Deck 13: Personality: The Uniqueness of the Individual

Question 1

Selma's teachers believe she may be struggling with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), so her mother, father, and teachers are all asked to meet with the school psychologist to answer the same set of specific questions. Based on this information, the school psychologist is using a(n) _______________ as part of the assessment.

A) projective instrument
B) interview
C) personality test
D) parental survey

Answer 1

interview

Question 2

Cerys has read all the books on mythology in his school's library and he has become intrigued by how the stories all seem to have similar elements and themes. In each story there is a hero and a villain, a damsel in distress, a wise old man or woman to guide the hero, and a funny sidekick. Jung would tell Cerys that the commonalities are there because the stories' creators were all tapping the

A) collective unconscious.
B) personal fable.
C) imaginary audience.
D) personal unconscious.

Answer 2

collective unconscious.

Question 3

Octavia enjoys being around others and is well-known for her social grace. She is warm and engaging with everyone she meets, regardless of whether the setting is the classroom, her workplace, a restaurant, or her own home. Based on this information and relying on the five-factor model, we can say that she would be most likely to score high in

A) agreeableness.
B) neuroticism.
C) openness.
D) conscientiousness.

Answer 3

agreeableness.

Question 4

Cerys has read all the books on mythology in his school's library and is intrigued by how the stories all seem to have similar elements and themes. In each story there is a hero and a villain, a damsel in distress, a wise old man or woman to guide the hero, and a funny sidekick. Jung would tell Cerys that the hero, the villain, the wise mentor, the love interest, and the sidekick are all patterns of interpreting experience called

A) archetypes.
B) object relations.
C) psychodynamics.
D) mandalas.

Question 5

Tracy was involved in a study of open field behaviour in rats. She and two of her colleagues all had to score the movement of a rat in the open field to be sure they all got similar results. They are testing their

A) inter-rater reliability
B) thematic apperception
C) self-efficacy
D) validity

Question 6

Venice enjoys spending time by herself. As much as she values her friends, she is easily overwhelmed by crowds and noise. She particularly likes the peacefulness of nature trails and quiet beaches, and recently turned down a lucrative job offer because she would have had to live in a city. Hans Eysenck would say that

A) Venice's brain is too electrically active, so she tries to minimize stimulation to get down to her optimal arousal level.
B) conflicts between the superego and the id have led Venice to rely on displacement in her day-to-day functioning.
C) Venice is probably a highly unstable person, which leads her to withdraw from others.
D) Venice is building her life around threat reactivity.

Question 7

Dr. Vartan shows his client Dallas 12 different pictures and asks him to tell a story about each one. When Dallas has looked at all the cards, the two of them review the stories together, looking for recurrent themes. Dallas has just taken the

A) Rorschach.
B) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).
C) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2).
D) NEO-PI.

Question 8

One method used to study behavioural genetics is twin studies. This allows researchers to obtain estimates of how heritable personality traits are. If a trait is genetically influenced,

A) fraternal twins should be more similar than identical twins.
B) there will be no difference between fraternal and identical twins.
C) identical twins will be no more similar on that trait than fraternal twins.
D) identical twins should be more similar on that trait than fraternal twins.

Question 9

Mila is a psychology graduate student taking a course in assessment methods. The students are expected to take each of the instruments about which they are learning so they can practice interpreting the results. Working with a fellow student, they each look at 10 inkblots, asking each other, "What might this be?" and "Show me where you see that so I can see it as you do." Mila is learning about the

A) Rorschach.
B) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).
C) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2).
D) NEO-PI.

Question 10

Since her physician told Fabienne that she needs to lose weight to improve her health, she has been trying to eat healthfully. But every time she goes out to a restaurant, she can't resist ordering several unhealthy desserts. Her friends suggest that she should try to eat the foods she craves in moderation, but she tells them that when she sees the sweets she's not supposed to eat, she can focus on nothing but how badly she wants them. Freud would say that Fabienne's _____________ is encouraging her to overeat certain foods.

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) preconscious

Question 11

Octavia enjoys being around others and is well-known for her social grace. She is warm and engaging with everyone she meets, regardless of whether the setting is the classroom, her workplace, a restaurant, or her own home. Since Octavia has a fairly stable way of relating to other people, we can say that her behaviour is probably

A) related to her desire for achievement.
B) a manifestation of a personality trait.
C) a manifestation of her superego.
D) due to the Electra complex.

Question 12

Iona has been in trouble with the law several times for fighting with other people and has been court-ordered into anger management therapy. As part of the initial assessment, the therapist asks Iona to take a personality test. When the test is done, she and Iona sit down to look at the results. The therapist explains that Iona has high scores on depression, paranoia, psychopathic deviance, and hypomania. The therapist gave Iona the

A) Rorschach.
B) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).
C) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI).
D) NEO-PI.

Question 13

Elijah often worries about his future. He almost always lies awake the night before a test, concerned that he will fail. On the rare occasion that he does receive a grade that is lower than the one for which he had hoped, he becomes depressed and irritable. His friends tease him that he takes everything far too seriously or is going to have a nervous breakdown before he reaches 20. Based on this information and relying on the five-factor model, we can say that Elijah would be most likely to score high in

A) agreeableness.
B) neuroticism.
C) openness.
D) conscientiousness.

Question 14

Likert scales present an individual with scalar dimensions along which they are to rate their attitudes and ideas. A teacher, for example, might be asked to rate students on the degree to which the behaviour of each reflects leadership capacity, shyness, or creativity. Peers might rate each other along dimensions such as friendliness, trustworthiness, and social skills. Several standardized, printed rating scales are available for describing the behaviour of psychiatric hospital patients. Rating scales are one way of gathering personality data using the

A) self-report methodology.
B) experimental approach.
C) observational method.
D) correlational approach.

Question 15

Elka lends a friend some money but the friend doesn't pay her back when he said he would. Though Elka feels angry, her mother taught her that it is rude to yell or say anything that might upset someone else, so she pretends she isn't angry and asks the friend to pay her back in a month. Freud would say that Elka's __________________ told her she shouldn't show anger toward others.

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) preconscious

Question 16

Pablo enjoys work that involves finding a single right answer. He rarely sees any need to test an approach that works and is uncomfortable when asked to do something that is not already in his intellectual or emotional repertoires. He prefers simplicity in his everyday life and doesn't understand why anyone would invest large amounts of time or money in art or music, because to him neither serves any true purpose. Based on this information and relying on the five-factor model, we can say that Pablo would be most likely to score low in

A) agreeableness.
B) neuroticism.
C) openness.
D) conscientiousness.

Question 17

Machiko recently started college. Her freshman orientation includes information on date rape and personal safety. Machiko realizes that she has few if any self-defense skills so, determined to become more competent, she joins a martial arts club at her university. After several months she is aware that her ability to take care of herself has improved dramatically. Machiko's feelings of ________________ regarding her personal safety have increased.

A) self-concept
B) phenomenology
C) self-efficacy
D) self-esteem

Question 18

Dr. Drust asks his client Nairi to complete a test that will help him pinpoint the type of depression she has and which personality characteristics may be contributing to her problem. The test, which consists of 567 true-false questions, addresses attitudes and emotions, behaviours and symptoms, and life history. Dr. Drust has given Nairi the

A) Rorschach.
B) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).
C) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI).
D) NEO-PI.

Question 19

While Layne's friends enjoy her sense of humour and warmth, they are often frustrated by her inability to arrive at places on time. Worse, she rarely calls to say she will be late, and sometimes she doesn't show up at all. She hates to commit to anything beforehand and seems to make decisions based on her moods, regardless of how her behaviour might affect others. Based on this information and relying on the five-factor model, we can say that Layne would be most likely to score low in

A) agreeableness.
B) neuroticism.
C) openness.
D) conscientiousness.

Question 20

Xerxes considers himself a cynical, temperamental person, an approach he feels is justified, since just about everyone he meets is unpleasant with him. What Xerxes doesn't realize is that most people greet him pleasantly enough; it is when he treats them rudely that they become rude in response. This is an example of

A) temperamental instability.
B) reciprocal determinism.
C) threat reactivity or pain avoidance.
D) a generalized expectancy.

Question 21

Theory suggests that several personality traits are found in all humans, because they have adaptive functions. These traits are collectively referred to as the

A) Eight Factor Model.
B) 16 Personality Factors (16PF).
C) Five-Factor Model.
D) Evolutionary Personality Theory.

Question 22

Carl needs to empirically validate questions on a measure for depression in his questionnaire. His best bet would be to develop a series of questions and then administer them to people known to suffer from depression (as diagnosed by a therapist) and to people known not to suffer from depression. He will know that his questions are valid if

A) the questions are not answered differently by the two groups.
B) the participants interpret the questions the same way.
C) the participants answer all the questions.
D) the questions are answered differently by the two groups.

Question 23

Gillian and Illeana are in the same grade at the same school, but they participate in different extracurricular activities. Their classes are therefore part of ______________, while their extracurricular activities are part of _____________.

A) a pluralistic environment; an unshared environment
B) an ethological environment; an unshared environment
C) a shared environment; an ethological environment
D) a shared environment; an unshared environment

Question 24

Marco enjoys meeting new people and learning all about them. He is patient and good at seeing the world from others' viewpoints. Because he loves children's enthusiasm and energy, he decides to major in elementary education. Like all extroverts, Marco seeks ______________ situations because they tend to ____________ him.

A) stimulating; energize
B) calming; energize
C) stimulating; exhaust
D) calming; exhaust

Question 25

Alyssa loves her current job at Industry Canada. She does not want to climb the ladder because she does not want to become a supervisor. However, the culture in the government hierarchy is to train people that have been there longer to become supervisors. Based on what we know about congruence, when Alyssa is offered a promotion at the office, she is most likely to tell herself,

A) "Wow! If the boss thinks I deserve a promotion, I must be good at something after all!"
B) "The boss just feels sorry for me, and just does not understand me at all. I do not want to be a supervisor."
C) "I just got a lucky break, but I'm going to use it to prove that I can do a better job with the position than anyone else."
D) "I will have to give the boss some of my paycheque for helping me out like that."

Question 26

After he receives his driver's license, Alan borrows the car from his parents and causes a minor accident. Though no one is hurt, both cars have sustained enough damage that the insurance companies will need to become involved, and Alan knows his parents will be furious with him. When he calls them, the first thing they ask is whether he and everyone else are all right. Alan's parents tell him that they are glad he's all right and that they love him no matter what, but that he is going to lose his driving privileges until he earns some money to help pay the increased insurance fees. Carl Rogers would say that Alan's parents are

A) putting conditions on their love for Alan.
B) being irrational.
C) demonstrating unconditional positive regard.
D) probably responding to Alan the way their parents would have treated them.

Question 27

Cailean has been reading a book on dream symbolism. The book's author states that certain dream images always mean certain things. For example, if Cailean were to dream that her teeth were falling out, this would mean that she was afraid of losing face. Cailean wonders how it is possible for humans to know about the universal dream symbols until she learns about the ideas of

A) archetypes and the collective unconscious.
B) personal constructs and repertoires.
C) congruence and incongruence.
D) openness and neuroticism.