Deck 8: Social and Personality Development in Early Childhood

Question 1

Most children in Canada are doing well, regardless of the structure of their family.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The long-term negative effects of divorce are greater for boys than for girls.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

It is important to keep in mind that divorce is not a single variable, and many of the stressors that existed in a child's life before a divorce may continue to be present after divorce. Therefore, the developmental outcome for these children may have been the same had their parents stayed married.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

A Canadian study by Landy and Tam found that positive and supportive parenting can reduce the incidence of problems, especially for children in high-risk family situations such as low-income or parental depression.

Question 5

According to Erikson, the challenges of the autonomy versus shame stage of early childhood are triggered by disruptions in the child's attachment bond with her parents.

Question 6

The most consistently negative outcomes for children's behaviour and development have been associated with the authoritarian style of parenting.

Question 7

By the age of 2 or 3, children seem to understand that violating a social convention, such as failing to say "thank you," is less serious than violating a moral rule, such as taking another child's toy without permission.

Question 8

Remarriage does not resolve all family problems.

Question 9

The authoritative parenting style is high in nurturance, communication, clarity and consistency, and maturity demands.

Question 10

Recent theory suggests that cognitive growth and social growth occur separately.

Question 11

Theorists Maccoby and Martin completely rejected Baumrind's theory of parenting styles, and created their own four-step model which focuses on nurturance and demand.

Question 12

Children whose parents divorce have a higher risk of mental health problems in adulthood.

Question 13

Children who play house are engaging in parallel play.

Question 14

Roberta is a 3-year-old preschooler who has just written on the walls of her bedroom. Roberta knew this was not allowed. Her mother asks her to go to her "time out chair," and explains and reminds Roberta of what she has done and why she is being punished. This is an example of inductive discipline.

Question 15

Children living in step-families have higher rates of delinquency, behaviour problems in school, and lower grades than children in intact families.

Question 16

Although in decline, the dominant family structure in Canada is still children living with married parents.

Question 17

The parenting style that is most likely to use inductive discipline is the authoritarian type.

Question 18

Children who are raised by gay or lesbian parents typically develop gay or lesbian sex-role identities.

Question 19

A large number of children aged 4 to 6 bully other children.

Question 20

Inductive discipline is a negative parenting strategy in which parents instruct the child in a never-ending list of demands in order to help the child meet their intended goals.

Question 21

The enabling style of interacting involves being supportive, expressing agreement, and making suggestions; it is commonly exhibited by girls.

Question 22

The high percentage of positive outcomes for Asian children parented by the authoritarian parenting style is proof that authoritarian parenting is the most effective style.

Question 23

Being a tomboy does not interfere with the development of a "feminine" personality in adulthood.

Question 24

The poor live in more chaotic environments, are more highly stressed, and have fewer psychological and social resources than those who are more economically secure.

Question 25

Prosocial attributions such as "You're such a helpful boy!" help to create an internalized pattern of prosocial behaviour that will persist throughout the individual's lifespan.

Question 26

Around age 4, the child's internalized attachment model changes to become more of a general property of all the child's social relationships.

Question 27

The emerging field of epigenetics suggests that children come into the world with aggressive predispositions rather than starting out as "innocents" who acquire aggressiveness.

Question 28

In Canada, the law allows a child to be hit with an object as long as it is part of genuine effort to educate the child.

Question 29

Infant temperament doesn't necessarily dictate the kind of personality a child will develop.

Question 30

By age 6, most of the neurological changes that are precursors to lifelong learning, behaviour, and health are complete.

Question 31

The developmental ability that initiates the developmental crisis of initiative versus guilt is

A) the ability to see another's point of view.
B) altruism.
C) social referencing.
D) the ability to plan.

Question 32

Self-regulation is a skill associated with the development of the social self.

Question 33

The ability to label one's own gender correctly and to identify others as men and women is called "gender stability."

Question 34

The preschool years, from age 2 to 6, include which two of Erikson's stages of development?

A) oral; anal
B) trust versus mistrust; identity development versus confusion
C) autonomy versus shame and doubt; initiative versus guilt
D) vertical relationships; horizontal relationships

Question 35

According to Erikson, a preschooler's development is centered on her

A) new mobility and her accompanying desire for autonomy.
B) identification with her mother and the resulting competition for her father.
C) increased operational efficiency and the expanded capacity of cognitive short-term storage space.
D) improved manipulative and locomotor skills.

Question 36

A Canadian study showed that stereotyped ideas of sex-role knowledge do not start early in a child's development. You will be hard pressed to hear a 3-year-old say "Mommy cooks and Daddy fixes the car."

Question 37

Understanding that gender is a stable, life-long characteristic is termed "gender stability."

Question 38

A child who pushes her playmate away and grabs his toy is reinforced for her aggression because she gets the toy.

Question 39

Freud's view of children's development during the preschool years focused on ________ development.

A) psychosocial
B) psychosexual
C) psychocognitive
D) psychophysical

Question 40

If a parent exhibits prosocial behaviour, the child will tend to exhibit the same behaviour.

Question 41

Children whose parents have high maturity demands, compared to children whose parents have low expectations, possess all of the following characteristics EXCEPT

A) more altruism.
B) more generosity.
C) higher self-esteem.
D) more noncompliance.

Question 42

The permissive parenting style consists of

A) low nurturance and high communication.
B) high control and low communication.
C) low maturity demands and low nurturance.
D) high nurturance and low maturity demands, control, and communication.

Question 43

A central theme that emerges from both Freud's and Erikson's views of development during the preschool period is that

A) language, cognition, and motor skills are developmentally intertwined, and one aspect of development supports other aspects of development.
B) the basis for children's social and personality development is their cognitive development.
C) children's sexual development is triggered by social and emotional interactions with peers.
D) families must balance their children's emerging skills and desire for autonomy with the parental need to protect and control their children.

Question 44

By age 5, children are more likely to remember the faces of people of their own race than those of people of a different race. This phenomenon is called

A) racial-bias effect.
B) cross-race effect.
C) ethnocentric effect.
D) similarity-difference effect.

Question 45

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the attachment relationships of children in early childhood?

A) In early childhood, the child's internal model of attachment appears to generalize and become a property of all the child's social relationships.
B) A preschooler does not yet understand that relationships continue to exist in the absence of the attachment figure.
C) Two- and three-year-olds who are securely attached to their parents are more likely than insecurely attached children to have positive relationships with their preschool teachers.
D) The nature of the attachment relationship undergoes change at about age eight.

Question 46

Young children rely on two factors as they categorize or classify people:

A) their most recent interactions with a person and that person's observable characteristics.
B) the other person's moral rules and social graces.
C) their own internal models of attachment and their metacognitions about the other person.
D) their own powers of observation and previous social experiences with similar people.

Question 47

By the age of ________, children may say that it is more wrong for a child to hit another person than it is to forget to say "please."

A) 1 year
B) 2 to 3 years
C) 6 years
D) 4 to 5 years

Question 48

Canadian research indicates that children in high-risk family situations

A) outgrow their behaviour problems by adolescence.
B) always have behaviour problems.
C) are more empathetic to other children with family problems.
D) benefit from positive and nurturing parents.

Question 49

Which of the following is NOT a dimension of family functioning as conceptualized by Diana Baumrind in her study of parenting styles?

A) warmth or nurturance
B) discipline
C) clear and consistent rules
D) maturity demands

Question 50

According to Diana Baumrind, the ________ parent is high in nurturance but low in maturity demands, control, and communication.

A) permissive
B) authoritarian
C) neglecting
D) authoritative

Question 51

Which of the following is NOT a true statement about preschoolers' social-cognitive perspectives?

A) Preschoolers may demonstrate an understanding that intentional wrongdoing deserves greater punishment than accidental violations of rules.
B) By kindergarten age, a child can demonstrate person perception by identifying her smartest playmate.
C) Preschoolers' judgments about others may be inconsistent because they may be based on the child's most recent interactions with the person being judged.
D) Preschoolers are generally unable to differentiate between violations of social conventions and violations of moral rules.

Question 52

According to Diana Baumrind, the ________ parent is high in control and maturity demands but low in nurturance and communication.

A) authoritarian
B) neglecting
C) permissive
D) authoritative

Question 53

Which of the following is the best example of the typical pattern of obedience to parents' wishes for a 2-year-old?

A) When her father said, "No, you can't talk to Grandma now," Elizabeth alternately whined and threw tantrums for 30 minutes.
B) When Muhammed's mother said, "Muhammed, pick up your toys and put them away," Muhammed began to push his cars and trucks toward the toy box.
C) When his father said, "Let's go. It's beginning to rain," Stathis said, "No! Won't go!" and continued to play.
D) When his mother said, "Be careful! Don't spill your juice!" Benjamin angrily threw the glass on the floor.

Question 54

Concerning child poverty, the Early Years Study recommended

A) school-based breakfast programs.
B) increased food and shelter allowances for poor families.
C) stricter enforcement of child-welfare laws.
D) radical social policy change to support young children.

Question 55

Shaking hands with another person when you meet them is an example of a(n)

A) moral rule.
B) social convention.
C) understanding of others' intentions.
D) person perception.

Question 56

Authoritarian and authoritative parents would vary most widely on which of the following dimensions of parenting?

A) control
B) expectations
C) warmth and nurturance
D) maturity demands

Question 57

Yelena, age 7, says her best friend Ashley is the prettiest, smartest, nicest girl in the class. Yelena's description demonstrates the new found skill of early childhood called

A) social judgment.
B) person perception.
C) meaning in friendship.
D) observation and categorization.

Question 58

Children who can classify other people into groups such as "people who are nice" and "people who are mean" are demonstrating

A) person perception.
B) perception-bound thought.
C) egocentrism.
D) reciprocity of relationships.

Question 59

Researchers have found that children begin to respond differently to violations of social conventions and moral rules between the ages of __________________.

A) 2 and 3
B) 6 and 7
C) 1 and 2
D) 4 and 5

Question 60

The theory that suggests that social and emotional development is driven by growth in cognitive abilities is called

A) biopsychosocial theory.
B) social-cognitive theory.
C) information-processing theory.
D) cognitive development theory.

Question 61

Maccoby and Martin conceptualized parenting on the dimensions of ________ and ________.

A) the child's form of attachment; the child's maturity level
B) communication; discipline
C) level of control or demand; level of acceptance
D) the parent's personality; the child's temperament

Question 62

The optimum family structure for children's development is

A) any structure that meets the child's needs.
B) a structure that contains at least one biological parent.
C) undetermined due to lack of research.
D) two natural parents.

Question 63

In Canada, approximately what percentage of children live in two-parent homes?

A) 38%
B) 72%
C) 50%
D) 64%

Question 64

All of the following are known to be long-term effects experienced by children whose parents divorce EXCEPT

A) higher rates of unmarried pregnancies.
B) higher risk of mental health problems in adulthood.
C) lack of financial and emotional support to succeed in college.
D) fear of intimacy in relationships.

Question 65

Children of gay or lesbian parents

A) experience sex-role identity confusion.
B) are less psychologically healthy than their peers.
C) are likely to be heterosexual.
D) are more intelligent than their peers.

Question 66

Chao and Willms' research found that the largest proportion of Canadian parents were

A) authoritarian.
B) permissive.
C) enmeshed.
D) authoritative.

Question 67

Between 1981 and 2011, the number of school-aged children living with a lone-parent family

A) decreased.
B) stayed the same.
C) increased.
D) increased for families living in urban areas.

Question 68

In Canada, the dominant family structure is

A) the lone-parent family.
B) the divorced family.
C) the two-parent family in which the couple is married.
D) the two-parent family in which the couple is living common-law.

Question 69

In the four dimensions of parent-child interactions, the dimension that uses sarcasm, insults, and mixes anger with punishment is called

A) punitive/aversive.
B) hostile/ineffective.
C) positive.
D) consistent.

Question 70

Neglectful or uninvolved parenting may have its origins in

A) the immaturity of the parents.
B) inadequate bonding time between parent and child.
C) parental depression or overwhelming stress.
D) low socioeconomic status.

Question 71

Which parenting style is linked to the best outcome for the child?

A) uninvolved
B) authoritarian
C) authoritative
D) permissive

Question 72

The parenting style that is quite militant, where there are high levels of demand and control, and low levels of warmth and communication, is the ________ type.

A) permissive
B) authoritarian
C) authoritative
D) uninvolved

Question 73

Which of the following is the best example of inductive discipline?

A) Beverly's parents explained that she was being punished because it was wrong to take money from her mother's purse without permission.
B) Jarod was punished for fighting even though the other child started the fight.
C) As punishment for their careless mental mistakes during practice, the team had to run five extra laps.
D) Mr. Smith said, "Because I said so!" when his daughters asked why they were forbidden to go to the mall.

Question 74

In the four dimensions of parent-child interactions, the dimension that uses intimidation by shouting or by using physical punishment is called

A) punitive/aversive.
B) hostile/ineffective.
C) positive.
D) consistent.

Question 75

In the first few years after divorce, children show all of the following characteristics EXCEPT

A) school performance usually declines.
B) more aggressive, defiant, or negative behaviour.
C) a greater likelihood of experimenting with drugs and alcohol in pre-adolescence (10-12).
D) a greater likelihood of engaging in criminal behaviour in adolescence (13-19).

Question 76

One factor which increases the impact of lone parenthood is

A) gender of the parent.
B) income level of the family.
C) amount of contact with the non-custodial parent.
D) age of the child.

Question 77

A study by Johnson and Cremo into Aboriginal child-rearing practices in Canada indicated that

A) parenting style tends to change to correspond to cultural context.
B) most Aboriginal families use an authoritarian style.
C) parenting styles have the same impact in all cultures.
D) socioeconomic status has the largest influence on children's behaviour.

Question 78

Children whose parents use the authoritative parenting style tend to

A) be more compliant.
B) have high self-esteem.
C) be independent.
D) all of the above

Question 79

Parents' explaining why a punished behaviour is wrong is called

A) uninvolved discipline.
B) permissive discipline.
C) inductive discipline.
D) hostile discipline.

Question 80

Parents who tend to be vulnerable to a range of problems (e.g., higher rates of emotional disorders, chronic stress, etc.) fall under the category of

A) custodial grandparents.
B) lone parents.
C) gay parents.
D) lesbian parents.