Deck 16: The Age of Enlightenment: Rationalism and Its Uses

Question 1

Who advised her lawmaker husband to think more about the rights of women than his ancestors had?

A)Abigail Adams
B)Mary Wollstonecraft
C)Madame de Pompadour
D)Olympe de Gouges
E)Mary Jefferson

Answer 1

Abigail Adams

Question 2

Who wrote On Crimes and Punishments and espoused that legal systems should be reformed and incorporate the rehabilitation of offenders?

A)Beccaria
B)Voltaire
C)Paine
D)Rousseau
E)Smith

Answer 2

Beccaria

Question 3

Who wrote Emile and The Social Contract in 1762?

A)Jean-Jacques Rousseau
B)Montesquieu
C)John Locke
D)Denis Diderot
E)Voltaire

Answer 3

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Question 4

Jacques-Louis David's art,such as the Oath of the Horatii,exemplified

A)neoclassical realism.
B)abstract expressionism.
C)romantic escapism.
D)Catholic orthodoxy.
E)royalist mysticism.

Question 5

Who is credited with beginning the movement known as the Great Awakening?

A)George Whitefield
B)John Wesley
C)Samuel Richardson
D)Jonathan Edwards
E)Thomas Paine

Question 6

Who rebuked his countrymen for tolerating slavery even while they were calling for their own freedom from monarchical authority?

A)Thomas Paine
B)Samuel Richardson
C)John Wesley
D)George Whitefield
E)Rousseau

Question 7

Who participated in a literary debate at the beginning of the eighteenth century as leader of the "moderns," a group that believed the future could be better than the past?

A)Bernard de Fontenelle
B)Adam Smith
C)Immanual Kant
D)Pierre Bayle
E)Jonathan Swift

Question 8

The term "Enlightenment" was coined by

A)Immanuel Kant.
B)Adam Smith.
C)Francois Quesnay.
D)David Hume.
E)Baruch Spinoza.

Question 9

In what way was Mozart typical of composers of his day?

A)He supported himself by playing for private families and courts.
B)He was a child prodigy who died relatively early in life.
C)Mozart composed extremely quickly and was highly prolific.
D)He earned a substantial living from composing and performing.
E)He composed and played only religious pieces.

Question 10

Which of the following individuals was NOT a champion of women's rights during the Enlightenment?

A)Jean-Jacques Rousseau
B)Mary Wollstonecraft
C)Olympe de Gouge
D)Abigail Adams
E)Emilie de Chatelet

Question 11

During the eighteenth century,there was limited tolerance for religious minorities except in which countries?

A)England and the Netherlands
B)Spain and France
C)Portugal and Spain
D)England and Spain
E)the Netherlands and France

Question 12

What is the hands-off approach to economic development called?

A)laissez-faire
B)mercantilism
C)capitalism
D)libertarianism
E)socialism

Question 13

During the Enlightenment,a salon was an)

A)discussion circle in a private home,often hosted by a woman.
B)official reception with the king.
C)secret society open only to initiated members.
D)private bookstore selling radical pamphlets.
E)meeting place for lower class agitators,

Question 14

Who authored The Wealth of Nations,a groundbreaking work of political economy?

A)Adam Smith
B)Francois Quesnay
C)Madame de Pompadour
D)Mary Wollstonecraft
E)Olympe de Gouges

Question 15

Arguing that the deprivation of the majority was good for order,who wrote that "all students of politics agree that when the common people are too well off it is impossible to keep them peaceable"?

A)Cardinal Richelieu
B)Bernard de Fontenelle
C)Immanuel Kant
D)Adam Smith
E)Robespierre

Question 16

What writer criticized the constraints of society by declaring "Man is born free and everywhere is in chains"?

A)Rousseau
B)Voltaire
C)Diderot
D)Montesquieu
E)Kant

Question 17

Although Olympe de Gouges promoted radical ideas on a number of subjects,she was conservative in her views of

A)the monarchy.
B)the clergy.
C)the aristocracy.
D)motherhood.
E)slavery.

Question 18

Which thinker of the seventeenth century influenced Deists and Enlightenment thinkers by carrying forward the Reformation idea that sacred texts should be carefully subjected to reason and analysis?

A)Baruch Spinoza
B)David Hume
C)Francis Bacon
D)Isaac Newton
E)Thomas Paine

Question 19

Who edited the Encyclopedia,a distillation of science and Enlightenment ideas?

A)Denis Diderot
B)Voltaire
C)Pierre Bayle
D)Montesquieu
E)Madame Pompadour

Question 20

Which ruler used the ideas of the Enlightenment to improve the efficiency of the Russian government?

A)Catherine the Great
B)Peter the Great
C)Joseph II
D)Maria Teresa
E)Frederick the Great

Question 21

What problem did Austria face to a greater extent than other eighteenth-century states?

A)a diversity of nationalities with little in common
B)too small a territory to support its ambitions
C)a nobility and church too weak to be influential
D)a lack of enlightened leadership
E)overreliance on the military as an instrument of policy

Question 22

What two enlightened despots were personally engaged with the philosophes?

A)Frederick the Great and Catherine the Great
B)Frederick the Great and Joseph II
C)Catherine the Great and Joseph II
D)Louis XIV and Catherine the Great
E)Louis XIV and Joseph II

Question 23

Carl Becker challenged the interpretation of the Enlightenment by arguing that the men of the movement

A)were just as much men of faith as their medieval predecessors.
B)were more influenced by mysticism than rationalism.
C)had little long-lasting influence on Western culture.
D)were much more complex than earlier historians had claimed.
E)did not deserve their reputation as great thinkers.

Question 24

Who is most closely associated with the foundation of Methodism?

A)John Wesley
B)Baruch Spinoza
C)David Hume
D)Samuel Richardson
E)Thomas Paine

Question 25

"Enlightened despots" like Catherine the Great and Frederick the Great believed the primary value of Enlightenment ideas was that they

A)increased the power of their states.
B)maximized their citizens' happiness.
C)saved their subjects' souls.
D)ensured equality for women.
E)made their countries more democratic.

Question 26

What Catholic order played a leading role in educating many of the men of the Enlightenment?

A)Jesuits
B)Dominicans
C)Franciscans
D)Benedictines
E)Paulists

Question 27

Mary Wollstonecraft's Enlightenment principles were showing when she recommended that existing theories on the inferiority of women should be evaluated through

A)experimentation and data collection.
B)careful examination of the scriptures.
C)tracing the development of women through history.
D)surveying women's position in Protestant ministries.
E)pinpointing the role of women in matriarchal societies.

Question 28

The physiocrats focused on what area of knowledge?

A)economics
B)medicine
C)geography
D)political science
E)criminology

Question 29

According to Rousseau's social contract,for whose benefit should society operate?

A)the common good
B)the Catholic Church
C)the individual
D)the aristocracy and monarchy
E)whoever had the loudest voice

Question 30

The careers of Haydn and Mozart show that eighteenth-century musicians

A)often depended on the wealthy and powerful to provide them with a living.
B)were reluctant to challenge the Baroque style of their predecessors.
C)were not influenced in any meaningful way by Enlightenment ideas,
D)embraced mysticism and the irrational.
E)had little popular appeal and were only admired centuries later.

Question 31

What is similar about the aftermaths of the reigns of Frederick the Great and Joseph II?

A)Their reforms were quickly overturned.
B)Their reforms were strengthened by successors.
C)In both countries,aristocratic leaders stepped in to support the reforms.
D)Most of their reforms remained intact.
E)The church rose up in opposition to the reforms.

Question 32

Voltaire opposed established religious institutions because he

A)saw the influence of churches as a barrier to human progress.
B)believed that religion was "the opiate of the masses."
C)was a confirmed atheist.
D)was jealous of the wealth and power of the Catholic Church.
E)had been refused admission to a Jesuit school.

Question 33

What thinkers rejected the objectivity and rationality of the Enlightenment by speaking up for the validity of emotion and sentiment?

A)Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Samuel Richardson
B)Thomas Paine and Jean-Jacques Rousseau
C)Olympe de Gouges and Mary Wollstonecraft
D)Madame de Pompadour and Abigail Adams
E)Olympe de Gouges and Abigail Adams

Question 34

David Hume claimed that reason could not demonstrate the existence of God,and he was therefore charged with being a/n

A)atheist.
B)agnostic.
C)heretic.
D)martyr.
E)warlock.

Question 35

Catherine the Great's engagement with the ideas of the Enlightenment would be best described as

A)helping to encourage a lot of talk but little real action.
B)consistently resistant to Enlightenment influences.
C)fundamentally transformative to the Russian states.
D)more beneficial to women than in other European nations,
E)instrumental in leading Russia toward democracy.

Question 36

What aspect of English society did Voltaire champion in contrast to French society?

A)parliamentary government
B)autocracy
C)enlightened despotism
D)tripartite government
E)the House of Lords

Question 37

Montesquieu's Spirit of the Laws was unusual among Enlightenment writings because it

A)influenced events directly through the American Constitution.
B)faced censorship from French authorities.
C)was more abstract and philosophical than practical.
D)used a mystical rather than analytical method.
E)insisted on the equality of men and women.

Question 38

Which of the following statements best represents the thinking of eighteenth-century Enlightenment philosophers?

A)People can exceed all accomplishments of the previous ages.
B)The ancient Greeks' society was ideal and should be emulated.
C)One must look back to the rugged simplicity of the early church.
D)The Roman Republic was the pinnacle of civilization.
E)Building on the ideas of previous generations was nonproductive.

Question 39

The Enlightenment is unusual among historical periods because

A)eighteenth-century men used the term to describe their own age.
B)it was an outlook on life shared by the overwhelming majority of people at the time.
C)few people were aware it was going on until much later.
D)intellectuals took little interest in practical application of their ideas.
E)women had more political influence than men.

Question 40

Which Prussian ruler had a stormy friendship with Voltaire?

A)Frederick the Great
B)Catherine the Great
C)Peter the Great
D)Joseph II
E)Maria Teresa

Question 41

What was the ultimate aim of Frederick the Great's reforms?

A)enhancing state power
B)ending serfdom
C)weakening the Catholic Church
D)providing religious freedom
E)weakening the aristocrats

Question 42

What two humanitarian causes did Olympe de Gouges espouse?

Question 43

How did the thinkers of the Enlightenment compare with predecessors of the Scientific Revolution?

A)The Enlightenment thinkers were more effective popularizers of ideas.
B)The creators of the Scientific Revolution were more effective popularizers of ideas.
C)The Scientific Revolution was more a local than an international movement.
D)The Enlightenment was more a local than an international movement.
E)The Enlightenment thinkers were more original in their thinking.

Question 44

Pietism,Methodism,and the Great Awakening were all reactions against what aspect of the Enlightenment?

A)the effort to harmonize revelation with reason
B)emphasis on the mystery of faith
C)focus on the majesty of the personal God
D)emphasis on the transformative side of faith
E)emphasis on the analysis of Scriptures

Question 45

In today's world,people often assert that atheists and agnostics have no basis for leading a moral life.What argument would Pierre Bayle present to deny this assertion?

A)Religion and morality represent separate spheres.
B)Alleged truths that cannot be tested by reason are unstable.
C)The only valid test of truth is conformity to rational understanding.
D)Man is inherently depraved and sinful.
E)Christianity should be brought in line with universal reason.

Question 46

What proved that Frederick the Great and Catherine the Great were not fully committed to lessening the misery of their poor subjects?

A)They went to war to expand territory and power.
B)They were only partially committed to their reforms.
C)Their reforms were designed for public relations.
D)They both discarded the programs when opposed.
E)Their programs were limited in scope and funding.

Question 47

What type of book was Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift?

Question 48

What was the common element shared by the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment?

A)a belief that the natural world could be understood,measured,and mastered
B)reliance on faith as a source of knowledge
C)a focus on the theoretical over the practical
D)a belief that the Greeks and Romans were unsurpassed sources of inspiration
E)pessimism concerning man's capacity for improvement

Question 49

In what way were English artist William Hogarth's engravings representative of a particular subgenre of Enlightenment-era culture?

A)They were often satirical and moralistic.
B)They were always symmetrical and proportionate.
C)They were meant to inspire awe and reverence.
D)They criticized the church and the monarchy.
E)They were reminiscent of Greek engravings.

Question 50

What is exemplified by Bayle's statement,"I am neither French nor German,nor English nor Spanish,etc. ,I am a resident of the world"?

A)the international scope of the Enlightenment
B)his belief that Europe had nothing new to learn
C)his reliance on the Catholic Church for inspiration
D)hope for a universal monarchy to lead mankind
E)his pride in his Dutch nationality

Question 51

What long-standing consensus about human nature did Locke challenge in his Essay Concerning Human Understanding?

A)People are inherently depraved and sinful.
B)Peasants who gain wealth become unruly.
C)Women should engage only in household affairs.
D)Human nature is shaped by education not birth.
E)Progress itself is a general law of nature.

Question 52

The writings of Montesquieu,Voltaire,and Jonathan Swift show that

A)popular success is no bar to philosophical influence.
B)England and France were equally free of censorship.
C)poetry and drama were the most effective way to spread new ideas.
D)satire is never a good way to make serious points.
E)only nobles were taken seriously as Enlightenment writers,

Question 53

The reforms of the enlightened despots

A)had little lasting impact at the time,but set the stage for later progress.
B)transformed society and government in Europe.
C)were vigorously opposed by the philosophes.
D)were only possible with aristocratic and clerical support.
E)showed the power of the invisible hand.

Question 54

Free Masonry organizations were similar to contemporary churches in that they

A)performed acts of charity,practiced rituals,and fostered a sense of community.
B)performed missionary work,gave classes in rhetoric,and were influential teachers.
C)provided financial support to innovative writers and sponsored concerts.
D)performed missionary work,performed charitable acts,and were influential teachers.
E)sponsored concerts and provided financial support to innovative artists.

Question 55

Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement regarding the attitudes of Enlightenment thinkers toward women?

A)Locke thought women should play an equal role with men in the political realm.
B)Rousseau believed that women were naturally inferior.
C)Kant thought that too much education was not good for a woman.
D)Montesquieu was sympathetic to greater educational opportunities for women.
E)Olympe de Gouges was a proponent of the rights of women.

Question 56

The belief that the total amount of the world's wealth is finite is called

Question 57

Who believed that the size,climate,demographics,religious and social customs,and economic organization of a country indicated the best form of government for that country?

A)Montesquieu
B)Hume
C)Smith
D)Spinoza
E)Voltaire

Question 58

Who wrote Letters on the English,which contrasted English freedoms with French autocracy?

Question 59

Olympe de Gouges was executed because she was convicted of