Deck 10: Managing Project Quality

Question 1

According to W. Edwards Deming's system of profound knowledge, knowledge of variation involves understanding statistical variation.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Walter Shewhart recognized that real processes seldom behaved like theoretical random distributions and tended to change with time.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Risk analysis is used to determine which of the risks the project faces could affect quality.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Statistical processes control methods cannot be used to maintain quality for large projects involving repetitive processes.

Question 5

According to the International Organization for Standardization ISO), quality is "two standard deviations above the norm."

Question 6

For normal distributions, about 95.4 percent of the measurements fall within one standard deviation on either side of the mean.

Question 7

Determining how well products meet grade requirements is done by taking measurements and then interpreting those measurements.

Question 8

In general, it costs less to produce and measure products that have small tolerances.

Question 9

One of Deming's fourteen principles of management includes continuing inspection on a mass basis in order to build quality into the product.

Question 10

Because projects are time sensitive, meeting activity finish dates is a common characteristic of quality work on a project that is typical of a requirement of a process manager.

Question 11

The first step in calculating the standard deviation is to take the square root.

Question 12

Quality management is an approach to work that has become increasingly important, as global cooperation and competition have increased.

Question 13

Kaizen is a Japanese concept of learning from the way a user applies a product in order to improve it.

Question 14

Almost any client specification can be met if the project manager has unlimited time and resources.

Question 15

In general, if the mean is three standard deviations from both control limits, the probability of a part exceeding the control limits from random variation is practically zero.

Question 16

The Deming approach represents one philosophy that is used in its entirety or not at all.

Question 17

The edges of a theoretical normal distribution curve reach zero.

Question 18

Because projects are temporary, spotting trends in samples produced by repetitive processes is not as important as considering quality in the planning of the project.

Question 19

To assist in developing standards for quality that would be the same between countries, an organization of 158 national standards groups formed the International Organization for Standardization ISO) that is headquartered in Switzerland.

Question 20

Cost of failure includes cost of conformance and cost of appraisal.

Question 21

_____ is the Japanese term for involvement of all members of the group.

A) Kanban
B) Kaizen
C) Atarimae hinshitsu
D) Kansei
E) Miryokuteki hinshitsu

Question 22

If the average height for adult men in the United States is approximately normally distributed with mean 70 inches and the standard deviation about 3 inches, it follows from the 68-95-99.7 rule that _____.

A) 68 percent of the men in the U.S. are between 64 inches and 67 inches in height
B) about 95 percent of the adult men in the U.S. are between 73 inches and 76 inches tall
C) 99.7 percent of the men in the U.S. are between 61 inches and 79 inches tall
D) 95 percent of men in the U.S. are between 61 inches and 64 inches tall
E) almost 99.7 percent of the men in the U.S. are between 61 inches and 76 inches tall

Question 23

An) _____ involves variations that can be attributed to a particular event or influence.

A) assignable cause
B) natural pattern
C) irregular variation
D) stable and predictable control
E) open source

Question 24

Measurements made on samples of a product must be between _____-upper and lower extremes of allowable variation.

A) parameters
B) nodes
C) leads
D) critical paths
E) control limits

Question 25

Deming described his philosophy as a system of profound knowledge, which has four parts. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

A) Appreciation of a system
B) Knowledge of variation
C) Theory of knowledge
D) Knowledge of psychology
E) Strategy of workforce planning

Question 26

For most people, the term quality implies _____-getting your money's worth.

A) trust
B) continuous improvement
C) creativity
D) good value
E) predictability

Question 27

An) _____ is a scatter chart with time on the horizontal axis and measurement scale on the vertical axis, displays the mean and control limits, and may mark two standard deviations from the mean.

A) histogram
B) control chart
C) Pareto chart
D) Gantt chart
E) affinity diagram

Question 28

Ford Motor Company adopted a Japanese approach to quality known in America as _____.

A) ISO 9000
B) ISO 9004
C) benchmarking
D) Total Quality Management
E) Six Sigma

Question 29

_____ is the management of production standards through statistical interpretation of random product measurements.

A) Quality logistics
B) Quality systems
C) Quality management
D) Quality assurance
E) Quality control

Question 30

According to Walter Shewhart, _____.

A) chance causes should be eliminated whenever possible
B) assignable causes could be ignored if they did not cause too much variation
C) the mean, upper control limit, and lower control limit are indicated by horizontal lines in the control chart
D) chance causes could be fixed
E) a control chart has time on the top axis and a plot of sample measurements

Question 31

_____ are the number of measurements that fall into defined bins.

A) Frequency distributions
B) Normal distributions
C) Gaussian distributions
D) Standard normal distributions
E) Exponential distributions

Question 32

A flowchart uses standard symbols to diagram a process that has branches.

Question 33

_____ are frequency distributions that look like a bell that is the result of offsetting random variations.

A) Bivariate joint frequency distributions
B) Central limit distributions
C) Univariate frequency distributions
D) Normal distributions
E) Marginal distributions

Question 34

Which of the following is

A) The first step in calculating the standard deviation is calculating the square root.
B) The second step in calculating the standard deviation is to subtract each measurement from the intermediate value and then square that difference.
C) The last step in calculating the standard deviation is to sum the squared values and divide by the number of values minus one.
D) Standard deviation is a type of average where the positive and negative numbers sum to zero.
E) The amount of difference of the measurements from the central value is called the sample standard deviation.

Question 35

As a rule, a cost-to-benefit analysis takes the form of a simple numeric ratio rather than a written analysis.

Question 36

Bins:

A) record the frequency of quality problems.
B) are the ranges of possible measurement values divided equally into subdivisions.
C) are frequency distributions that look like bins.
D) are categories of product or service requirements.
E) display the mean and control limits.

Question 37

Which of the following is one of Deming's fourteen principles of management?

A) Set targets for the work force asking for zero defects and new levels of productivity.
B) Develop work standards quotas) on the factory floor.
C) Institute a vigorous program of education and self-improvement.
D) Move toward multiple suppliers for any one item.
E) Establish the need for inspection on a mass basis.

Question 38

The idea that if variation is caused by several random factors, they will generally cancel each other out and most measurements will be near the middle of the range of variation is called the _____.

A) standard deviation
B) 68-95-99.7 rule
C) central limit theorem
D) focal point process
E) normal distribution

Question 39

The purpose of quality assurance is to create confidence that the quality plan and controls are working properly.

Question 40

During the initiation phase, data are collected by measuring samples according to the design specified in the plan.

Question 41

An) _____ is a review of the quality plan, procedures, data collection and analysis by an outside group.

A) scope document
B) project appraisal
C) cost performance index
D) analogous estimate
E) quality audit

Question 42

Describe standard deviation.

Question 43

Because projects are temporary, _____.

A) spotting trends in samples produced by repetitive processes is very important
B) quality in the planning of the project is not given much consideration
C) spotting trends in samples produced by repetitive processes is as important as considering quality in the planning of the project
D) the project manager must be able to provide documentation that demonstrates that the correct processes are in place to prevent quality failures
E) it is the project manager's responsibility to provide appropriate project requirements that will result in a facility that can produce quality products

Question 44

Which of the following is

A) Most flowcharts use one width of column to represent a category, while the vertical axis represents the frequency of occurrence.
B) If a particular method is a standard of quality, you can compare your organization's quality plan to it by flowcharting.
C) A flowchart shows the ratio of cost of increasing quality to the resulting benefit.
D) If some of the functions of a project are repetitive, flowcharting can be used to identify trends.
E) Flowcharting is useful for communicating responsibility for work processes.

Question 45

In 1948, the _____ established the rules for international trade in the postwar world.

A) General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
B) World Trade Organization
C) International Organization for Standardization
D) Bretton Woods system
E) Omnibus Foreign Trade and Competitiveness Act

Question 46

A _____ is a column chart that displays frequency of occurrence on the vertical axis.

A) histogram
B) flowchart
C) pictograph
D) run chart
E) control chart

Question 47

The cost of conformance _____.

A) involves managing returns, lawsuits, and product recalls
B) is the cost to improve quality
C) is the cost to measure and evaluate quality
D) could pertain to repairing bad parts before shipment
E) could pertain to retooling a manufacturing line to reduce failures

Question 48

What is the most critical aspect in developing a project plan that meets project specifications within the timeframe and at the lowest costs?

A) Risk management is the most important aspect of the project plan
B) Providing documents that specifically comply with the quality standards in use
C) Emphasizing error prevention and customer satisfaction
D) A requirement for commitment to quality by all the employees and their partners
E) Developing a project execution plan that matches the complexity level of the project

Question 49

In his book Out of Crisis, Deming described 14 principles of management to guide the implementation of his philosophy. List any five of these principles.

Question 50

Comparison of practices to standards or best practices in the same industry is called _____.

A) CPI
B) milestone scheduling
C) resource leveling
D) benchmarking
E) kaizen

Question 51

The _____ is the difference between the additional money spent on prevention and the corresponding reduction in the cost of failure.

A) cost-benefit analysis
B) implicit cost
C) cost of quality
D) variable cost
E) cost-utility analysis

Question 52

Atarimae hinshitsu _____.

A) is the Japanese concept of making things work as they are intended to work
B) is the Japanese term for involvement of all members of the group
C) is the Japanese concept of learning from the way a user applies the product in order to improve it
D) is the Japanese concept that things should have an aesthetic quality and be pleasing to use
E) is the Japanese term for a major overhaul of an activity to eliminate all waste and create greater value

Question 53

What are the recommended steps for implementing a quality management system QMS)?

Question 54

In which of the following ways does TQM differ from the Deming approach?

A) TQM represents one philosophy that is used in its entirety or not at all.
B) The Deming approach can be tailored to a particular environment.
C) TQM lacks the philosophy of adoption of the principles of profound knowledge.
D) Deming adapts to the situation which results in lack of constancy.
E) TQM insists on constancy of purpose.

Question 55

The _____ is a form for recording the frequency of quality problems.

A) quality audit
B) scope document
C) check sheet
D) milestone schedule
E) control chart

Question 56

_____ is a quality management system that gives titles to specialists and requires a cost-benefit analysis.

A) Lean accounting
B) Business process reengineering
C) Kaizen
D) Six Sigma
E) Total Quality Management

Question 57

A _____ is a column chart that shows frequency on the vertical axis that is sorted from largest to smallest with a line that shows the cumulative total.

A) PERT chart
B) run chart
C) Gantt chart
D) Pareto chart
E) control chart

Question 58

In which of the following ways are TQM and the Deming approach similar?

A) Both insist on constancy of purpose
B) Both require the adoption of principles of profound knowledge
C) Both represent one philosophy that is used in its entirety
D) Both adapt to the situation which results in reliability
E) Both agree that a long-term commitment is required by top management

Question 59

The _____ is a graphical representation of the contributing causes of a quality problem.

A) flowchart
B) fishbone diagram
C) control chart
D) histogram
E) mind map

Question 60

Which of the following pertains to ISO 9011?

A) Fundamentals and vocabulary for this group of quality standards.
B) Standards for evaluating the quality management processes in an organization.
C) Ways to extend benefits of ISO 9001 to employees, owners, suppliers, partners, and society in general.
D) It is a guide for top management for overall quality improvement.
E) Guidance for auditing a quality system.

Question 61

If the company that is providing the project management is separate from the client, the project budget will bear the cost of _____ while the client will reap the rewards of avoiding the costs of failure.

Question 62

What is the purpose of a quality audit?

Question 63

The _____ is the average found by summing the values and dividing by the number of values.

Question 64

In practice, the Six Sigma approach allows for a 1.5 sigma drift so it is really a 4.5 sigma standard that allows approximately _____ defects per million products.

Question 65

What are the two factors that all successful quality programs have?

Question 66

The quality plan specifies the control limits of the product or process; the size of the range between those limits is the _____.

Question 67

An) _____ is a category of product or service requirements.

Question 68

Shewhart introduced the control chart that is also known as a type of _____ chart.

Question 69

What are the sources of information for the planning process?

Question 70

_____ is the mathematical interpretation of numerical data.