not interact with each other?

A)associative
B)functional
C)onlooker
D)parallel

Question 22

Functional play is typical of

A)2-year-olds.
B)5-year-olds.
C)3-year-olds.
D)infants.

Question 23

What is the term for the perception of oneself as male or female?

A)sexual identity
B)individualistic orientation
C)gender schema
D)gender identity

Question 24

What is the term for play in which children manipulate objects to produce or build something?

A)functional
B)parallel
C)cooperative
D)constructive

Question 25

At approximately what age do boys and girls tend to understand the concept of gender constancy?

A)4 or 5 years of age
B)3 years of age
C)8 years of age
D)2 years of age

Question 26

Raul and Raymond are 3 years old,and the main benefit they get out of being friends is

A)the enjoyment of carrying out shared activities.
B)trust,support,and shared interests.
C)the give-and-take of competing with each other in games.
D)the intellectual stimulation of conversation and learning activities.

Question 27

The concept that preschool-age children believe that differences in sex are based not on biological factors,but on the differences in boys' and girls' appearance and/or behavior(s),is expressed by what researcher and theory?

A)Skinner;social learning theory
B)Freud;psychoanalytic theory
C)Erikson;conflict-resolution theory
D)Kohlberg;cognitive-developmental theory

Question 28

When a preschool-age child is developing a gender schema,he/she is

A)developing his/her own sexual identity based on inborn expectations.
B)increasing his/her own cognitive abilities to develop "rules" about what is right and wrong for males and females.
C)developing his/her own ideas about how males and females are biologically different.
D)developing his/her behaviors solely around what he/she sees from parents' behavior(s).

Question 29

What is the term for action in which children simply watch others at play,but do not actually participate themselves?

A)associative
B)parallel
C)onlooker
D)functional

Question 30

Five-year-old Amy is getting dressed to go to preschool,and her mother has bought her brand new jeans to wear.However,Amy refuses and insists that girls wear only dresses.This may be an example of

A)gender constancy.
B)autonomy.
C)gender schema.
D)gender identity.

Question 31

Marion and her husband Bill are trying to bring up their children,a boy and a girl ages 4 and 5,respectively,in exactly the same way: encouraging their son to demonstrate both assertiveness as well as tenderness,and encouraging their daughter to exhibit both independence and empathy.According to the researcher Sandra Bem,these parents are encouraging their children toward

A)gender constancy.
B)gender schema.
C)androgynous characteristics.
D)gender identification.

Question 32

What is the term for a state in which gender roles encompass characteristics thought typical of both sexes?

A)gender identity
B)androgynous
C)gender schema
D)gender constancy

Question 33

In order to develop a(n)___________,a child must develop a(n)________.

A)gender schema;gender identity
B)gender identity;gender schema
C)self-concept;gender identity
D)individualistic orientation;gender schema

Question 34

Which of the following is the best example of functional play?

A)skipping or jumping
B)checkers
C)adding items like cookies to see how many there are
D)playing with Legos to build objects

Question 35

When 4-year-old Anna uses Legos to build a playhouse,or puts a puzzle together,this is an example of

A)functional play.
B)parallel play.
C)constructive play.
D)associative play.

Question 36

Constructive play is typical of

A)6-year-olds.
B)4-year-olds.
C)infants.
D)3-year-olds.

Question 37

Preschoolers' peer relationships are based on

A)care,protection,and direction.
B)intellectual stimulation and cognitive growth.
C)building skills through competition.
D)the desire for companionship,play,and fun.

Question 38

Melissa is sitting at her preschool table playing with a toy car,while Alex is sitting next to her playing with a toy car and making quiet engine sounds.These two children never interact together.What type of play are these two children engaged in?

A)parallel
B)onlooker
C)functional
D)associative

Question 39

What is the term for play that involves simple,repetitive activities typical of 3-year-olds?

A)constructive
B)simple
C)functional
D)associative

Question 40

_______________ is the belief that people are permanently males or females depending on fixed,unchangeable biological factors.

A)Gender schema
B)Gender constancy
C)Gender identity
D)Sexual identity

Question 41

Maurice is a child who lives with a single parent.In 1960,less than ___ percent of children under the age of 18 lived in single parent homes.

A)22
B)55
C)10
D)33

Question 42

What is the term for play in which two or more children actually interact with one another by sharing or borrowing toys or materials,although they do not do the same thing?

A)functional
B)associative
C)parallel
D)onlooker

Question 43

In preschool one day,5 children decided to help each other build a fort with the items that were available to them.Each child took it upon him/herself to find objects in the classroom that could be put together to build a fort.This is an example of

A)associative play.
B)parallel play.
C)functional play.
D)onlooker play.

Question 44

When do associative and cooperative play tend to become most common in children?

A)in infancy
B)when children are 1 to 2 years old
C)when children are 2 to 3 years old
D)at the end of the preschool years

Question 45

In its most extreme form,_________ parenting results in neglect.

A)permissive
B)authoritative
C)uninvolved
D)authoritarian

Question 46

Children with autism find it particularly difficult to relate to others,in part,because they find it difficult to

A)listen to others.
B)pay attention.
C)understand what others are thinking.
D)use visualization.

Question 47

The _________________ parenting style includes parental warmth,proactive teaching,calm discussion during disciplinary episodes,and interest and involvement in their children and peers' activities.

A)authoritarian
B)authoritative or supportive
C)involved
D)permissive

Question 48

What is the term for parents who are firm,set clear and consistent limits,and try to reason with their children,giving explanations for why they should behave in a particular way?

A)authoritarian
B)permissive
C)involved
D)authoritative

Question 49

Lucas is a three year old who has begun to play make believe and can understand when his friend is feeling sad.Developmental psychologists would say that Lucas has developed

A)theory of the mind.
B)authoritarian style.
C)permissive play style.
D)decreased myelination of the frontal lobe.

Question 50

Meredith's 5-year-old friends at the playground run around from the rides to the slides,but Meredith's mother told her she had to stay on the swings and not move to another place in the playground.When Meredith complained that the other children were allowed to play where they wanted,Meredith's mother told her to stay on the swings "because I said so." This is an example of

A)involved parenting.
B)authoritarian parenting.
C)permissive parenting.
D)authoritative parenting.

Question 51

What is the term for parents who provide lax and inconsistent feedback and require little of their children?

A)authoritarian
B)authoritative
C)involved
D)permissive

Question 52

Several 4-year-old boys are sitting at a table playing with cars in a makeshift race,and one boy stands by the table watching them.Occasionally,the boy who is standing calls out for the green car to go faster.This is an example of

A)functional play.
B)parallel play.
C)onlooker play.
D)associative play.

Question 53

What is the term for play in which children genuinely interact with one another,taking turns,playing games,or devising contests?

A)associative
B)functional
C)cooperative
D)parallel

Question 54

Billy is a 5-year-old child who does not have a regular bedtime,is permitted to neglect personal hygiene such as brushing his teeth,and doesn't usually participate in any simple chores,such as picking up his toys in his room.It would appear that Billy parents' style of parenting is

A)permissive.
B)authoritarian.
C)involved.
D)authoritative.

Question 55

Five-year-old Benjamin and his younger sister were playing together in the living room,and his sister grabbed at the toy that Benjamin was playing with.He lashed out at his sister and punched her in the arm and took back the toy,making her cry.Benjamin's mother immediately took Benjamin aside and,rather than punishing him,tried to explain how his choice of behavior made his sister cry,and that he needs to learn to share his toys.This is an example of what type of parenting style?

A)authoritative
B)permissive
C)authoritarian
D)uninvolved

Question 56

The difference between a 3-year-old's development of "pretend" compared to his/her development of "belief" can be illustrated by

A)show and tell.
B)hide and seek.
C)false belief task.
D)truth or dare.

Question 57

Three children in the preschool class are working to complete puzzles,and they all take turns fitting in the pieces.This is an example of

A)cooperative play.
B)associative play.
C)parallel play.
D)functional play.

Question 58

What type of parents show almost no interest in their children and demonstrate indifferent,rejecting behavior(s)?

A)permissive
B)authoritative
C)authoritarian
D)uninvolved

Question 59

What is the term for parents who are controlling,punitive,rigid,cold,and whose word is law?

A)authoritative
B)involved
C)authoritarian
D)permissive

Question 60

Isabelle lives in a household where her parents are gone most of the time.Even when they are home,Isabelle goes to school with dirty clothes and no breakfast.What type of parents is Isabelle likely to have?

A)uninvolved
B)permissive
C)authoritarian
D)authoritative

Question 61

A group of 4- to 7-year-old children play a game of tag on the playground rigidly,assuming that there is only one way to play.This is an example of

A)resilience.
B)preschool morality.
C)heteronomous morality.
D)incipient cooperation stage.

Question 62

Steven is an abused 4-year-old child.Which of the following is a likely contributor to his situation?

A)Steven is a quiet child who is shy and unlikely to report wrongdoing by an adult.
B)Steven's stepfather is his abuser.
C)Steven's biological father is his abuser.
D)Steven resides with his grandparents and biological mother.

Question 63

When considering the signs of child abuse,which of the following is most likely to be an indication that a child has been abused?

A)forming incredibly close friendships with peers to replace family
B)over-affectionate behavior from the child;he/she wants to be held and nurtured all the time
C)extreme behavior including highly aggressive or highly withdrawn or passive behavior
D)showing non-responsive reactions when hurt during normal rough and tumble play

Question 64

Randy watches Mandy put a piece of candy in a drawer and leave the room.Mandy's friend comes in and moves the candy into a cabinet.When asked,Randy says that Mandy will first look for her candy in the cabinet.This is an example of

A)a false belief task.
B)object permanence.
C)autism.
D)theory of mind.

Question 65

Which of the following is the most frequent form of child abuse?

A)sexual
B)psychological maltreatment
C)physical
D)neglect

Question 66

What is the term that refers to the changes in people's sense of justice and of what is right and wrong,and in their behavior related to moral issues?

A)law and order
B)morality
C)moral development
D)heteronomous morality

Question 67

What percentage of children who are raised in abusive households grow up to be abusive parents themselves?

A)50%
B)33%
C)25%
D)40%

Question 68

What is the term for the theory that the abuse and neglect that children suffer predispose them as adults to abuse and neglect their own children?

A)psychological maltreatment
B)victim-aggression theory
C)cycle of violence hypothesis
D)parent-child cycle

Question 69

While "spanking" may produce immediate compliance of children,the long-term side effects may include which of the following?

A)poorer mental health for both child and parent
B)higher levels of delinquency and anti-social behavior
C)that children are taught that violence is an acceptable solution to problems
D)the child will develop a greater sense of independence and autonomy,and will adhere to social and cultural norms

Question 70

Approximately how many children are physically injured by caretakers every year?

A)140,000
B)150,000
C)100,000
D)50,000

Question 71

A group of 7- to 10-year-old children are playing organized little league baseball.They have learned the formal rules of the game,and they play according to their shared knowledge;however,the rules are seen as unchangeable.Piaget would say that this is an example of

A)autonomous cooperation.
B)heteronomous morality.
C)incipient cooperation.
D)resilience.

Question 72

According to psychologist Emmy Werner,older children who are considered "resilient"

A)are socially pleasant,outgoing,and have good communication skills.
B)have strong independent streaks that allow them to be able to function without nurturing and assistance from others.
C)have parents with excellent parenting skills.
D)have been brought up in households that have relatively few stressors.

Question 73

The stress,fear,and terror accompanying abuse may also produce permanent changes in the brain due to _____________ of the ________.

A)understimulation;hypothalamus
B)overstimulation;limbic system
C)overstimulation;thalamus
D)understimulation;amygdala

Question 74

What is the term for abuse that occurs when parents or other caregivers harm children's behavioral,cognitive,emotional,or physical functioning?

A)cycle of violence hypothesis
B)parent-child cycle
C)victim-aggression theory
D)psychological maltreatment

Question 75

According to psychologist Emmy Werner,young children who are considered "resilient" have

A)affectionate,easygoing,and good-natured temperaments.
B)strong independent streaks that allow them to be able to function without nurturing and assistance from others.
C)parents with excellent parenting skills.
D)been brought up in households that have relatively few stressors.

Question 76

According to Piaget,what is the term for the earliest,broad stage of moral thinking in which rules are seen as invariant and unchangeable?

A)preschool morality
B)heteronomous morality
C)resilience
D)morality

Question 77

What is the term for the ability to overcome circumstances that place a child at high risk for psychological or physical change?

A)psychological maltreatment
B)cycle of violence hypothesis
C)resilience
D)character

Question 78

Five-year-old Amanda is walking through the grocery store with her mother,and Amanda accidentally knocks over a display.Her mother is furious with her,calls Amanda names,and tells Amanda she is clumsy and stupid for causing a mess.This is an example of

A)cycle of violence hypothesis.
B)child abuse.
C)psychological maltreatment.
D)authoritarian parenting style.

Question 79

Approximately how many children are killed by their parents or caretakers every day?

A)10
B)5
C)15
D)25

Question 80

What two parts of the limbic system in the brain can be permanently altered as a result of childhood abuse?

A)prefrontal cortex and corpus callosum
B)thalamus and corpus callosum
C)temporal lobe and amygdala
D)hippocampus and amygdala