Deck 6: Consciousness

Question 1

Yesterday, Colleen went to an interesting lecture on relationship problems. She didn't take notes, because she isn't going to be tested on the lecture. Though she made no effort to memorize any of the information the speaker presented, she is able to repeat a great deal of it to a friend. In particular, she is able to remember the parts that she felt applied to her own past relationships. Which concept explains why?

A) Emotional memory
B) The Tolman effect
C) Semantic encoding
D) Elaborative rehearsal

Answer 1

Emotional memory

Question 2

Noah has not been skating in years, but when his new girlfriend asks him to go he borrows a pair of skates from a friend and goes with her. Although he could not explain exactly how he does it, Noah has no problem skating after year of not skating. Noah is using his __________ memory.

A) iconic
B) procedural
C) working
D) echoic

Answer 2

procedural

Question 3

Rosa is trying to memorize her social insurance number. She is having trouble, because the number is 9 digits long. What would best help Rosa learn the number?

A) Repeat the digits over and over to herself.
B) Say the digits out loud.
C) Chunk digits together.
D) Read the digits to a friend.

Answer 3

Chunk digits together.

Question 4

Toby and Karen just met their new neighbour, Justine. Toby repeats Justine's name over and over to remember it. Meanwhile, Karen notes that Justine is leaving "just in time" to get dinner on the table. The following day, who is more likely to recall the neighbour's name and why?

A) Toby, because it is easier for a man to remember a woman's name than vice versa.
B) Toby, because rote rehearsal is the most effective way to encode information.
C) Neither is more likely than the other to remember Justine's name.
D) Karen, because she encoded the name by elaborating on it with other information.

Question 5

Keira is trying to remember a list of animals but is able to do so only when she imagines what the animals look like. She is using ____________________________ to recall the list.

A) imagery
B) echoes
C) icons
D) serials

Question 6

Because long-term memory's capacity is so large, we must organize the concepts or "files" we keep there. Our mental network or filing system of associated ideas and concepts is called

A) a mnemonic.
B) working memory.
C) procedural memory.
D) an associative network.

Question 7

Jen's dad sends her to the grocery store for a few last-minute dinner items. Jen repeats the list of ten items as she walks to the store but can remember only the first and last three items when she gets there-she is unable to remember the four in the middle. This pattern of recall is

A) called working memory overload.
B) the key indicator of attention deficit disorder.
C) called the serial position effect.
D) common only in women.

Question 8

Betsy went to a restaurant last night with friends. Though she had never been to this particular restaurant, she knew how to be seated, order, eat, and pay the bill. Betsy has a/an ______________ for going to restaurants.

A) schema
B) photographic memory
C) sensory memory
D) mnemonic

Question 9

Yesterday, Colleen went to an interesting lecture. She didn't take notes, because she isn't going to be tested on the lecture. Though she made no effort to memorize any of the information the speaker presented, she is able to repeat a great deal of it to a friend. How did the information get into her long-term memory?

A) chunking
B) elaborative rehearsal
C) semantic encoding
D) automatic processing

Question 10

If we compare the three-stage model of memory to a computer's processes, we can say that the RAM in a computer, that is, the "mental workspace," is like our

A) procedural memory.
B) declarative memory.
C) working memory.
D) iconic memory.

Question 11

Cailean has always wished that she had a "photographic memory." She sits on the steps of one of the academic buildings and watches the people. Sometimes she closes her eyes and tries to recall everything about what she was seeing. Each time, though, the memory quickly seems to dissolve. In what kind of memory is the visual information stored while it lasts?

A) iconic
B) ehoic
C) code
D) display

Question 12

Leslie is taking a class on effective study techniques. Much of the course focuses on memory aids that will help her reorganize information into more meaningful units and provide extra cues to help her retrieve the information from long-term memory. These aids are called

A) semantic aids.
B) structural devices.
C) loci.
D) mnemonic devices.

Question 13

As Yvonne learns her spelling words, she creates a visual image of the object each word represents. According to _____________________, she will be better able to remember the words than if she had just read them to herself.

A) vocal training theory
B) chunking theory
C) maintenance theory
D) dual coding theory

Question 14

Alice is studying for a psychology exam. She is most likely to remember the material long-term if she

A) repeats the information over and over to herself.
B) uses structural encoding.
C) thinks about what the material means and how it applies to her life and experiences.
D) relies on automatic processing to encode the spatial location and sequence of information in her notes.

Question 15

Mnemonists are people who display extraordinary memory skills. Xhosa would like to learn to remember things better, so she buys a book on improving her memory. Assuming that the book was written by a legitimate memory expert, what can Xhosa expect?

A) Extraordinary memory skills are completely innate, so it's little use for her to try to improve her memory.
B) Experts agree that memory skills are completely learned, so if Xhosa works hard she can have an astonishing memory.
C) Xhosa will improve her memory skills only if she relies on rote memorization.
D) Experts disagree on whether exceptional memory skills are influenced by genetics or are completely learned, so without knowing more about Xhosa, we can't say.

Question 16

When Saffron says "frog prince," Annalise thinks "princess," "castle," and "forest." Saffron's words activated concepts already in Annalise's mind, a process referred to as

A) concepting.
B) encoding.
C) priming.
D) rehearsal.

Question 17

Jennifer and Jeff are studying for their geography exam. Jeff is learning the capital of each province by repeating it over and over. Jennifer is incorporating information she already knows about each province into the name of the capital. While Jeff is repeating "Victoria is the capital of British Columbia, Victoria is the capital of British Columbia," Jennifer is saying "Queen Victoria loved high tea at the Fairmont in BC" because she loves to go to high tea and incorporates the province name and capital in the sentence. If the levels-of-processing theory is correct,

A) Jeff and Jennifer will do equally well on the exam.
B) Jennifer will recall the capitals and their states better than Jeff.
C) Jeff will recall the capitals and their states better than Jennifer.
D) Who does better has more to do with personality differences than with study techniques.

Question 18

Sylvia has been learning about animals in kindergarten. The class does a worksheet in which the students must put different animals into categories like zoo animals and pets. If Sylvia is able to do this, it is because she has created a mental framework about animals called a/an

A) schema.
B) rote.
C) mnemonic.
D) icon.

Question 19

After cramming a lot of information for her finals, Ianna told her friend that her brain was full. She assured her friend that she would not be able to remember anything new until she forgot what she had learned for her classes. Is it possible for Ianna's long-term memory to be full?

A) Yes, and she will have to forget some things if she wants to learn anything new.
B) No, because long-term storage capacity is unlimited.
C) Yes, but she can still use her working memory.
D) No, but only because Ianna is still young.

Question 20

Riding a bike is a learned skill and is stored in ____________________ memory.

A) declarative
B) procedural
C) episodic
D) semantic

Question 21

Kandeland his colleagues (1973) performed a classical conditioning study on sea slugs. Slugs showed an unconditioned response to shock by showing a defensive posture. When shocked 4-5 times in succession, the slugs showed the same defensive posture days later. This indicates, via classical conditioning, that slugs

A) could not form long-term memories of how to respond to shock.
B) showed no learning in this classical conditioning paradigm.
C) formed a long-term memory of how to respond to shocks.
D) are too reflexive and unable to learn and remember.

Question 22

Because we learn to do familiar tasks automatically, we can focus our time and energy on other things. The problem with always relying on automatic processing is that

A) we become automatons.
B) we reduce our chances of finding new or more efficient ways to approach problems.
C) the brain can literally get stuck, leading to mental illness.
D) our circadian rhythms can be affected.

Question 23

Anselmo and Quinta are lying in the grass gazing up at puffy white clouds. "Look!" Quinta says, pointing to a cloud. "That one looks like a lamb." Anselmo sees that the cloud's shape does indeed suggest a lamb. To decide whether the cloud really looked like a lamb, Anselmo had to refer to an internal

A) schema.
B) depth cue.
C) motion parallax.
D) vestibular apparatus.

Question 24

Mindel took French in high school and is taking German in college. While out with friends one night she meets a French exchange student; unfortunately, all she can remember is her German! Mindel is experiencing

A) proactive interference.
B) encoding failure.
C) memory decay.
D) retroactive interference.

Question 25

Though she doesn't remember it, Sydney knows she saw her father's fear of snakes when she was a child. Now she feels anxious around anything that looks like a snake, including the garden hose. Sydney is being influenced by

A) sensory memory.
B) explicit memory.
C) implicit memory.
D) semantic memory.

Question 26

Over the last few years, Sakura's grandmother has become forgetful, confused, and disoriented. Sakura goes with Grandmother to have cognitive testing done, and afterward the doctor says that Grandmother's procedural, semantic, episodic, and prospective memories are all affected. Grandmother probably

A) has Alzheimer's disease.
B) is experiencing normal decay of the memory trace.
C) is dealing with interference, since she has learned so many things over the years.
D) is repressing things she doesn't like to think about.

Question 27

Most people remember where they were, what they were doing, and who they were with when they learned of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. This type of vivid, emotionally charged memory is called a _______________ memory.

A) primed
B) flashbulb
C) parallel
D) sensory

Question 28

Solada had to park on the far end of the lot this morning. While on her way to class, she was thinking about the upcoming quiz and also talking on her cell phone. Later, she learns that a student's car was stolen from the same lot soon after she walked through. Though she tries, she can't remember a car that meets the description of the stolen car. This is most likely due to

A) memory decay.
B) poor encoding.
C) state-dependent learning.
D) repression.

Question 29

Peter is studying for the college entrance exam in a quiet corner of the library at a desk with good overhead lighting. Winona studies for the entrance exam lying on her bed with music and the television on. If Peter and Winona are of comparable intelligence and have studied for the same amount of time, who will probably do better on the exam?

A) Peter, because he is studying in an environment similar to the one in which he will take the test.
B) Winona, because music stimulates the neurons that help us remember.
C) Peter, because men's memories tend to be more accurate than women's.
D) Winona, because women's memories tend to be more accurate than men's.

Question 30

People with retrograde amnesia have problems with __________________ of information, while people with anterograde amnesia have problems with ______________ of information.

A) storing; encoding
B) retrieval; encoding
C) retrieval; recognition
D) encoding; retrieval

Question 31

Sandy has a friend named Judy. She meets a woman at a party named Julie. To her embarrassment, now every time she sees Julie, she calls her Judy. Sandy is experiencing

A) memory decay.
B) motivated forgetting.
C) proactive interference.
D) retroactive interference.

Question 32

Memories are

A) like video recordings: They're the same every time we remember or "play" them.
B) reconstructed: We have to rebuild them every time we remember something.
C) objective rather than subjective: We remember things as they really happened.
D) due to arousal theory: They have to do with needing stimulus in our lives.

Question 33

In the 1990s, researchers used information provided by the undergraduate subjects' families and interviews to give subjects false memories for childhood events like being rescued by a lifeguard,. The fact that the information supposedly came from the subjects' own families, and the context of a formal research study, gave the information credibility, and many of the subjects believed that they had experienced these events. And this was in spite of the fact that the family members had told the researchers explicitly that these events had not happened. This is an example of a(n)

A) false memory.
B) encoding failure.
C) retroactive interference.
D) proactive interference.

Question 34

Amadiremembers learning to ride a bike, including his feeling of pride when he was finally able to stay upright without any help. For Amadi, this is a/an ______________ memory.

A) episodic
B) semantic
C) procedural
D) network

Question 35

Yanamarie's second-grade class goes on a field trip to a hospital, where they meet Dr. Linda Palben and her assistant, a nurse who introduces himself as Jasper Hanson. When she returns home that night, Yanamarie tells her parents she is confused. She thought that doctors were always supposed to be men and nurses women. Yanamarie's confusion is a result of her

A) collectivist culture.
B) affect.
C) self-verification.
D) gender schemas.

Question 36

There seems to be mounting evidence that a lifetime of learning, mental and physical activity, and rewarding work is good for people. That finding also appears to be true when it comes to warding off Alzheimer's disease. "Some people, who are better educated, more active in work and leisure activities, seem to hold off developing the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease longer, despite having the same brain pathology as those who show symptoms earlier," says Columbia University neuropsychologist Yaakov Stern, PhD. These findings support Hebb's current law of "use it or lose it," which argues

A) memories are easily recalled no matter if you regularly stimulate the brain pathways or do nothing.
B) the brain can literally get stuck, leading to mental illness.
C) lifestyle has no affect on memory processing the your neural networks. No matter what you do if you are genetically predisposed to Alzheimer's disease then you will get it no matter what you do.
D) if a memory isn't recalled regularly, and the cell assemblies stimulated repeatedly, eventually the synaptic connection would weaken and thus we forget the memory.

Question 37

Aysha's professor announces that the next exam will be in essay format. Aysha doesn't believe she writes well, so she sees essay tests as difficult and unfair. Aysha has thus judged the exam without ever seeing it, using a

A) functional fixedness.
B) schema.
C) confirmation bias.
D) subgoal analysis.

Question 38

When asked to recall the dates of each of the battles in the war of 1812 in history class, Eric must rely on

A) implicit memory.
B) iconic memory.
C) procedural memory.
D) semantic memory.

Question 39

If I say the words ghost, toast, and roast, then ask you to name a word that begins with M, you would probably say most. This is an example of a

A) priming.
B) procedural memory.
C) networking task.
D) parallel model.