Deck 2: Section 2: Ethics and Criminal Justice Research

Question 1

Federal regulations and IRB guidelines address other potential ethical issues in social research. Foremost among these is the typical IRB requirement for dealing with the ethical principle of _____.

A) Mandatory participation
B)
B) Voluntary participation
C) Assigned participation
D) Experimental participation
The correct answer is

Answer 1

B
Explanation:
A. This is an incorrect answer because mandatory participation will not allow the participant to stay in control. When the participant is not free to stop participation any time he/she feels uncomfortable, the data collected may be biased.
B. The correct answer is "B" because Voluntary participation allows the participant to stay in control. The participant is free to stop participation any time he/she feels uncomfortable.
C. This is an incorrect answer because assigned participation will not allow the participant to stay in control. When the participant is not free to stop participation any time he/she feels uncomfortable, the data collected may be biased.
D. This is an incorrect answer because experimental participation will not allow the participant to stay in control. When the participant is not free to stop participation any time he/she feels uncomfortable, the data collected may be biased.

Question 2

One of the most important potential ethical issue in social research addressed by the Federal regulations and IRB guidelines is the typical IRB requirement for dealing with the ethical principle of _____.

A) mandatory participation .
B) assigned participation.
C) involuntary participation.
D)
D) voluntary participation.
The correct answer is

Answer 2

D
Explanation:
A. This is an incorrect answer because one of the most important potential ethical issue in social research addressed by the Federal regulations and IRB guidelines is the typical IRB requirement for dealing with the ethical principle of voluntary participation not of mandatory participation.
B. This is an incorrect answer because one of the most important potential ethical issue in social research addressed by the Federal regulations and IRB guidelines is the typical IRB requirement for dealing with the ethical principle of voluntary participation not of assigned participation.
C. This is an incorrect answer because one of the most important potential ethical issue in social research addressed by the Federal regulations and IRB guidelines is the typical IRB requirement for dealing with the ethical principle of voluntary participation not of involuntary participation.
D. This is the correct answer because one of the most important potential ethical issue in social research addressed by the Federal regulations and IRB guidelines is the typical IRB requirement for dealing with the ethical principle of voluntary participation not of mandatory participation.
Ref. Institutional Review Boards

Question 3

Federal regulations on human subjects include special provisions for certain types of subjects. These subjects are called _____.
A)

A) Special populations
B) Juveniles
C) Prisoners
D) Elderly
The correct answer is

Answer 3

A
Explanation:
A. The correct answer is "A" because the Federal regulations on human subjects allows special provisions for certain types of subjects. These subjects are called special populations.
B. This is an incorrect answer because the Federal regulations on human subjects allows special provisions for certain types of subjects. These subjects are called special populations and Juveniles are one of those groups.
C. This is an incorrect answer because the Federal regulations on human subjects allows special provisions for certain types of subjects. These subjects are called special populations and prisoners are one of those groups.
D. This is an incorrect answer because the Federal regulations on human subjects allows special provisions for certain types of subjects. These subjects are called special populations and elderly are not one of those groups.
Ref. Promoting Compliance with Ethical Principles

Question 4

Criminal justice research has the potential to produce both physical and psychological harm, as well as embarrassment.

Question 5

Two main ways of promoting compliance with ethical principles are ______.

A) Research staff and Executives.
B) Research Personnel and Researchers themselves
C) Consumer and Marketing research Boards.
D) Codes of ethics and institutional review boards

Question 6

One of the two general purposes of the Institutional Review Boards is to determine that there are adequate safeguards regarding the safety, confidentiality, and

A) of Institutional Review Committees
B) of Institutional Review Boards
C) of Governmental Review Agencies
D)
D) of human subjects
The correct answer is

Question 7

Two ways to protect the privacy of research subjects are _____.

A) Mandatory participation and informed consent
B)
B) Anonymity and confidentiality *
C) Legal liability and personal harm
D) Monetary rewards and participation
The correct answer is

Question 8

Weighing the potential benefits from doing research against the possibility of harm to the people being studied-or harm to other people-is a fundamental ethical dilemma in all research.

Question 9

In most studies that involve juveniles, consent must be obtained _____.

A) from juveniles
B) from juveniles' parents or guardians
C)
C) both from parents or guardians and from the juvenile subjects themselves
D) neither from juveniles' parents or guardians
The correct answer is

Question 10

Criminal justice research may generate special ethical questions, including the potential for _____.
A)

A) legal liability and physical harm
B) undesirable responses
C) illegal searches and discussions
D) legal discussions leading to closer monitoring
The correct answer is

Question 11

Most scientists agree that research should not harm subjects unless they willingly and knowingly _____.

A) try to harm the researchers
B) attack the researchers
C)
C) accept the risks of harm
D) prepare an agenda that specifies the potential harm.
The correct answer is

Question 12

Government agencies and nongovernment organizations including universities) that conduct research involving human subjects must establish review committees. These committees are called _____.

A) Institutional Review Committees.
B)
B) Institutional Review Boards.
C) Governmental Review Agencies.
D) Nongovernment organizations
The correct answer is

Question 13

Under HHS regulations, virtually all research that uses human subjects in any way, including simply asking people questions, is subject to ____________________.
A)

A) Institutional Review Board Review.
B) Institutional Review Committee Review.
C) Governmental Review Panels' Review.
D) Human subjects Review.
The correct answer is

Question 14

A major tenet of medical research ethics is that experimental participation must be mandatory.

Question 15

The potential for psychological harm to subjects exists when interviews are used to collect information.

Question 16

Juveniles' status as a special population of human subjects reflects the legal status of juveniles, as well as their _____.
A)

A) capacity to grant informed consent.
B) capacity to hold trial.
C) capacity to grant informed consent for their friends.
D) capacity to grant informed consent on behalf of their parents.
The correct answer is

Question 17

Institutional review boards IRBs) play an important role in ensuring that the rights and interests of human subjects are protected. But some social science researchers believe that IRBs are becoming too ______.
A)

A) restrictive.
B) emotional.
C) lenient.
D) indifferent.
The correct answer is

Question 18

The only research that may be exempt from IRB is the research that is conducted for educational purposes and studies that collect _________________________________.

A) Special population information only.
B) voluntary information only.
C) involuntary information only.
D)
D) anonymous information only.
The correct answer is

Question 19

Scientists agree that participation in research should, in general, be voluntary. This norm, however, can conflict with the ____________________________________________________.

A) personal need for generalizability
B) group need for generalizability
C) communal need for generalizability
D)
D) scientific need for generalizability
The correct answer is

Question 20

The researcher can lessen the potential for harm to the participant when doing research by putting themselves in the line of danger.